Dating kwe Documents NT.
N.B. Eli phepha alinayo i “Simplified IsiNgesi” inguqulelo.
Uguqulelo oluzenzekelayo lusekwe kwiteksti yokuqala yesiNgesi. Zingaquka iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo.
Intshayelelo
Ngaphandle kobungqina bootata bamandulo, Kwangoko kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakuhlala ibanga ukuba iiVangeli azibhalwanga de ibe ezinye 100 Iminyaka emva kukaKristu. Olu luvo lufumene imfashini ngenxa yeethiyori zokugxekwa okuphezulu, eyayikho kuphela inokwenzeka ukuba umntu ucinge ngenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kancinci kwamabali evangeli. Nangona kunjalo, Xa isiseko sezi datha kamva sihlolisisa bangqina bebuthathaka kakhulu; Ukuseka ikakhulu kwingcinga yethiyori abayifunayo ukuba ixhase.
Iindlela zokwenza iincwadi zeVangeli zinokugxothwa ngokufanelekileyo. Izicatshulwa zikaMateyu, Uphawu, ULuka kunye nezenzo zivela kwileta ye-clement yeRoma (file c. AD 102) kwabaseKorinte; Uxwebhu olujikelezwe lujikeleze intengiso 95 kwaye ngokubanzi wamkelwe njengenyani. UJohn ucatshuliwe ngu-Igertius, osweleke c. AD 117. Umdla, Kude kube kutshanje yayiyincwadi yeVangeli kaYohane, okokugqibela ukubhalwa, oko bekuvelise umbhalo-ngqalelo wangaphambili – a Isiqwenga kwi-John Rylands Library, Manchester, UK, yeyiphi eyona nto iphambili kuyo phakathi 125 yaye 175 Intengiso *. Inyaniso yokuba oku kwafunyanwa e-Egypt ibonisa ukuba iiVangeli zisasazeke ngokubanzi ngeli xesha.
* Ithala leencwadi inolwazi, Nangona usuku lwaluqikelelwa ekuqaleni 100-150 AD, 'Iingcaciso zophando zakutshanje kumhla osondele kuye 200 Intengiso '. Umhla obonisiweyo apha ngasentla usekwe kumsebenzi we-Orsini noClarysse, kwaye ibonakala ibonisa imvumelwano yangoku ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya jonga le nqaku le-wikipedia.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwetempile
Inqununu kunye nempikiswano ekhankanyiweyo rhoqo ngokuthandana kade kweencwadi zeVangeli zihambelana nokutshatyalaliswa kwetempile yeYerusalem kwintengiso 70. Kwavakala ukuba kuba zonke iivangeli zeVangeli zibhekisa kulo msitho kufuneka zibhaliwe emva koko.
Kodwa into ephawuleka malunga namaxwebhu eTestamente eNtsha yile akukho ndawo kwiincwadi zeVangeli okanye iileta yile ntshabalalo ziye zatsho ukuba zenzekile.
Okuphikisanayo, Izalathiso zikwimeko yeziprofetho ezenziwe nguYesu xa itempile yayisami. Oku kwenza ukuba konke okumangalisayo kangangokuba akukho namnye kubabhali beencwadi zeVangeli abenzi naluphi na uluvo malunga nokuzaliseka kwesi siprofetho – Kuba oku kuyinto yonke eqhubekayo ngokuziqhelanisa nokubona kwabo kwiPhezulu leTestamente Endalelane, okanye nakweziprofetho zakhe zovuko. Izenzo, Icacile ngokucacileyo kuLuka, akenzi lukhankanya kwesi siganeko nangona zininzi iimbekiselo kwiYerusalem; Kananjalo naziphi na iileta. Kuphela kwiSityhilelo, enokuba ibhaliwe emva kwentengiso 70, Ngaba sifumana into enokuba yireferensi egcweleyo. Kuba le yeyona ntlekele imbi kakhulu ukuba yehlise amaYuda kwimemori yokuphila, kunye nokugwetywa ngokucacileyo kukaYesu’ amagama, Ukuthi cwaka kukuphola.
