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IVangeli likaThomas liyidokhumenti emfushane kakhulu, okuthiwa ukuqukatha ‘amazwi ayimfihlo akhulunywa nguJesu ophilayo noDidymos Judas Thomas aloba'. Nakuba iqukethe izingcaphuno ezivamile kuMathewu noLuka, ihlanganiswe nezinye izici ezibonisa ukuthi yahlanganiswa iqembu elihlukene leqembu.

Kuphela 3 izibonelo ziyasinda. Izingcezu ezimbili, ilotshwe ngesiGreki, zatholakala e-Oxyrhynchus, iGibhithe, maqondana 100 iminyaka edlule. Okuwukuphela kombhalo ophelele watholakala e-Nag Hammadi, iGibhithe, e 1945 futhi iyinguqulo yesiCoptic, yatholwa phakathi kweqoqo lemibhalo yokuqala yama-gnostic.

Ukuqomisana

Ukuqomisana kukaThomas kuwukuqagela kakhulu futhi imibono yezazi iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Umbhalo we-Nag Hammadi usuka ezindaweni ezizungezile 340 Isikhangiso. Izingcezu ze-Oxyrhynchus zibhalwe phansi 140 Isikhangiso, mhlawumbe ngaphambili. Izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ingeyokubhalwa kwekhulu lokuqala.

Iqiniso lokuthi lithi uJakobe Olungileyo wayeyisikhundla esimisweni saphezulu sezinto yena noma uJesu ababengeke basisekele. (bona ngezansi), uphikisa ngokuqinile ukuthi idethi yokuqala engenzeka akukafiki ngemva kwesikhathi esithile UJakobe’ ukufa ku 62 Isikhangiso (qhathanisa. Josephus, ‘Izinto Zasendulo’, 20.9.1). Ngokuphambene, sine ubufakazi obuhle ukuthi izEnzo zaqedwa ngokushesha ngaphambi, noma ngemva nje kwalokho lolu suku; kanye noLuka, UMarku nemibhalo kaPawulu kuyavunywa ukuthi kwakungaphambi kwalokho. Khona, ngesisekelo sokuthandana, iTestamente Elisha linesicelo sangaphambili.

Ubuqotho Bombhalo

Noma ngabe yiluphi usuku lwangempela, isimangalo sokuthi siwumsebenzi ka ‘Didymos Judas Thomas’ ayithembekile. Ingomane, nakuba uJohane ebhekisela ‘kuThomas, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Didymus', ukuphathwa kwalaba sengathi bangamagama ahlukene kuveza ukungazi kwalo mbhali ongaziwa ngesi-Aramu; ngoba ‘Didymus’ imane iyinguqulo yesiGreki yesi-Aramu, ‘Thomas’ (kokubili okushoyo, ‘amawele’).

Abanye abantu (hhayi izifundiswa, ngokuvamile!) bathi uTomase ungumthombo omsulwa kunamavangeli eN, njengoba lingangcoliswanga. Kodwa lokhu kuyahlolwa ngokomlando, futhi amaqiniso awakuvezi.

UTomase uqukethe amazwi amaningi angaveli kunoma yimiphi imithombo yeVangeli. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zingaba izingcaphuno zangempela ezivela kuJesu, ezinye ngokusobala zivela kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo:

12) Abafundi bathi kuJesu, “Siyazi ukuthi uzosishiya. Ubani ozoba umholi wethu?” UJesu wathi kubo, “Noma ngabe ukuphi kufanele uye kuJames the Just, izulu nomhlaba kwaba khona ngenxa yakhe.”

UJakobe Olungileyo wayengomunye kaJesu’ bafowethu. Kodwa amavangeli asitshela lokho ngesikhathi sikaJesu’ inkonzo yasemhlabeni, abafowabo babengakholwa nakuye (John 7:5, Beka 3:21). Ngemva kokuvuswa kwakhe bangena esontweni (IzEnzo 1:14), futhi uJakobe kancane kancane waphakama, ekugcineni waba umdala oholayo webandla laseJerusalema (IzEnzo 12:17, 15:12 futhi 21:18). Kwaze kwaba yileso sikhathi, iminyaka ngemuva uJesu’ ukufa, ukuthi wathola isiteketiso esithi ‘Olungileyo’ ngenxa yokungakhethi aphatha ngayo ubuKristu obuphikisanayo, Izithakazelo zamaJuda nabeZizwe. Ngakho, ngaphandle nje kokungenzeki kokuthi uJakobe abe yisizathu sokudalwa, le ngcaphuno ngokusobala ayilona iqiniso.

