Uma AmaVangeli Caphuna Okunye Imithombo, Ingabe Lokhu Ezisithinta sokuqinisekiswa yabo?

Ingabe Ababhali BeVangeli Bahlola Imithombo Yabo?

Uma amaqoqo angaphambili kaJesu’ izisho zazikhona asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani ababhali bevangeli kungafanele bazicaphune, uma kodwa, basutha ngokunemba zabo.

Nakuba uLuka wayengekho, ngokwazi kwethu, ufakazi wokuzibonela kuJesu’ inkonzo noma ukuvuka, ukukhathazeka kwakhe okuvezile kuwukunikeza ukulandisa okuhlelekile nokunembile. Ishintsha ukusuka kokuthi 'bona’ kuthi '’ ezahlukweni zezEnzo 16, 20, 21, 27 futhi 28 bonisa ukuthi wahamba noPawulu ohambweni lwakhe oluningi, kuhlanganise nezikhathi zaseJerusalema, eRoma nasendlini kaFiliphu umvangeli. Ngakho waba nethuba elanele lokubheka imithombo yakhe mathupha, njengoba ethi ukwenzile. Njengoba kuphawuliwe kwenye indawo, namuhla ubalwa phezulu kakhulu phakathi kwezazi-mlando ngokunemba nemininingwane yemibhalo yakhe.

UMarku wayengumshana kaBarnabus (Kolose 4:10), umuntu ophambili ebandleni lokuqala. Umuzi kanina eJerusalema wawuyindawo yokuhlangana yebandla uPetru okwakwaziwa ukuthi wayesonta kulo (IzEnzo 12:2). I obaba besonto lokuqala usitshele ukuthi wasebenza njengomhumushi kaPetru. Ngenxa yalokho, Siyazi ukuthi wayekwazi ukufinyelela kahle izindaba zikaJesu’ ukuphila nezimfundiso. Kungenzeka nokuthi naye wayekhona kuJesu’ ukukhaphela (kubhekiselwa kumlandeli kaJesu osemusha owabaleka enqunu kuvela kuMarku kuphela 14:51-2).

Mathewu, owaziwa nangokuthi uLevi, wayengomunye wabaphostoli abayishumi nambili, ngakho-ke ngabe wazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ukuthi imithombo yakhe inokwethenjelwa noma cha.

John, njengoba sekushiwo, wayengomunye wabayishumi nambili futhi kubonakala sengathi akasebenzisanga noma yimuphi umthombo ngaphandle kwezinkumbulo zakhe.

Ubufakazi bolwazi lokuqala

Ulimi oluyisisekelo

UJesu wakhonza cishe abantu bakubo kuphela, ngakho-ke ngabe wafundisa ngesi-Aramu ekuqaleni, okwakuwulimi lwendawo lwakwa-Israyeli wekhulu lokuqala. Kuye kwashiwo ukuthi i Obaba bebandla lokuqala uthi uMathewu ekuqaleni wabhala ngesiHebheru noma ngesi-Aramu. Kodwa nakuba yonke imibhalo esekhona isekelwe ezinguqulweni zesiGreki, kanti amanye amavangeli abhalwa ngesiGreki, Izazi ziyavuma ukuthi wonke amavangeli embula ubufakazi obucacile bezifenqo zesi-Aramu ezingcaphunoni eziningi okuthiwa zabhalwa uJesu..

Ubufakazi be-Aramu ewumsuka buyakuphikisa ngokuphumelelayo izinsolo zokuthi amaVangeli aba inkambiso yakamuva yesiGreki. Futhi ayibonisi nje ukuthi ezinye izisho zakopishwa emibhalweni yesandla yesi-Aramu yangaphambili, ngoba lesi sigameko asibonakali kuphela emibhalweni ye-synoptic, kodwa nasezindabeni ezitholakala evangelini elilodwa nje. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kokuthi ‘futhi’ ekulandiseni kukaLuka ngokuzalwa kukaJesu (Lk 2) isi-Aramu esivamile: kodwa hhayi isiGreki. Ngokufanayo, I-akhawunti kaJohane yomuntu siqu iqukethe ama-Aramu amaningi. Lokhu kufakazela ngokuqinile ukuthi ababhali bangaba nokuzimela kwabo, imithombo yomdabu, noma bona ngokwabo babecabanga ngesi-Aramu.