Ukuba iincwadi zeVangeli zibhalwe emva kokuwa kweYerusalem ngekhe ibekho mfuneko yokufihla le nyaniso. (ITestamente Endala, umzekelo, iqulethe ubungqina abaninzi bojondolozweni kamva, ngamabinzana anje, 'Kude kube namhlanje’ kwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi.) Ngokufanayo nakuLuka (1:1-4) noJohn (21:24) Ababhali bangumntu ongumntu malunga nento yokuba baqokelela iincwadi zabo zeVangeli kwakhona, Sebenzisa iliso kunye neeakhawunti zamaxwebhu.
Umlilo weRoma
Ngaphezulu, Ibali leZenzo (i ukulandelelana kuLuka) iphele ngokuvalelwa kukaPawulos eRoma (AD 60-22), Ukungenisa ukungabi nakukhankanywa ngomlilo waseRoma kunye noNero ngenxa yokutshutshiswa kwamaKristu kwintengiso 64, okanye ukuqala kwemvukelo yamaYuda kwintengiso 66; Ke umhla emva kwexesha kunokuba oku kuyathandabuza kakhulu.
Ngenxa yoko ukuqukumbela okusengqiqweni, Ngokusekwe kubungqina bangaphakathi, Ngaba iiVangeli xela kwangaphambili Ukuwa kweYerusalem kwaye kusekwe kubungqina bamangqina, ixhaswe ngamanqaku abhaliweyo (bona ngezantsi).
Izichaso zembali ukuya ekugxekeni okuphezulu
Iimpikiswano ze Ukugxekwa okuphezulu zisekwe kumbono wokuba imfundiso yeCawa yokuqala yaqulunqa ixeshana lonke ixesha ukuze ifezekise iimfuno zecawe yokuqala. Eyona nto iphambili yokucinga ukuba izinto ezimangalisayo zeencwadi zeVangeli, kubandakanya uvuko, zongezwa kamva; kwaye ukuba isizukulwane sokuqala samaKristu sasingenanto, ukuba kukhona enye, Inzala ekugcineni iakhawunti echanekileyo yobomi bukaKristu. Oku kufuna ukuba:
- Ababhali beencwadi zeVangeli baziqonda ukuba iiakhawunti ababezibonakalisa zazingeyonto ingaqhelekanga, okanye
- Iincwadi zeVangeli azizange zibhalwe kwimo yazo yangoku de kube sekupheleni komsitho.
Ubunzima obucacileyo ngeengcebiso zombini kukuba ababhali beencwadi zeVangeli banyanzelisa iinkcukacha abazirekhodiyo ziyinyani (cf. ULuka 1:1-4, John 19:35 yaye 21:24). Ukuba ayikho, Kunzima ukubathathela ingqalelo njengomsebenzi we Amadoda athembekileyo. Nditsho nabagxeki abaphezulu baya kuyeka nje ukucebisa ubuchule bokwenyani. Inkcubeko yeGraeco-eRoma apho kuphuma khona ubuKristu bokuqala kwiPalestina kaYesu’ usuku: Ke ukuba iiVangeli ziboniswe ngokuchanekileyo iimeko kwiPalestine yenkulungwane yokuqala, emva koko abagxeki abaphezulu’ Ibango lokuthandana kamva kuyadilizwa.
Kukungacacanga le ndawo ukuba ubutyebi bophando lwembali kwinkulungwane ephelileyo isebenze ngokuqinileyo ukuze kumiselwe ukuzithemba kumaxwebhu e-NT. Iincwadi ezinje ngeeVangeli kunye nezenzo ziqukethe ubutyebi beenkcukacha zembali nezenkcubeko; Kwaye okukhona oku kufundwa ngenkcubeko yamaYuda ne-Grace-roman’ usuku, Owona mbono uba kukuba ukuchaneka kunye neenkcukacha zolwazi olwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo zilawula ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kungenzeka ukuba kubekho ukubethwa kwexesha.
Nazi ii-venicts ezimbalwa ezinzulu kwisifundo (Ukusuka kubafundi abangathandabuzekiyo, AKUKHO BUNGOZI ZIBHAYIBHILE):
“ULuka ungumbhali wenqanaba lokuqala … Lo mbhali kufuneka abekwe kunye nabona babhali bembali.” (Mnumzana William Ramy, 'Ingcaciso yokufunyanwa kwakutshanje ekuthembekeni kweTestamente eNtsha.’ Ngaphambi kokuba kuphande nge-Archaeological yakhe kwi-Asia, URomay wayekholelwa ukuba uLuka akathembeki ngokupheleleyo.)