Kungenzeka futhi ukulandelela ukuphinga okuqhubekayo kukaThomas ngokuqhathanisa imithombo emibili esele. Bheka lesi sitatimende embhalweni wakamuva we-Nag Hammadi:

“UJesu wathi: Ofunayo akayeke ukufuna aze athole; futhi lapho ethola, uzomangala (ngaphandle kwakhe); nalapho edidekile, uzomangala, futhi iyobusa phezu kwakho konke.”

Ulimi lapha luyi-Gnostic kakhulu ngephimbo, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni kwayo leli gama, 'Konke'. Nokho, izingcezu zangaphambili ze-Oxyrhyncus zisho nje:

“(UJesu uthi:) Myeke obonayo(ks) ngingaphezi (efuna kuze) uyathola; futhi lapho ethola (uzokwenza) nimangale, futhi waba (uyamangala)d, uyobusa; i(d ebusa), uzokwenza (-phinda)St.”

‘Ayikho Konke’ ngokusobala isengezo sakamuva kanye nenkulumo ethathe indawo yayo, ‘uzophumula” kukhumbuza uMathewu 11:28, “Wozani kimi nina nonke enikhatheleyo nenisindwayo, mina ngizakuniphumuza”. Ingxenye yokuqala yalesi sisho iyafana nekaMathewu 7:7-8 kanye noLuka 11:9-10, “celani lizaphiwa; funani futhi nizothola; ngqongqothani, niyakuvulelwa umnyango. Ngoba wonke ocelayo uyemukela; ofunayo uyathola … (njll.)”. Nokho, ngisho nasekuhumusheni kwangaphambilini, umqondo wokumangala (ukudideka kamuva) njengesinyathelo esidingekayo endleleni eya ekubuseni kubonakala kufana kakhulu nomcabango wama-gnostic kunezinye izimfundiso zikaJesu ezaziwayo..

Ngakhoke, kude nokuphakamisa ukuthi uThomas ungumthombo omsulwa, ubufakazi bukhomba ukuthi umbhalo uguqulelwe kwezinye izikhathi.

Izifundo Eziwusizo

Naphezu kwezakhi ezisobala ezingamanga, UThomas uwusizo lwangempela ezazini ngoba izingxenye zalo zibonakala zithathwe emthonjeni ofana naleyo eyasetshenziswa ababhali bokuhlanganisa.. Lapho imibhalo ihambelana khona namaVangeli, lezi zinganikeza izinkomba mayelana nemisho eqondile yesi-Aramu sokuqala, njengokusho kukaJesu. Ukuhlaziywa kombhalo kusikisela ukuthi ezinye izingcaphuno zingase zinikeze ukuhumusha okungcono kakhulu kwesi-Aramu kunalezo ezitholakala emaVangelini.: nakuba kwezinye izimo, izinguqulo zamaVangeli zibonakala zizingcono.

Ngokusobala, kufiseleka kakhulu ukufuna ukuhumusha okunembe kunakho konke okungase kube khona ngoJesu’ amagama okuqala. Nokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ukuhluka kwalolu hlobo kuncane kakhulu, futhi azinawo umthelela omkhulu esigijimini sisonke ngaphezu kokufundwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinguqulo zanamuhla.

Izimangalo Ezingabazekayo

Nokho, ezinye izazi ziye zazama ukusebenzisa uTomase ‘njengobufakazi’ ukusekela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi kokubili wona namavangeli kuthathwe kweyangaphambili ‘IVangeli Lamazwi’ okusolwa ukuthi iqukethe ‘iqiniso’ amazwi kaJesu. Ithiyori ye-'Q’ kuxoxwa ngomthombo wamavangeli ayisinothi kwenye indawo. Okubalulekile lapha ukucabangela izinga uTomase ngokwakhe awusekela ngalo ngempela umbono onjalo.

