Ekuqinisekiseni kusukela Non-Christian Imithombo

Ngicela uqaphele! Leli khasi linikeza isifinyezo esifushane solwazi olutholakalayo. Chofoza izixhumanisi ezinikezwe ngeminye imininingwane. Lokhu kufaka ubufakazi bobuqiniso kanye nezilinganiso ezigcwele.

1. Yini okufanele silindele ukuyithola?

Khumbula ukuthi manje sesibheke imithombo engeyona yobuKristu. Hlobo luni lobufakazi bomlando okufanele silufune? Uthi uJesu wayenguMesiya, noma ukuthi wavuka kwabafileyo? Ngokuqinisekile hhayi! Okungewona amaKristu ngeke bakwamukele. Kwaphikisana namaJuda, Imibono yamaRoma neyaseGrikhi. Ngakho-ke silindele ukuthi ababhali ababengewona amaChristian babe nzima.

Imbalwa kakhulu imibhalo yezwe iyaphila kusukela ngesikhathi sikaJesu. Ngakho-ke kufanele sincike emithonjeni kusukela ngemuva nje kukaJesu. Eminye yalemibhalo ikhuluma ngoJesu. Bambalwa kuphela. Kepha inani lazo lilindelwe. Kanye nezinto abazishoyo azikhethi.

UTacitus noJosephus bangababili abahle kakhulu. Imibhalo iyavunywa njengeqiniso. Bobabili ababhali baziwa ukubheka amaqiniso abo ngokucophelela.

Esikhathini esedlule bekukhona eminye imithombo. Imibono yabo kuxoxwa ngayo ngababhali benkolo kamuva. Kepha imibhalo yasekuqaleni ilahlekile.

Konke lokhu kuxoxwa kafushane ngezansi. Sizophinde sixoxe ngemithombo ethile yakamuva yezwe neyemiJuda.

2. Tacitus.

UTacitus wayeyisazi-mlando esingumRoma kanye nesikhulumi sasobala esiphila kusukela cishe ngo-55-20. Wamukelwa njengomunye wezazi-mlando ezinhle kakhulu zalelo nkathi. Ukhuluma ngomlilo weRoma ngo-64CE. Khona-ke usho lokhu:

“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” (Annals 15.44.)

“UNero wayefuna ukuthulisa le nkulumo. Ngakho-ke wasola iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi “AmaKristu”. Wabayala ukuba bahlukunyezwe. Abantu bazonda amaKristu ngenxa yemikhuba yabo enyanyekayo. Igama labo livela 'kuKristu.’ Lo muntu wabulawa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaTiberius. Lokhu kwayalwa nguPontius Pilatu, Umbusi. Izinkolelo-ze ezibhubhisayo zimisele isikhathi: kodwa-ke kwaqala futhi. Kepha hhayi kuphela lapho kuqala khona eJudiya. Manje eRoma futhi. Imikhuba eminingi enyantisayo ehlazisayo evela emhlabeni wonke ingena kulo muzi. Futhi bayathandwa.”

3. UFlavius ​​Josephus.

UFlavius ​​Josephus wazalwa ngo-37ce. Wafika emndenini wamaJuda wabaphristi. Wabikezela ukuthi uVespasian wayezoba umbusi waseRoma. Ngakho-ke waba njengendodana kaVespasian futhi wabizwa ngokuthi uFlavius. Ezincwadini zakhe ukhuluma ngoJames ukuthi uJesu wayenguJesu’ umfowenu. Ubuye akhulume ngoJohane uMbhaptizi. Kodwa okudumile kakhulu “Testimonium Flavianum“ (Ubufakazi beFlavius). Lokhu kuxoxa ngoJesu uqobo. Iningi labafundi liyavuma ukuthi ezinye izingxenye zalo mbhalo zichitshiyelwe ngumhlaziyi wobuKristu. Kepha singasusa ngokuphelele izingxenye ezisolisayo. Cishe zonke izazi zivuma ukuthi umbhalo osele ubhalwe nguJosephus. Futhi ifunda kanjena:

“At this time there was Jesus, a wise man. For he was one who performed (surprising / wonderful) works, and a teacher of people who received the (truth / unusual) with pleasure. He stirred up both many Jews and many Greeks. And when Pilate condemned him to the cross, since he was accused by the leading men among us, those who had loved him from the first did not desist. And until now the tribe of Christians, so named from him, is not extinct.”

“Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona uJesu. Wayengumuntu ohlakaniphile. Wazenza Izinto Ezimangazayo. Wafundisa uhlobo lomuntu othanda imibono emisha. UJesu washukumisa amaJuda amaningi namaGrikhi amaningi. UPilatu wagxeka uJesu ukuba afe esiphambanweni. Lokhu kungenxa yamacala enziwe ngaye ngabaholi bethu. Kepha labo abamthandayo kusukela kwaqala abayekanga. Futhi kuze kube manje isizwe samaKristu, waqanjwa ngemuva kwakhe, ayinyamalisiwe.”

4. Izilinganiso ezithathwe ezincwadini ezilahlekile.

Abaholi abangamaKristu emakhulwini olwesibili nawesithathu kwesinye isikhathi babizwa ngokuthi 'Okokuqala Soba ISonto'. Bavame ukucaphuna emibhalweni yangaphambilini. Kepha eminye imibhalo yaphambilini manje ilahlekile. Ngakho-ke sazi kuphela ukuthi izikhonzi zisitshelani. Izibonelo:

• Incwadi ebhalwe nguJustin Martyr yathunyelwa kuMbusi WaseRoma u-Antonius. Ubhekisela kwi-akhawunti esemthethweni ye 'Izenzo zikaPontius Pilatu'. Uthi lo mbhalo uqinisekisa ukuthi uJesu wenza izimangaliso. Futhi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi uJesu wafa kanjani.
• Kwakukhona isazi-mlando esibizwa ngokuthi ‘Nj'. Wayephila ngekhulu lokuqala. Lapho uJesu efa, Isibhakabhaka saba mnyama. 'UThallus’ kuthiwa bekungukukhanya kwelanga kwelanga. UJulius Africanus ubika lo mbono. Kepha uJulius wachaza ukuthi kungani kungalungile.
• I-Phlegon kwakuyisazi-mlando esiphila ngekhulu lesibili. UJulius Africanus ukhuluma ngaye. Imfundiso yezenkolo i-Origen ibuye ibe yiminyana yakhe. UPhlegon uphinde achaze ubumnyama obungajwayelekile nokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu. UFhlegon uvumile ukuthi uJesu wabikezela izehlakalo ezizayo.

5. Eminye imithombo yokuqala yaseGraeco-Roman.

Inhlekelele encane wayephethe uBythinia ngo-112ce. Ubhala incwadi eya e-Emperor Trajan. Sinekhophi ephelele yencwadi yepliny. Siphinde sibe nempendulo ye-Emperor. AmaKristu ayashushiswa. UPliny ubulele ezinye zazo. Uyabuza: “Uma umuntu ephika uJesu – kumele ngenzeni?” Abantu abaningi baye baba ngamaKristu. Ngakho-ke ukhathazekile.

ULucian kwakungumbhali we-satirical kusuka eSamosata. Ngo-170CE wabhala ngendoda ebizwa ngokuthi i-peregrinus. UPeregrinus wayengumkhohlisi. Isikhathi eside wenza sengathi umKristu. AmaKhristu ayethembela futhi aphana. Wayehaha: Ngakho waceba ngezindleko zabo. “Lababantu bayinkohliso, uyabona. Baye bazikholisa ukuthi bazophila phakade. Lokhu kuchaza ukwedelela kwabo ukufa. Futhi kaningi bazidela ngokuzithandela komunye nomunye. … kusukela lapho 'ziguqulwa', Baphika onkulunkulu baseGrisi, banikela ngenkuthalo 'ehlakaniphile’ obebethelwe esiphambanweni, futhi uphile ngokwemiyalo yakhe, bonke bangabafowethu.”