“Njengomphengululi weZibhalo wasentshona ndinomdla wokuthandabuza la mabali, Kodwa njengombhali-mbali ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndibathathe bathembeke” (Ugqirha. UPeter Stushlumcher, 'Ixesha’ imagazini, 15/8/88)
“Ithuba lokuphumla liphakathi kwemihla yentsusa kunye nobungqina bokuqala buba mncinci kakhulu ukuba bangakhathali, kunye nesiseko sokugqibela nangaliphi na ukuthandabuza ukuba iZibhalo ziye zehla kuthi njengoko zibhalelwe ngoku zisusiwe. Zombini ubunyani kunye nokunyaniseka ngokubanzi kweencwadi zeTestamente eNtsha zinokuthathwa njengokokugqibela.” (Mnumzana Frederick Kenyon, UMlawuli kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko kwiMyuziyam yaseBritane, 'IBhayibhile kunye neArchaoology’)
Ugqirha. UJohn A.t. Robinson, 'Ukunyaniseka KuThixo’ udumo, Kwincwadi yakhe, 'Ukuphinda kwenziwe iTestamente eNtsha’ Kukwaqukumbela ukuba ubungqina abakhoyo ngoku bubonisa ukuba yonke iTestamente eNtsha yabhalwa ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-nun 70.
I-risonus yangoku ekufundeni
Kude kutsha nje, Imvumelwano yabafundi ngokubanzi yayiza kubekisela uMark kuqala kwintengiso 64-70, UMateyu kwintengiso 70-80, LEL C. AD 80, Ngezenzo ixesha elithile emva kwale, noJohn C. AD 90. Ezi ndawo zenziwe ikakhulu, Njengoko bendixoxe ngaphambili, kwingxabano engasebenziyo malunga nokutshatyalaliswa kwetempile kunye neethiyori zokugxekwa okuphezulu.
Iimpapasho zamva nje ngoku zibonisa ukuba uMarko kufuneka abekwe. AD 50, UMateyu c. AD 55, LEL C. AD 59 kunye nezenzo c. AD 63. Asingabo bonke abafundi abaye basamkela esi sikhundla, kanjalo. Ngoku, I-concernus jikelele ibonakala i-ad 63-70 KuLuka kunye ne-AD ezingama-60-ish ngophawu. Iidayinti zentengiso 60 Ngeencwadi zeVangeli ezihambelana ne-NT ekhoyo kunye nolunye ubungqina bembali. Yonke le mihla ibeka ngokucacileyo iincwadi zeVangeli phakathi kobomi bobomi bokuqala bamaKristu okuqala nokuzibonela kukaYesu’ Ubomi nobulungiseleli.
UJohn usesaziwa nge-ad 90; Nangona abanye abafundi, kubandakanya uJ.a.t. URobinson noGunyarili ngoku baxambulisana kangangokuba kunokuthethwa kwangaphambili.
Le ayisiyiyo kuphela imithombo yeTestamente eNtsha eyamkelwa ngokubanzi njengangokunjalo nenkanuko nabapostile; Sikwanazo iileta.
- Ukuthi ngqo, Ezi ngxaki zilandelayo zikaPaul zamkelwa ngokubanzi njengeyinyani kunye nabafundi abathandabuzekayo, kunye nezimvo kwimihla yabo zihlala zingaguquguqukanga kwiminyaka embalwa yezi zinto zilandelayo:
- AD 51 Mna Tesalonika
- AD 52 II Tessalonike
- AD 53 Galati
- AD 55 Enkosini, II abaseKorinte
- AD 57 KwabaseRoma
- AD 60 Kolose, Efese, Philemon
- AD 61 Filipi
Onke la mihla le mihla yeeVangeli kunye neethunywa zePauline ngaphakathi kobomi babapostile kunye namanye amangqina ezinto: Ukuze kungabikho isiseko sembali esivakalayo sokuthandabuza ubunyani babo. Kuyacaca, Ukuba iimpawu zezinye iileta zichanekile, Emva koko ezi kufuneka zibe zedehlathi. Ndine, nangona kunjalo, Ukunqanda ukucaphula kubo ukuze kuhlolwe ubungqina bovuko kunokuqhubeka nesiseko sobugqwetha obuthile.
indalo yekhasi Kevin King