Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana eTestamenteni Elisha Izincwadi Chosen kanjani?

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1I-ST Century – Okuthandwa ngubufakazi obuqondile.

Ibhayibheli elisemthethweni leBandla Lokuqala empeleni laliyiMibhalo yesiHeberu, manje saziwa ngathi njengeTestamente Elidala. Abalobi beTestamente Elisha akubonakali sengathi bazimisele ngenhloso yokudala iqoqo lemibhalo entsha. Ukukhathazeka kwabo kwakuwukugcina umlando kaJesu’ Impilo Nokufundisa, ukukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kwafeza kanjani imithetho yeTestamente Elidala Neziprofetho, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi kwagcinwa ngokwethembeka futhi kwasetshenziswa ezimfundisweni nasezenzweni zesonto.

Imibhalo ebhaliwe yayinobuningi futhi yenza amakhophi kwakuyinqubo eyisicefe; Ngakho-ke ngalesi sikhathi bebengeke babaningi kakhulu, futhi ngabe yasakazwa ngendlela efanelekile ye-hoc. Kuyo yonke ingxenye yekhulu lokuqala, Ukuthandwa ngokuvamile kuboniswe okokuqala ngesandla kunokuba ubufakazi obubhaliwe. Ngokwesibonelo Amapapiya omshoshangu (60-140 Isikhangiso), Ngenkathi enikeza imininingwane ngamaVangeli, kukhombisa ukuthanda okuqinile 'ngezwi lokuphila nelihlala elihlala njalo’ Kulabo ababenolwazi oluqondile ngabaphostoli nabaholi besonto lokuqala.

Asaziyo umzamo omkhulu wokuchaza uhlu lwe-'ngokusemthethweni’ Imibhalo evunyelwe ngalesi sikhathi. Lesi simo saphikelela kahle ekhulwini lesibili.

Izincwadi zikaPawulu

Into eseduzane nomzimba owaziwayo wemibhalo ngalesi sikhathi empeleni kwakukhona izincwadi zikaPaul zikaPaul. Eziyisishiyagalolunye zalokhu zazibhekiswe emasontweni; okukodwa (Filemoni) yincwadi yomuntu siqu nezinye ezintathu, eyaziwa ngokuthi yizincwadi zomelusi, babhekiswe kubasizi bakhe, UThimothi noThithu. Babhalwe kakhulu phakathi 51 futhi 61 Isikhangiso, izincwadi zokwelusa kwangaphambilini; futhi kukholakala ukuthi babebuthene ndawonye njengeqoqo nxazonke 80-85 Isikhangiso. Ayesetshenziswa kakhulu futhi acashunwa phakathi nengxenye esele yekhulu lokuqala nasekuqaleni kwelesibili; kodwa yehla ekudumeni isikhathi esithile phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka, kulandela ukuhlukunyezwa kwabo nguMarcion (bona ngezansi).

2nd Ikhulunyaka – Uhlu Lokuqala Lwemibhalo Egunyaziwe.

Ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka isimo sase siba nzima nakakhulu, ngokusakazwa kwenani leminye imibhalo enobuqiniso obungabazekayo noma imfundiso, kanye nemibhalo eyabhalwa kamuva ngabaholi bamabandla okuqala. Kwakukhona futhi izinga elikhulu lokwehlukana kwezimfundiso esontweni, futhi amaqembu ahlukahlukene aqala ukubonisa ukukhetha kuleyo mibhalo evuna umbono wabo othile.

Imbuka uMarcion, owahlehla esontweni mayelana 150 Isikhangiso, ukuhumusha imibhalo kaPawulu njengencazelo yokuthi empeleni kwakukhona onkulunkulu ababili, A 'uNkulunkulu nje’ yeTestamente Elidala kanye 'noNkulunkulu Olungile’ kokusha. Uveze ukuthi abaphostoli babevumele uJesu’ Ukufundisa ukonakaliswa futhi uPawulu wayengukuphela kweqiniso. Wenqabe ngokuphelele iTestamente Elidala futhi washicilela owakhe uhlu lwemibhalo evunyelwe, okuhlanganisa iVangeli elilodwa (mhlawumbe kuhlobene noLuka) kanye nezincwadi zikaPawulu eziya emasontweni naseFilemoni, Yize enqaba izincwadi zokwalusa.

