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IVangeli kaTomas luxwebhu olufutshane kakhulu, kufunwa ukuqulatha ‘amazwi afihlakeleyo awathethwa nguYesu ophilayo noDidymos Judas Thomas awabhalayo'. Nangona iqulethe iingcaphulo eziqhelekileyo zikaMateyu noLuka, idityaniswe nezinye iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba ihlanganiswe liqela eliqhekekayo lamahlelo.

Kuphela 3 imizekelo iyasinda. Amaqhekeza amabini, ibhalwe ngesiGrike, zafunyanwa eOxyrhynchus, Jiphethe, malunga 100 Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekuphela kombhalo opheleleyo wafunyanwa eNag Hammadi, Jiphethe, ngaphakathi 1945 kwaye yinguqulelo yesiCoptic, yafunyanwa phakathi kweqela lemibhalo ye-gnostic yokuqala.

Ukuthandana

Ukuthandana kukaThomas kuqikelelwa kakhulu kwaye uluvo lwabafundi luyahluka kakhulu. Umbhalo weNag Hammadi uvela ngeenxa zonke 340 AD. Amaqhekeza e-Oxyrhynchus abhalwe ngomhla ajikeleze 140 AD, mhlawumbi ngaphambili. Iqela labaphengululi likholelwa ukuba lelobubhali benkulungwane yoku-1.

Isibakala sokuba ithi kuYakobi Othe tye isigxina kucwangciso lwezinto zobuthixo awayengayi kuvumelana naye noYesu. (bona ngezantsi), Iphikisa ngamandla ukuba umhla wokuqala onokwenzeka awukafiki emva kwexesha elithile UJames’ ukufa kwi 62 AD (cf. UJosephus, ‘Izinto zamandulo’, 20.9.1). Ngokuphikisana, si ubungqina obuhle ukuba iZenzo zagqitywa ngokukhawuleza ngaphambili, okanye emva nje kokuba lo mhla; kunye noLuka, UMarko kunye nemibhalo kaPawulos kuyavunywa ukuba zezangaphambili. Yiyo loo nto, ngesiseko sokuthandana, iTestamente eNtsha inebango langaphambili.

Ingqibelelo Yombhalo

Nokuba yeyiphi na imini yokwenyani, ibango lokuba ngumsebenzi ka ‘Didymos Judas Thomas’ ayithembekanga. Kuba, nangona uYohane ekwabhekisela ‘kuTomas, ebizwa ngokuba nguDidymus, ukuphathwa kwezi zinto ngokungathi ngamagama awohlukileyo kubhenca lo mbhali ungasaziyo isiAramiki; kuba 'Didymus’ yinguqulelo nje yesiGrike yesiAramiki, ‘UTomas’ (zombini ezithetha, ‘iwele’).

Abanye abantu (hayi izifundiswa, ngokubanzi!) ibango lokuba uTomas ungumthombo osulungekileyo kuneevangeli zeNT, njengoko yayingangxengwanga. Kodwa oku kungqinwa ngokwembali, kwaye izibakala azingqinelani nazo.

UTomas uqulethe amazwi amaninzi angaveliyo kuyo nayiphi na incwadi yeVangeli. Nangona ezinye zezi zisenokuba zizicatshulwa zokwenene ezivela kuYesu, ezinye ngokucacileyo zivela kamva. Umzekelo:

12) Abafundi bathi kuYesu, “Siyazi ukuba uza kusishiya. Ngubani oza kuba yinkokeli yethu?” Wathi kubo uYesu, “Nokuba uphi na kufuneka uye kuJames the Just, Okwabakho izulu nomhlaba ngenxa yakhe.”