Imibono yomuntu siqu

Uma ababhali bevangeli bebenayo eyabo imithombo kufanele silindele ukuthola umehluko okhombisa le mithombo yomuntu siqu kanye nezinkumbulo zezehlakalo.: futhi yilokhu kanye okwenzekayo. Ngayinye iqukethe umehluko nezindinyana eziphelele ezihlukile kulowo mbhali, kanye nokweqiwa okungenakubalwa ngakho kwabanye ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kufanele kube into eqanjiwe noma umthombo womuntu siqu oyingqayizivele..

Okuthakaseleka nakakhulu, mhlawumbe, ngezinye izikhathi umehluko ocashile ngisho nasezindimeni ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, naphezu kobufushane bayo, Ivangeli likaMarku lihlanganisa ukubonwa kukaJesu’ Ukusabela komuntu siqu okungatholakali ekulandiseni okufanayo kukaMathewu noLuka, (e.g. 1:41, 3:5, 9:23-5, et al.). Ukube uMark ubemane ekopisha kweminye imithombo, noma abanye babekopishe kuye, le mininingwane emincane ayichazwa kalula: kodwa ziqondakala kalula kumongo wobufakazi bomuntu siqu bukaPetru okubikwa ukuthi uMarku wasekela kubo ivangeli lakhe..

Isiko Elilahlekile.

IPalestine ngesikhathi sikaJesu yayingafani neze nesiko lezwe elizungezile lamaGreki namaRoma. Kodwa 40 iminyaka emva kukaJesu’ ukufa, Ithempeli laseJerusalema labhujiswa. Ngaphakathi 100 iminyaka, UHadrian wayeqambe kabusha idolobha i-Aelia Capitolina, wakha ithempeli likaJupiter endaweni yethempeli lasendulo futhi wakhipha umyalo, ukwenqabela ukusoka ngobuhlungu bokufa, okwabangela ukuvukela kukaSimon Bar Kochba, ozibiza ngoMesiya, ngo-AD 132. Kwaqedwa ngonya; 50 izikhundla eziqinisiwe futhi 985 imizana yacekelwa phansi. Ngakho, kakhulu, kwakuyiJerusalema; lapho kwakhiwa kabusha, ngezinga elincane njengebutho lamaRoma, wonke amaJuda ayenqatshelwe. Ukushushiswa kukaBar Kochba kumaKristu, owenqaba ukuhlangana nesizathu sakhe, futhi kwaphawula ukwehlukana kokugcina phakathi kobuJuda nobuKristu.

Nokho, njengoba sekuxoxiwe, enye yezinto eziyinhloko eye yalahla abagxeki abaphezulu’ imibono ephathelene nemvelaphi yamavangeli ibilokhu ‘ubuJuda’ kwama-akhawunti, kanye nengcebo yemininingwane ejulile yomlando equkethwe – echaza ngokunembile isizinda samasiko esingaziwa isiko lamaGreeco-Roman lapho ubuKristu babugxile khona futhi ezingeni lemininingwane engatholakali kumbhali wakamuva..

Imininingwane eqinisekisayo

Ngokwesibonelo, evangelini lakhe uLuka (3:1) ukhuluma ngoLisaniya njengoMbusi wesifunda sase-Abilene ngesikhathi sikaJohane uMbhapathizi, c. 27 Isikhangiso. Bekukade kuthiwa kufe umuntu onjalo kuphela 36 BC: kodwa umbhalo ophakathi 14 futhi 29 AD futhi ebhekisela ‘kuLysanias the Tetrarch’ isitholwe ngaseDamaseku.