Uhlu lukaMarcion lwenziwe njengesisulu kwabanye ukuthi baqale ukuchaza izinhlu zabo ezivunyiwe. URenaeus ngokuqondile amagama amaningi ezincwadi ezakha usuku lwamanje nt, Kubandakanya amaVangeli, IzEnzo, Zonke izincwadi zikaPawulu nesambulo. Ngakho, kakhulu, ingabe i-muraton canon (c. 170-210 Isikhangiso, futhi kuvame ukubalwa ku-hippolytus); Yize lokhu kuncoma eminye imibhalo emibili, 'I-Apocalypse kaPeter’ '' Ukuhlakanipha KukaSolomoni ', obekungemukelwa ngokwamukelwa yiBandla.

3Ikhulu le-Rd – Inkomance evelayo.

Uhlu olufanayo nezilinganiso, ngokuhlukahluka okuncane, Qhubeka nokutholakala emibhalweni enwebeka ngekhulu lesi-3. Eusebius, Isazi-mlando Sebandla Sekhulu lesi-4, ifingqa isikhundla ngaleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi:

-Dumile

Mathewu, Beka, Luka, John, IzEnzo, Izincwadi zikaPaul, 1 UPeter, 1 UJohn no (ngokusho kokunye) Isambulo sikaJohane.

-Phindisiwe, Noma kunjalo wayaziwa kakhulu

UJakobe, Nguokotela wakhe ngoJuda, 2 UPeter, 2 John, 3 John.

-Phithizela

Izenzo zikaPaul (170 Isikhangiso), Umalusi WamaHermal (115-140 Isikhangiso), I-Apocalypse kaPeter (150 Isikhangiso), Epistle of Barnabus (70-79 Isikhangiso), Ukwakha (100-120 Isikhangiso), IVangeli ngokusho kwamaHeberu (65-100 Isikhangiso) futhi (ngokusho kokunye) Isambulo sikaJohane.

Phesheya njengababi futhi kuyamangaza

IVangeli likaThomas, IVangeli likaPeter, IVangeli likaMathias, Izenzo zika-Andrew, Izenzo zikaJohn.

4Ikhulu – Izincazelo Ezisemthethweni (Uhlu lwezincwadi zemiBhalo)

Egatsheni elisempumalanga yesonto, Incwadi ye-39 kaPaschal ye-Athanasius (367 Isikhangiso) ihlinzeka ngesitatimende esichazayo salezo zincwadi ezithathwa njengegunya, naseSontweni laseNtshonalanga, Imikhandlu yemvubu (393 Isikhangiso) kanye neCarthage (397 Isikhangiso). Zombili zibala izincwadi ezifanayo ezakha iTestamente lethu elisha.

I-Syriac Canon

Amasonto akhuluma isiSyriac ekuqaleni alandela indlela ehlukile. IVangeli lokuqala elisetshenziswe phakathi kwalo kwakuyi-'Vangeli ngokusho kwamaHeberu’ (IVangeli le-Apocryphal of antnant festishing, ukuqomisana phakathi 65 futhi 100 Isikhangiso). Lokhu kwabe sekuthathelwa indawo ukuvumelana kwamaVangeli akhiqizwe uTatian, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-diatessaron, okwangezwa izinhlamvu zikaPaul nezenzo. Ekugcineni, Amasonto eSyriac amukele uhlu olufanayo lwezincwadi ezivunyiwe njengoba esetshenziswa emasontweni aseMpumalanga naweNtshonalanga, esikhundleni se-diatessaron namaVangeli amane.

Izincwadi eziphikisiwe ze-NT

Lezi zingxenye ezilandelayo zinikeza isizinda kwezinye zezindawo eziphambili zengxabano maqondana nalezo zincwadi ezamukelwa kalula.

Amaphuzu athile adinga ukugcinwa engqondweni.

• Iqiniso lokuthi bekukhona inkulumompikiswano yokuthi ubuqiniso nenani lale madokhumenti akulona ngokwalo libangele ukukhathazeka: Kufanele sikhathazeke ngokwengeziwe uma bemukelwe ngokungemthetho.
• Ukuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nokulahleka kwemibhalo yomthombo bekuyinkinga ngisho nangekhulu lamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka. Noma kunjalo, Siyazi ukuthi izazi zesonto zakuqala zazithola ukutholakala kwemibhalo emihle nemilomo eselahlekile manje.
• Yize umfundaze wanamuhla ethola inzuzo ngezinombolo eziningi kanye nobunyoninco bamathuluzi okuhlaziya kwawo, Izimpikiswano ezinkulu manje zethulwe zombili futhi ziphikisana nale mibhalo zaziwa futhi zabhekwa yizifundiswa zokuqala.
• Izindlela ezisetshenziswe ukwamukela noma ukwenqaba le mibhalo ngokuvamile zigxile empikiswaneni yegunya labaphostoli. Kwakungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu umlobi okufanele abe ngumphostoli (UJude wayengeyena, futhi kwakunguMark noma uLuka); Kepha bekukukhathalela okukhulu ukuthi akukho okufanele kufakwe okungelona okukhona okucacile kwabaphostoli.

