Nokuxhaswa evela Non-Christian Imithombo

Nceda qaphela! Eli phepha linika isishwankathelo esifutshane solwazi olukhoyo. Cofa amakhonkco anikezelwe ngeenkcukacha ezithe kratya. Oku kubandakanya ubungqina bokuba bubunyani kunye nezicatshulwa ezizeleyo.

1. Yintoni esimele siyilindele?

Khumbula ukuba ngoku ujonge kwimithombo engeyobuKristu. Luhlobo luni lohlobo lwembali ekufuneka silujonge? Amabango ukuba uYesu wayenguMesiya, okanye ukuba uvukile kwabafileyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo! EngengomaKristu ezingavumiyo. Iyaphikisana namaJuda, Imibono yaseRoma kunye neGrisi. Kungoko silindele ukuba ababhali abangabobuKristu abayi kuba yinto engathandekiyo.

Zimbalwa kakhulu izicatshulwa zehlabathi elihlala lihleli kwixesha likaYesu. Ke kufuneka sithembele kwimithombo yolwazi esivela emva nje emva kokuba uYesu. Ezinye zezi zicatshulwa zithetha ngoYesu. Bambalwa kuphela. Kodwa inani labo lilindelwe. Kwaye izinto abazichazayo azichaphazelekanga.

I-Tacitus kunye noJosephus zimbini ezona zibalaseleyo. Izicatshulwa ziyamkelwa njengokwenyani. Bobabini ababhali bayaziwa ukuba bahlole iinyani zabo ngononophelo.

Kwixa elidlulileyo bekukho eminye imithombo. Izimvo zabo zixoxwa ngababhali abangamaKristu kamva. Kodwa izicatshulwa zantlandlolo zilahlekile.

Zonke ezi zinto zixoxwa ngokufutshane ngezantsi. Siza kuxoxa nabo kwimithombo ethile yehlabathi kunye namaYuda.

2. uNero.

UTacitus wayengumbhali-mbali waseRoma kunye nesithethi esidlangalaleni esiphila malunga ne-55-120ce. Unakaliswe njengenye yezona zibhali-mbali zelo xesha. Uthetha ngomlilo weRoma ngo-64ce. Emva koko utsho le nto:

“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” (Annals 15.44.)

“UNero wayefuna ukukoyika le ntetho. Ke wagxeka iqela elibizwa “AmaKristu”. Wabayalela ukuba batshutshiswe. Abantu bawathiya amaKristu ngenxa yezenzo zabo ezinezothe. Igama labo livela 'kuKristu.’ Lo mntu wabulawa ngexesha lokulawula kukaTibheriyo. Oku beku-odolwe nguPontiyo Pilato, irhuluneli. Inkolelo etshabalalisayo ime ixesha elithile: Kodwa emva koko yaqala kwakhona. Kodwa kungekuphela nje apho kwaqala khona kwelakwaYuda. Ngoku eRoma ngokunjalo. Uninzi lweentloni ezihlazo ezivela kwihlabathi liphela luhamba kwesi sixeko. Kwaye bayathandwa.”

3. Josephus.

UFlavius ​​Joses wazalwa nge-37ce. Uvela kwintsapho yamaYuda yababingeleli. Uxele kwangaphambili ukuba i-vespasian yayiya kuba ngumlawuli weRoma. Waba njengonyana kaVespasia, wabizwa ngokuba nguFlavius. Kwiincwadi zakhe akhankanya uYakobi owayenguYesu’ ubhuti. Uthetha ngoYohane umbhaptizi. Kodwa uninzi lwaziwa ngu “Testimonium Flavianum“ (Ubungqina bukaFlavius). Oku kuthetha ngoYesu ngokwakhe. Uninzi lwabaphengululi bayavuma ukuba amanye amalungu alo mbhalo ahlaziywa ngumgcini wamaKristu. Kodwa singayisusa ngokupheleleyo iinxalenye ezikrokrelayo. Phantse wonke umfundi uyavuma ukuba isicatshulwa esisele sibhalwe nguJosephus. Kwaye ifunda ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

“At this time there was Jesus, a wise man. For he was one who performed (surprising / wonderful) works, and a teacher of people who received the (truth / unusual) with pleasure. He stirred up both many Jews and many Greeks. And when Pilate condemned him to the cross, since he was accused by the leading men among us, those who had loved him from the first did not desist. And until now the tribe of Christians, so named from him, is not extinct.”

“Ngeli xesha kukho uYesu. Wayesisilumko. Wenza izinto ezimangalisayo. Wafundisa uhlobo lomntu othanda izimvo ezintsha. UYesu wavuselela amaYuda amaninzi namaGrike amaninzi. UPilato wayigwebela uYesu ukuba afe emnqamlezweni. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimpahla ezenziwa ngaye ziinkokheli zethu. Kodwa abo babemthanda kakhulu bekuqala abayeki. Kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku isizwe samaKristu, ebizwa emva kwakhe, ayipheli.”