Kuthiwa kukhona cishe 30% ukuhlobana phakathi kwamazwi atholakala kuTomase nalawo akuMathewu noLuka; nokuthi amazwi atholakala kubo bobathathu avela eVangelini Lamazwi. Ukube lezi zisho bezaziwa ngempela ukuthi ziphuma embhalweni owodwa, lokhu kungase kube isiphetho esinengqondo. Nokho:

• ‘IVangeli Lamazwi’ iwukwakha okucatshangelwayo kuphela: abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi yake yaba khona ngempela.
• UTomase mfushane kakhulu kunevangeli likaMarku; futhi lesi sibalo sisho 30% kaTomasi: hhayi ngenye indlela. Inani elikhulu alifani nanoma yini emavangelini.
• Ukuhlobana phakathi kwemibhalo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokufana phakathi kwemithombo yawo. Ayisitsheli ukuthi lokho kujwayela kwenzeka kanjani. Lezi zisho kwakusho ukuthi zivela emthonjeni ofanayo (UJesu ngokwakhe); ngakho, noma ngabe bekunama-akhawunti amaningi, inani elibalulekile lezinto ezijwayelekile zisazolindelwa. Futhi, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ULuka uyavuma ukuthi akukhona nje umthombo owodwa obhaliwe, kodwa abaningi.
• Ukuhlobana kwangempela kuqine kakhulu kunalokho okusikiselwa yilezi zimangalo. Ezinye iziqephu ziyefana kakhulu: ezinye zifana nezingxenye zamazwi atholakala emavangelini. Kodwa akukho ukuhlobana okusobala ngokulandelana kokwethulwa.
• Ngokubheka okungenhla, izazi eziningi zivumelana ngokuthi, noma yimuphi umthombo umlobi okungenzeka wasetshenziswa umlobi kaTomase, bekuyi -I efanayo naleyo eyasetshenziswa ababhali bamaVangeli.
• Umbono ophambene owenziwe abanye abameli balo mbono, okungukuthi noma yisiphi isisho esitholakala kuMathewu noLuka, kodwa hhayi uTomase, akusona isisho sangempela sikaJesu, IS akunakwenzeka kakhulu. Kunalokho, kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ukuvela kwesisho esifanayo emavangelini amabili noma ngaphezulu, kodwa hhayi uTomase, imane ifaka ukungabaza okwengeziwe ngethiyori engasekelwe enye abayithathe kumbhalo owodwa womthombo.

Qaphela ukuthi lokhu akusho ukuthi, phakathi kweminye imibhalo uLuka abhekisela kuyo, umbhalo ofana no-Q noma iVangeli Lamazwi wawungeke ube khona futhi usetshenziswe njengomthombo: kungaba nayo. Kodwa i-hypothesis enjalo, ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo sokufana phakathi kwale mibhalo, ayikwazi ukuphathwa ngokusemthethweni njengokungathi kuyiqiniso eliqinisekisiwe, ukunikeza umsebenzisi igunya lokulahla zonke iziqephu ezingavumelani njengezingayiqiniso. Impikiswano enjalo iyindilinga kakhulu ekucabangeni kwayo.

Isiphetho

Ngokufigqiwe, UThomas uyidokhumenti ethakazelisayo enenani elibalulekile kubahlaziyi bombhalo. Kodwa, njengoba inobufakazi obuncane be-documentary, ngokusobala ayikona lokho elizitshela ukuthi liyikho futhi liye lahlushwa ukuphinga, alinalo inani langempela lemfundiso yenkolo. Okucatshangwa ukuthi umthombo walo empeleni uwukwakhiwa kabusha okusekelwe ngokuyinhloko emaVangelini, ngakho-ke noma yiziphi izimangalo zobuqiniso ezingazenza zincike kulezi. Ngenxa yalokho, abukho ubufakazi obuphathekayo bobuhlakani bokucaphuna uThomas njengezizathu zokwenqaba noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okuvela kumavangeli e-NT..

Buyela esihlokweni esikhulu.