Incwadi eya kumaHeberu

Impikiswano yakuqala maqondana namaHeberu igxile ekubhaleni kwayo, Ngemibono ehlukaniswe kakhulu phakathi kukaPaul (obekungasinike igunya elithe xaxa) noma uBarnabus. Incwadi ngokwayo ayiziwa – impikiswano eqinile ngokumelene nePauline Authorip, Njengomkhuba wakhe kwakuwukusayina zonke izincwadi zakhe uqobo (c.f. 2 The. 3:17) – futhi isitayela sesiGreek asifani neminye imibhalo yakhe. Kepha imfundiso yenkolo yayo iyahambisana noPawulu noPaka ngoThimothi (Omunye wabafundi bakhe abaziwayo) ku-Heb 13:23 futhi kuphakamisa ukuxhumana okunjalo. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwayo okusemthethweni eCanon, Isiko lokubhalwa kwePauline libanjelwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhwalithi enkulu yokuchazwa kwayo. Kubhekwa ngoClement waseRoma ngaphakathi 95 Isikhangiso, futhi cishe ngokuqinisekile kubikezela ukubhujiswa kwethempeli ku 70 Isikhangiso, Njengoba umbhali uchaza izintambo zethempeli sengathi zisaqhubeka (qhathanisa. Umnyeli 10:1-11). Izazi eziningi zanamuhla ziyavuma ukuthi kungenyelwa abanye ngaphandle kukaPawulu. Okunye okuphikisana okuqinile kungaba yi-Apholo, Ikhono likabani ekuchazeleni imiBhalo yesiHeberu laziwa kanjani ukuthi uPawulu (qhathanisa. IzEnzo 18:24-28 ne- 1 NoRor 3:4-6). Kepha akunandaba ukuthi umbhali ongumuntu, Kuyavunywa njengesibonelo esivelele sokufundisa kwesonto lokuqala.

UJakobe

-Buye, Ingxoxo mpikiswano yakuqala yagxila endabeni yokubhala. Umbhali uyazichaza nje ngokuthi 'James, inceku kaNkulunkulu …'. Kunabantu abathathu abavelele baleli gama esontweni lokuqala. UJakobe indodana kaZebedee (nomfowabo kaJohane) UJakobe indodana ka-Alfasu wabalwa phakathi kwabaphostoli abayishumi nambili. Lowo owayekade evelele ngokwengeziwe, Ukuba yingxenye kaJesu’ Umbuthano wangaphakathi, futhi abanye bafuna ukubiza kuye: Kepha wafelwa ukholo ngaphambi kokuthi abhale incwadi enjalo. Akukho simangalo esake senzelwe ukubhaliswa ngomunye uJames. I-general Concensos ukuthi yabhalwa nguJames the nje, omunye kaJesu’ bafowethu, owaba yikholwa ngemuva kovuko futhi wagcina ehola iSonto laseJerusalema ngaphambi kokufelwa ukholo 62 Isikhangiso. Wayengumvikeli wezintshisekelo zakwaJuda - ubuKristu, Yikuphi ama-tallies ngobufakazi bombhalo wesipika sendabuko sama-Aramu ngemvelaphi yamaJuda eqinile.

Abanye abagxeki banamuhla baphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi le ncwadi ibiyikhaya lamaJuda avumelaniswe nezinhloso zobuKristu, noma ukubhala kamuva okufuna ukubhekana nokwahlukahlukana okukhulu kwemfundiso kaPawulu ekuqinisekisweni ngokukholwa. Nokho, AKUKHO IZIPHUMA ezethulwe ezingachazwa ngokwanele ngesisekelo sikaJames’ Ukubhalela nokuphikisa kungavuswa ngokumelene nokubuswa kwezindlela zombili izindlela.