ULuka naye uchaza ukuthi kanjani, kuJesu’ umuzi waseNazaretha, abantu basemadolobheni abathukuthele bamyisa emaphethelweni entaba umuzi wabo owakhiwe phezu kwayo, ehlose ukumlahla (Lk 4:29). Impela ubuNazaretha bubekwe ngendlela uLuka echaza ngayo. Kodwa kwakuyindawo engasho lutho kangangokuthi ayizange ikhulunywe nasohlwini lukaJosephus lwamadolobha namadolobhana akwa-Israyeli., noma i-talmud. Ezinye izazi zaze zathi yayingekho kuJesu’ usuku - kuze kube 1962, lapho igama layo litholakala embhalweni wenkathi evela eKesariya. Futhi, i umbhalo othakazelisayo owavela eNazaretha* iphakamisa ukuthi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala, lomuzi ongacacile ungase futhi udonse ukunaka komuntu ongengaphansi kukaKlawudiyu Khesari.

Encwadini yezEnzo 19:24-41, ULuka uchaza isiphithiphithi edolobheni lonke kanye nombuthano womphakathi (‘Ecclesia’) enkundleni yemidlalo yase-Efesu. Imivubukulo ithole indawo yaseshashalazini ekwazi ukubamba 25,000 abantu, futhi imibhalo eqoshiwe ibonisa ukuthi ngempela kwakuyindawo esemthethweni ‘yomShumayeli.’

ULuka naye ubhala imininingwane eminingi, njengeziqu eziqondile namagama ezikhulu zikahulumeni ezingaziwayo, ezinembe ngokucophelela futhi ebezingabhalwa umuntu onolwazi oluningiliziwe ngalezo zindawo ngaleso sikhathi sokuloba.. Ngokwesibonelo, uchaza umbusi waseMelitha, lapho aphukelwa khona umkhumbi (IzEnzo 28:7), 'njengoMphathi Omkhulu Wesiqhingi’ – isihloko esingajwayelekile, kodwa imibhalo iyakuqinisekisa. Ukhuluma ngoGaliyu njengomphathi-sifundazwe wase-Akhaya lapho uPawulu eseKorinte (IzEnzo 28:12). Incwadi evela kumbusi uKlawudiyu, etholakala eDelphi, ubhekisela ku-'Lucius Junius Gallio, umngane wami umbusi wase-Akhaya’. Yini enye, sekutholakele ukuthi ubambe lesi sikhundla unyaka owodwa nje vo, kusuka 51-52 Isikhangiso; nezinsuku zihambisana nokulandisa kukaLuka. Izikhathi eziningi izazi ziye zakubekela inselele ukunemba kwale mininingwane: izikhathi eziningi okwatholwa kamuva kuye kwafakazela ukuthi uLuka wayeqinisile.

Kanye nemininingwane eminingi yamasiko endawo nezindlela zokuphila zasePalestine, kukhona izinto ezinkulu. Kwakuvame ukuphikiswana ngokuthi bonke abafundi, kanye noJesu, wawungeke ungene esikebheni esisodwa sokudoba saseGalile: kodwa ku 1986 kwatholakala izinsalela zomkhumbi waseGalile wangaleso sikhathi: kwakumayelana 8 amamitha ubude nangaphezulu 2 amamitha ububanzi – kalula enkulu ngokwanele! UJohane ngokufanayo unikeza incazelo eyingcaca (UJn 5:2-3) lechibi eJerusalema, Bethesda, owabhujiswa amaRoma. Imivubukulo iveze izinsalela zayo futhi, njengoba uJohane esho, yayinemipheme eyisihlanu; leli lungiselelo elingajwayelekile lingenxa yokuhlukaniswa okumaphakathi okuhlukanisa ichibi kabili.