UYakobi olilungisa wayengomnye kaYesu’ bazalwana. Kodwa iincwadi zevangeli zisixelela ukuba ngexesha likaYesu’ ubulungiseleli basemhlabeni, Abazalwana bakhe babengakholwa nakuye (John 7:5, Uphawu 3:21). Kuphela kusemva kokuvuswa kwakhe bangena ecaweni (Izenzo 1:14), waza uYakobi ngokuthe ngcembe wafumana isikhundla esiphezulu, ekugqibeleni waba ngumdala okhokelayo webandla laseYerusalem (Izenzo 12:17, 15:12 yaye 21:18). Kwakungenjalo de kube ngoko, iminyaka emva NguYesu’ ukufa, ukuba wafumana igama lesiqhulo elithi ‘Olungileyo’ ngenxa yobulungisa awayeqhubana nabo ngokungquzulana kobuKristu, Izilangazelelo zamaYuda nezeNtlanga. Ke, ngaphandle nje kokungenzeki kukaYakobi isizathu sendalo, esi sicatshulwa ngokucacileyo asiyonyani.

Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukulandelela ukukrexeza okuqhubekayo kukaTomas ngokuthelekisa imithombo emibini eseleyo. Jonga le ngxelo ukusuka kamva Nag Hammadi isicatshulwa:

“Utshilo uYesu: Lowo ufunayo makangayeki ukufuna ade afumane; kwaye xa ethe wayifumana, uya kumangaliswa (ngaphandle kwakhe); kwaye xa edidekile, uya kumangaliswa, uya kulawula phezu kwabo bonke.”

Ulwimi apha luyiGnostic kakhulu ngethoni, ngakumbi ekusebenziseni igama, 'konke'. Nangona kunjalo, amaqhekeza eOxyrhyncus angaphambili atsho nje:

“(UYesu uthi:) Makabone lowo(ks) angayeki (ukufuna de) uyafumana; kwaye xa ethe wayifumana (uza) mangalisweni, kwaye kuba (uyamangalisa)d, uya kulawula; i(d elawula), uza (phinda)St.”

‘Yonke’ ngokucacileyo ludibaniso lwamva kunye nebinzana elithathe indawo yalo, ‘uya kuphumla” sikhumbuza uMateyu 11:28, “Yizani kum nonke nina nibulalekayo, nisindwayo ngumthwalo, ndoninika ukuphumla”. Inxalenye yokuqala yale ntetho iyafana nekaMateyu 7:7-8 kunye noLuka 11:9-10, “Celani, nophiwa;; funani nofumana; nkqonkqozani novulelwa. kuba wonke umntu ocelayo, uyazuza;; lowo ufunayo uyafumana … (njl)”. Nangona kunjalo, nakunikezelo lwangaphambili, ingcamango yokukhwankqiswa (ukudideka kamva) njengenyathelo eliyimfuneko ekulawuleni kubonakala kufana neengcinga zobugnostic kunezinye iimfundiso zikaYesu ezaziwayo..

Ke ngoko, kude nokucebisa uTomas ngumthombo osulungekileyo, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba isicatshulwa siye sahlengahlengiswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Izifundo Eziluncedo

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezicacileyo ezingeyonyani, UTomas uxabiseke ngokwenene kubaphengululi kuba iinxalenye zayo zibonakala ziphuma kumthombo ofana naleyo yayisetyenziswa ngababhali beentetho.. Apho izicatshulwa zihambelana neencwadi zeVangeli, ezi zinokunika umkhondo weyona binzana lesiAramiki santlandlolo, njengoko kwathethwa nguYesu. Uhlalutyo lombhalo lubonisa ukuba ezinye izicatshulwa zisenokunikela inguqulelo elunge ngakumbi yesiAramiki kunezo zifumaneka kwiincwadi zeVangeli.: nangona kwezinye iimeko, iinguqulelo zeVangeli zibonakala zilunge ngakumbi.

Kuyacaca, kunqweneleka kakhulu ukufuna eyona nguqulelo ichanileyo inokwenzeka kaYesu’ amagama oqobo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuhlale kukhunjulwe ukuba iyantlukwano yolu hlobo mincinane, yaye azinampembelelo enkulu kwisigidimi sisonke kuneenguqulelo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zeenguqulelo zanamhlanje.