Nguokotela wakhe ngoJuda

Nguokotela wakhe ngoJuda (noma uJuda) kuhlonzwa ngokuthi 'inceku kaJesu Kristu, nomfowabo kaJakobe '. UJames kuphela owaziwa ukuthi lokhu kungafaka isicelo sikaJames okulungile, Ukwenza u-jude omunye ngoJesu’ Abafowethu abasebasha, okukhulunywe ngaye ku-MT. 13:55 kanye mk 6:3. Kubukeka sengathi kubhalwe ngemuva 70 Isikhangiso, Njengoba kukhulunywa abaphostoli esikhathini esedlule (uhlobo lwelapho. 17-18). Nokho, Bekuhamba kancane ekutholeni ukwamukelwa ikakhulukazi ngoba uJude akazange aqashelwe njengegunya lokuphostoli.

2 UPeter

2 UPhetro ubiza ngokungazeleleki ukuba nguSimoni Peter; ngakho-ke kungaba yiqiniso noma inkohliso. Lokhu bekuyindaba yenkulumompikiswano ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kwayo kokugcina, no-Origen noJerome bayemukela, Kepha u-Eusebius akaqinisekile.

Izazi eziningi zanamuhla zibuye zingabaze ubuqiniso bayo. Izizathu ezithile ezikhonjiwe:

• 2 UPeter 2:1-3:3 futhi uJude uhlobene ngokusobala. Kuphikiswa lokho, nxa 2 UPitrosi uboleke kusuka emfushane jude, Akunakuba ngeqiniso. Nokho, asikho isizathu esithile esenza ukuba omunye umbhali angafanele akhulume omunye; Futhi kusobala ukuthi i-ploy ehlakaniphile yokuba ngumphikisi ongaba yincwadi ekhona kaJude njengomsebenzi kaPeter. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kungenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuthi uJude empeleni wayesesho uPeter; Eqinisweni kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu, Njengoba sesivele sabona ukuthi uJude ukhuluma ngabaphostoli esikhathini esedlule.
• Kukhona umehluko obhalwe phakathi 1 futhi 2 UPeter. Okomfanyana, Isitayela sesiGreek siyahluka: kepha, Njengoba kukhonjiswe nguJerome, Umehluko onjalo njengoba ukhona achazwa kalula ukusetshenziswa kukaPetru otolika ohlukile. Ukugcizelelwa kwemfundiso nakho kuhluke kakhulu: Kepha njengoba umuntu ebhekiswe kumaKristu abhekene noshushiso, kanti omunye wabhekana nosongo lwemfundiso yamanga, Lokhu akumangazi noma.
• Iphinde yathi ukuthi kunezici eziningi ezikhombisa usuku lwakamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, Umqondo wezwe ubhujiswa ngomlilo, umbono wobuKristu obuhlukile, ayitholanga i-vogue kuze kube yikhulu lesibili. Kepha umbono uvelaphi? Le ncwadi, Uma kwangempela, Inikeza incazelo ebonakalayo kakhulu. Okunye ukuthi kushiwo imibhalo kaPawulu eceleni 'kweminye imibhalo’ e 3:15-16 kukhombisa ukuqomisana kamuva. Kepha lokhu kuthatha uPhetro kubeka imibhalo kaPawulu (Okushiwo ngokoqobo 'Imibhalo') Emgqeni nababhali beTestamente Elidala, Esikhundleni sokumane uveze ukuthi abanye abantu bazosonta noma yini ukuze bazivumelanise. Ngaphandle, La mavesi agcizelela ubunye obubalulekile kaPawulu noPeter, indlela kakhulu emihlanganweni emincane ngomkhuba wabalobi be-schismatic wesikhathi ubani, NjengaseMarcion, isetshenziselwa ukudlala eyodwa ngokumelene nokunye.

2 futhi 3 John

Yize kungabikwa ngokuqondile amagama abiza uJohn njengomlobi, Ukubhuka esontweni lokuqala ngokuyinhloko kwakuphathelene nokuhambisana kwazo, Njengoba zimfishane kakhulu, futhi ube nokubaluleka okuncane okufundisayo.