Kukhona nezindawo ezingcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, eKapernawume kukhona izinsalela zesonto laseByzantium. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kwakulondolozwe ngenhlonipho izinsalela zesakhiwo esidala nakakhulu, ngokusobala yakhiwa njengendlu ngekhulu lokuqala BC futhi yaguqulwa yaba indawo yokukhulekela yomphakathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD.. Ngokusho kuka-Egeria (c. 380 Isikhangiso), ‘EKapernawume, indlu ye (inkosana yabaphostoli) lenziwe ibandla, nezindonga zayo zakuqala zisamile.’ Uma kulungile, lena bekuzakuba yindlu kaninazala kaSimoni Petru, lapho uJesu ahlala khona eKapernawume. Kodwa noma kungenjalo, ukwakhiwa kwayo ngokuqinisekile kuvumelana nezincazelo ezisezincwadini zamavangeli.

Kukhona namathuna eJerusalema, 'kwiNkosi Yakhala'’ amangcwaba, ngemibhalo enjengale, ‘Jesu, yiba nesihe', kanye ‘noJesu, ngikhumbule ekuvukeni’. Ukuqomisana kusuka phakathi 35 futhi 50 Isikhangiso, abonisa ngokucacile ukuthi kwakukhona amakholwa emzini ngesikhathi esishiwo uLuka kuzEnzo. Elinye lamagama, 'Shappira', ivela kuzEnzo 5:1, futhi awukho omunye umthombo wekhulu lokuqala, UmKristu noma ongeyena umKristu. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi: kodwa eNtabeni Yeminqumo, eduze kwaseBethani, ithuna lomndeni lekhulu lokuqala latholwa nenani lamabhokisi amatshe, ezinye zazo zaziphawulwe ngeziphambano kanye negama likaJesu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abathathu ababenegama lokuthi uMariya, UMarta no-Eleyazare (okuhlukile 'kaLazaru'). Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lena ngempela indawo yokugcina yendoda uJesu ayivusa kwabafileyo (c.f. John 11:1-2)?

UbuJuda Bokuzalwa

Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, kunobufakazi obuningi be-Aramaism eyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zemibhalo yamaJuda kuzo zombili izisho zikaJesu kanye nezingxenye ezilandisayo zamavangeli.. UJesu futhi usebenzisa izindlela zokuphikisana zoRabi, njengokuphendula umbuzo ngombuzo (e.g. Lk 2:46-9, 20:3-4, 20:41-4, njll.) kanye nokucabanga okungasho lutho okumakwe umusho, ‘kanjani..’ (e.g. Mt 6:28-30, 7:9-11, Lk 11:13, njll.). Ezikhathini eziningi ekufundiseni kwakhe, UJesu unanela noma ucaphuna ngisho namazwi orabi bamaJuda. Ubuye asebenzise izindlela zokukhuluma zamaJuda kaningi, njenge-hyperbole (ihaba ngamabomu, njengaseMt 7:3-5, 19:24, 23:24, Lk 14:26, njll.).

Bese kuba nezinto eziningi ezibhekiselwa kumasiko nezimo zengqondo zamaJuda. Kuningi okukhulunywa ngakho emihlatshelweni yenkolo, izinsuku zedili, njll. Abaningi baye bazibuza ukuthi kungani ngokusobala uJesu nabafundi bakhe badla iPhasika kusesekuseni kakhulu, lapho ‘osemthethweni’ IPhasika laqala ngobusuku uJesu afa ngabo. Kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa abaseGalile, kanye namanye amaqembu, akazange abale usuku kusukela ekushoneni kwelanga kuze kube sekushoneni kwelanga, njengoba kwakungumkhuba osemthethweni; kangangokuthi iPhasika laqala kubo ngobusuku obandulelayo. Bese kuba nemibango nemifelandawonye engathandeki phakathi kwabaFarisi, AbaSadusi, AbakaHerode neziphathimandla zamaRoma, kanye nenzondo yamaJuda ngamaSamariya kanye nokwenyanya kwawo okuvamile kwabangemaJuda.

UJesu ngokwakhe ubonakala engumJuda ongenawo amahloni futhi eqondisa eyakhe inkonzo ngokuyinhloko kumaJuda; nakuba ngokungafani nabaningi besikhathi sakhe washesha ukuqaphela nokutusa ukholo lweqiniso kwabangewona amaJuda. Kodwa ukube kwasungulwa izingxenye ezinkulu zamavangeli, noma ngisho udokotela, ngemithombo yesiGreki, njengoba abagxeki bethanda ukuphakamisa, ukugcizelela okunamandla kwamaJuda ngoJesu’ ukufundisa, neyebandla lokuqala (e.g. Mt 10:5-6, Okulongwendayo 7:24-30, IzEnzo 11:19), kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza.