Amabango athandabuzekayo

Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphengululi baye bazama ukusebenzisa uTomas ‘njengobungqina’ ukuxhasa ithiyori yokuba zombini kunye neegospile ziguqulelwe kweyangaphambili 'IVangeli yamazwi’ oko kutyholwa ukuba iqulethe ‘inyaniso’ amazwi kaYesu. Ithiyori ye ‘Q’ umthombo weevangeli zesishwankathelo kuyaxoxwa kwenye indawo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo apha kukuqwalasela umlinganiselo uTomas ngokwakhe ayixhasa ngokwenene ingcamango enjalo.

Kuthiwa kukho malunga 30% unxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwi kaTomas nalawo akuMateyu nakuLuka; kwaye amazwi afumaneka kuzo zontathu aphuma kwiVangeli yeeNdawo. Ukuba la mazwi ayesaziwa ngokwenene ukuba aphuma kuxwebhu olunye, oku kunokuba sisigqibo esifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo:

• ‘IVangeli Yamazwi’ sisakhiwo esicingelwayo kuphela: abukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba yakha yabakho ngokwenene.
• UTomas mfutshane kakhulu kunevangeli kaMarko; kwaye lo mfanekiso uthetha 30% kaTomas: hayi ngenye indlela. Izixa ezikhulu azifani nantoni na kwiincwadi zevangeli.
• Unxulumano phakathi kwamaxwebhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lokufana phakathi kwemithombo yawo. Ayisixeleli ukuba kwenzeka njani oko kufana. Ezi ntetho zithi kwakuthetha ukuba zivela kumthombo ofanayo (UYesu ngokwakhe); ke, nokuba bekukho iiakhawunti ezininzi, isixa esibalulekileyo semathiriyeli eqhelekileyo isalindeleka. Kwaye, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ULuka uyabuvuma ubukho bomthombo omnye obhaliweyo, kodwa abaninzi.
• The actual correlation is far more tenuous than these claims suggest. Some passages are very similar: others resemble parts of sayings found in the gospels. But there is no obvious correlation in the order of presentation.
• In view of the above, most scholars are agreed that, whatever source document the writer of Thomas may have used, it was hayi the same as that used by the Gospel writers.
• The reverse inference made by some advocates of this theory, namely that any saying found in Matthew and Luke, but not Thomas, is not a genuine saying of Jesus, i highly improbable. Endaweni yoko, it is reasonable to conclude that occurrences of the same saying in two or more of the gospels, but not Thomas, merely casts further doubt on the otherwise unsupported theory that they drew from a single source document.

Note that this is not to say that, phakathi kwamanye amaxwebhu abhekisela kuwo uLuka, uxwebhu olufana noQ okanye incwadi yeVangeli yeeNdawo lwalungenakubakho yaye lusetyenziswe njengomthombo: inokuba nayo. Kodwa i-hypothesis enjalo, iphuhliswe ngesiseko sokufana phakathi kwala maxwebhu, ayinakuphathwa ngokusemthethweni ngokungathi yinto ekhoyo, ukunika umsebenzisi ilungelo lokulahla zonke iipaseji ezingahambelaniyo njengezinganyanisekanga. Ingxoxo enjalo ijikeleze kakhulu kwingqiqo yayo.

Ukuqukumbela

Isishwankathelo, UThomas luxwebhu olunomdla olunexabiso elibalulekileyo kubahlalutyi bombhalo. Kodwa, kuba incinci kwindlela yobungqina obubhaliweyo, ngokucacileyo asiyiyo le nto izibanga ukuba iyiyo kwaye uye wabandezeleka ngokukrexeza, ayinaxabiso lokwenene lezakwalizwi. Kucingelwa ukuba imvelaphi yayo lukwakhiwa ngokutsha okusekelwe ngokuyintloko kwiincwadi zeVangeli, ngoko ke nawaphi na amabango okunyaniseka anokuwenza axhomekeke kwezi. Ngenxa yoko, akukho ngxoxo yengqondo esebenzayo yokucaphula uTomas njengezizathu zokuchasa nayiphi na into evela kwiivangeli zeNT..

Buyela isihloko main.