Ngokombono wombhalo, Cishe bonke abafundi bavuma ukuthi bangumsebenzi womlobi ofanayo 1 John, futhi iningi lingakwamukela lokho 1 UJohn wabhalwa nguMlobi weVangeli likaJohane. Nokho, Kunokwehluka okukhulu kwesitayela phakathi kwalokhu nesambulo (kuthiwa kuJohane). Ngakho-ke seliphakanyisiwe ukuthi ukubhala kwangempela kweVangeli kanye nezincwadi zenziwa ngabafundi bakaJohane. Lo mbono usekelwa uJohane isahluko 21, okubonakala kube yi-epilogue eVangelini, ekhomba 'kumfundi owayethandwa nguJesu’ Njengomthombo oyinhloko, Kepha kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi abanye basiza ekuhlanganiseni kwalo (uhlobo lwelapho. 20-24).

Ukwazisa

Isambulo sithi kubhalwe nguJohn, Ngenkathi edingiselwe kuPatmos: ngakho, njenga 2 UPeter, Kumele kube yiqiniso noma i-fake; ngaphandle kwa-, njengoba abanye bephakamisa, empeleni ngomunye uJohn. Umbhalo wamaGrikhi akafani nelevo noma izinhlamvu zesitayela kanye nesitayela (I-Grammar yayo imbi kakhulu). Lokhu kuholele ekuphikiseni ngokubhala kwalo, naphezu kokufakazelwa nguJustin Martyr (c. 140 Isikhangiso), URenaeus (Isikhangiso 120-190, umfundi wePolycarp, Omunye wabafundi bakaJohane) nabanye. Kepha ngekhulu lesine uJohn umbhali wamukelwa; no-Eusebius, Ngenkathi ukuqopha ukungabaza kwangaphambilini, ngokwakhe wamukela, Ukusho ukuthi yabhalwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Emperor Domitian (81-96 Isikhangiso).

Izazi eziningi zanamuhla zibuye zingabaze nokubhalwa kwesambulo ngenxa yezizathu ezinikezwe ngenhla; Kepha lokhu kuphendulwa kalula. Ulimi lwendabuko lukaJohn kwakungu-Aramaic futhi, Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, Kunobufakazi abuthole ukubhala iVangeli lakhe. Kuyamangaza kakhulu lokho, lapho ekudingisweni, ngabe wakwazi ukufinyelela ezinkonzweni zabasizi abafanayo. Ngempela, Kungenzeka ukuthi wayephoqelekile ukuthi abhale ngesiGreki ngaphandle kosizo noma kungenzeka abhale okwangempela ngesi-Aramu, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukukhulumisana okungokwesiprofetho kuvame ukwehluka kakhulu ekukhulumeni okujwayelekile kuzo zombili izitayela nolimi. (Kufanele uqhathanise kuphela ulimi abanye abantu abalusebenzisa esontweni ngenkulumo yabo yansuku zonke ukubona ukuthi umehluko omkhulu walolo ungaba khona!) Isambulo ngesinye seziprofetho ezibonakalayo kunazo zonke ezake zanikezwa; Akufani namaVangeli kanye nezinhlamvu zikaJohn kokuqukethwe kanye nenhloso. Izici ezinjalo zibanda kalula umehluko obonakalayo ezinhlamvwini nevangeli.

Ukubeka kafushane

Ezinsukwini zokuqala zesonto iTestamente Elidala kwakuyiBhayibheli elisemthethweni lebandla, Futhi kwakungekho mzamo oqondayo wokwakha umzimba omusha wemibhalo eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni. Inqubo yokuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezaziwa njengegunya alizange liqale kuze kube yilapho selikhulu lesibili; lapho ukuvela kwezikhathi zemibhalo ehlukahlukene yakamuva, ezinye zibuhlungu futhi zingamakhambi nabanye ukudedelwa emithonjeni yokuqala yabaphostoli, waqala ukudinga isenzo esinjalo.

Yize izincwadi ze-NT bezingachazwa ngokusemthethweni kuze kube ngekhulu lesine, Kuyacaca ukuthi, Naphezu kwezindlela eziphansi kakhulu zokusabalalisa ngaleso sikhathi, Sekuvele kunenqwaba yesivumelwano esiphathelene neningi lalezi zincwadi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili. Zonke lezi ezifakiwe ziye zamukelwa ngokuvamile njengoba zivela emphakathini wamaKristu akuse isizukulwane sokuqala. Lokhu kuhluka kwalawo madokhumenti ashiywe ku-NT, Yikuphi kakhulu usuku kusuka ekhulwini lesibili, noma okunye kungukungabaza okungabazayo.

Buyela esihlokweni esikhulu.