Ngisho nevangeli likaJohane, ngokuvamile kubanjwe ukuthi bekungokokugcina ukubhalwa, igcwele imininingwane efanayo. Ngesinye isikhathi kwathiwa amagama nemiqondo eminingi engokwenkolo etholakala eVangelini lakhe ayengaziwa ngaleso sikhathi futhi aqala ukusetshenziswa ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka.. Ukutholakala kwemiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile kuye kwayiphikisa ngokuzwakalayo leyo mpikiswano; ngoba aqukethe imibhalo eminingi yama-Essene yangesikhathi sikaKristu esebenzisa amagama afanayo kakhulu. Ngempela, ngakho amaJuda kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi abanye manje bacabanga ukuthi kwakuyivangeli lokuqala ukubhalwa, kuyilapho abanye besikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uJesu wayengumEssene ngokwakhe!

Inganekwane noma okungelona iqiniso?

Abagxeki bazama ukugomela ngokuthi amavangeli awumphumela ‘wokuhlobisa’ ngababhali, nokuthi izindaba zikaJesu’ izimfundiso nezimangaliso zalungiswa ngokufanele ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zebandla lokuqala. Kodwa yonke le mininingwane futhi eminingi, okuningi kubonisa ukuthi ababhali bevangeli babejwayelene kakhulu nesiko lasekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala lasePalestina.. Ukube bekulokhu okusunguliwe kamuva, njengoba lezo zifundiswa ezifisa ukuzilahla zidinga ukukholwa, izinga elinjalo lokuvumelana ngokuningiliziwe belingeke lifinyeleleke.

Izimangalo ezinjalo futhi ziyehluleka ukucabangela ukuqomisana kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okwamukelwa manje kwamavangeli kanye nobufakazi bokuthi ubuqotho bababhali bevangeli, okuxoxwa ngayo esihlokweni esilandelayo.

Izincwadi zeTestamente Elisha zikwenza kucace ukuthi kwakukhona ukukhathazeka okukhulu phakathi kwabaholi besonto bokuqala ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukonakala kwezimfundiso zikaJesu.. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye bathi uPawulu ‘wayengumhlobisi’ omkhulu; kodwa izincwadi zakhe zimbonisa ukuthi uqaphe kakhulu -I ukuphambanisa imibono yakhe nezimfundiso zikaJesu: ‘Nginikeza lo myalo (hhayi mina, kodwa iNkosi): … Kwabanye ngisho lokhu (Mina, hhayi iNkosi): …’ (1 Korinte 7:10-12). Ngakho ukube bekukhona ukukhohlakala kukaJesu’ izimfundiso ekuqaleni okunjalo, lapho abaphostoli ngokwabo besaphila, umuntu angalindela ubufakazi obucacile bempikiswano enkulu. Akunjalo; kanti izEnzo nezincwadi zikhuluma obala ngokuphikisana ngokusoka, Ngokwesibonelo. Ngokufanayo, ukusakazwa kwemibhalo ehlubukayo neye-apocrypha (kuhlanganise nenguqulo ye-Gnostic yevangeli likaMarku) phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka yavusa impikiswano, njengoba kukhulunywe ngakho emibhalweni ye URenaeus.

Ngakho singaphetha ngokuthini ngokunengqondo? Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obubonisiwe kubonakala sengathi ababhali bevangeli babebekwe kahle ukuze baqinisekise noma baphike ukunemba kwemithombo yabo., nokuthi ama-akhawunti ethulwa, ngokubona kwabo, ukuvezwa kweqiniso nokwethenjelwa kwamaqiniso aphathelene nokuphila nenkonzo kaJesu.

Buyela esihlokweni esikhulu.