6. Izincwadi zorabi.

Urabi wamaJuda wabhala okuthile okuthuka kuphawula ngoJesu. AmaKristu acasulwa. Siyazi ukuthi iningi lalawa mazwana alahlekile. Kepha izazi eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ezinye izimpikiswano ezindala kakhulu zisekhona. Izazi eziningi zobuKristu nezamaJuda ziyakubona okulandelayo:

• Incazelo ye Ukubulawa kukaJesu. ('IBabiloni Lalmud', B.San. 43a.) Lokhu kwabhalwa ngesikhathi seTannaitic. (70-200EC).
• Ingxoxo phakathi komfundi kaJesu kanye noRabi ongumJuda, (60-95EC). ('IBabiloni Lalmud', Abodah Zarah 165, 17a.)/('Tasefta', Hllini 2.24.) Ibhalwe ngesikhathi seTannaitic.
• Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bebengeke bakhulume uJesu’ ibizo. Esikhundleni salokho basho izinto ezinje: "Umuntu othile yiNdodana engekho emthethweni yesiphingi." ('Mishna', Ibamoti 4.13.) Isikhulumi saphila ngo-100CE.
• Kwesinye isikhathi uJesu uchazwa njenge “uJesu, indodana kaPantera“. (Abanye bathi 'iphanenda’ kwakuyigama likagogo. Abanye bathi 'iphanenda’ kwakuyisosha laseRoma. Abanye basikisela ukuthi ihlaya ngoJesu’ Ukuzalwa kwentombi.) Indaba eyodwa ilandisa ngerabi elunywe yinyoka. Indoda ithi angaphola oRabi. Kepha angenza kuphela egameni likaJesu. ('IBabiloni Lalmud', Abodah Zarah 27b. Kutholakala futhi 4 ezinye izindawo.) Lokhu kumele kwenzeke ngaphambi kwe-132ce.

7. Imininingwane engaqinisekiswa.

Imibhalo yobuKristu ifaka umlando omningi, Imininingwane yamasiko neyasendaweni. Ngezimo eziyi-150ce kwa-Israyeli zazihluke kakhulu. Iningi lamaKristu bebengeke lazi ngezimo ngesikhathi sikaJesu. Ngakho-ke singabheka ubuqiniso bolwazi. Sesivele saxoxa ngalokhu.

Isiphetho

Sachaza ukuthi ababhali ababengewona amaChristian bazoba abangahlelekile. Yilokho impela esikutholayo.

Kepha le mibhalo iqinisekisa amaqiniso amaningi asemqoka. UJosephus noTacitus bangamasazi-mlando amahle kakhulu. Sinabanye ababhali ababengewona amaChristian kusuka ekhulwini lokuqala nelesibili. Bonke baqinisekisa amaqiniso abalulekile emlandweni ngokuphila nokufa kukaJesu. Basitshela amagama abantu besikhathi sakhe. Bakhuluma ngesonto uJesu aqala ngalo. Urabi wamaJuda wasola uJesu ngobuthakathi. Bavuma ukuthi uJesu wazenza izimangaliso.

Okunye futhi kubonakala futhi kule mibhalo nezinye kwakamuva. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, uJesu’ Izitha azizange ziphike amaqiniso omlando. AmaVangeli achaze ukuthi uJesu wazalwa nini futhi washona nini. Bathi izikhulu zikahulumeni zabulala umuntu ongenacala. Baze sisitshele amagama alabo ababenomthwalo wemfanelo. uJesu’ izitha aziphiki lezi zinto. Kunalokho, Bathi uJesu wayengumuntu ohluphayo. Kanjalo noJesu’ Phakathi kwabantu ababekholelwa ukuthi uJesu wayengumuntu wangempela omlando? Ngokusobala, benze.

Abalobi bokuqala abangamaKristu akuvamile ukuba bakhulume uJesu. Yilokhu ebesikulindele. Kepha sekwanele. Basho uhlobo lwezinto esasilindele ukuthi bazisho. Zivela emithonjeni eqinisekiswe kahle. Futhi baqinisekisa ubumlando kukaJesu ngaphezu kwanoma yikuphi ukungabaza okungenangqondo. Imizamo yokuphika ukuthi unkulunkulu kaJesu wakamuva nje. Izimangalo ezinjalo zithola ukwesekwa okuncane kakhulu phakathi kwezazi-mlando.