4. Izicatshulwa ezithathwe kwiincwadi ezilahlekileyo.

Iinkokheli zamaKristu ngenkulungwane yesibini neyesithathu zininzi kakhulu kuthiwa 'ootata beCawa yokuqala. Bahlala becaphula kwimibhalo yangaphambili. Kodwa ezinye iincwadi zangaphambili zilahlekile. Ke siyazi kuphela izinto ezixeliweyo. Yimizekelo:

• Ileta ebhalwe nguJustin Mferr kwaye ithunyelwe kwi-Emperor yaseRoma Antonius. Ubhekisa kwiakhawunti esemthethweni ye 'I-Pontius Pilato yeZenzo'. Utsho ukuba olu xwebhu luqinisekisa ukuba uYesu wenza imimangaliso. Kwaye iqinisekisa indlela awasweleka ngayo uYesu.
• Kwakukho umbhali-mbali wabizwa ‘UThalls'. Wayephila ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Xa uYesu Efile, isibhakabhaka saba mnyama. 'UThallus’ Ibango yayiyinto yelanga. I-Julius Afrings ixela le mbono. Kodwa uJulius wachaza ukuba kutheni iphosakele.
• I-Phlegon wayengumbhali-mbali owayehlala kwinkulungwane yesibini. UJulius Anisolus uthandana naye. Umfundi wezakwalizwi uOrigen naye ukhankanya. I-Phlegon ikwachaza ubumnyama obungaqhelekanga kunye nenyikima enkulu. UPhlegon wamvumi ukuba uYesu waxela kwangaphambili ngeziganeko zekamva.

5. Okunye Early eyayihlala-Roman Imithombo.

I-pliny encinci wawulawula i-bythinia nge-112ce. Ubhala ileta eya kuMlawuli Trajan. Sinekopi epheleleyo yeleta yePlny. Sikwanempendulo yomlawuli. AmaKristu ayatshutshiswa. UPliny ubulele ezinye zazo. Uyabuza: “Ukuba umntu uyamcaphukela uYesu – Ndingenza ntoni?” Abantu abaninzi baba ngamaKristu. Ke unexhala.

Lucian wayengumbhali we-satirical ovela eSamosata. Ngo-170Ce wabhala malunga nendoda ebizwa ngokuba yiPeregrinos. I-Pererinous yayingumkhohlisi. Ixesha elide wenza ngathi ungumKristu. AmaKristu ayethembele kwaye enesisa. Wayebawa: Ke waba sisityebi ngendleko zabo. “Aba bantu bayaphola, Uyabona. Baziqinisekile ukuba baya kuphila ngonaphakade. Oku kuthetha ukudelela kwabo ekufeni. Kwaye rhoqo babingelela ngokuzithandela omnye komnye. … Ukusukela oko 'baguquka', Bakhanyela oothixo beGrisi, Banikezela ngoNqulo 'oluSilumko’ obebethelelwe emnqamlezweni, baphile ngokwemiyalelo yakhe, Bonke bangabantakwethu.”

6. Literature zoorabhi.

URabhiki wamaYuda wabhala ezinye izimvo ezithukayo ngoYesu. AmaKristu akhubeka. Siyazi ukuba uninzi lwezi zimvo lulahlekile. Kodwa uninzi lwabaphengululi bayavuma ukuba ezinye iindumiso zakudala zisekhona. Uninzi lwabafundi abangamaKristu nabangamaJuda bayavuma oku kulandelayo:

• Inkcazo ye Ukubulawa kukaYesu. ('I-Bonary Bonad', b.san. 43a.) Oku kwabhalwa kwiXesha leTanatic. (70-200EC).
• Incoko phakathi komfundi kaYesu kunye ne-rabir yamaYuda, (60-95EC). ('I-Bonary Bonad', Particle Abodah 165, 17a.)/('I-tosefta', Hullin 2.24.) Ibhalwe kwiXesha leTynaitic.
• Ngamanye amaxesha abantu babengathethi uYesu’ igama. Endaweni yoko bathetha izinto ezinje: "Lowo mntu ungoyena nyana wumbi womkrexezi." ('IMishna', Yebamoth 4.13.) Isithethi sasihlala malunga ne-100ce.
• Ngamanye amaxesha uYesu uchazwa njenge “NguYesu, Unyana kaPantera“. (Abanye bathi 'pantera’ yayiligama likaTatomkhulu. Abanye bathi 'pantera’ yayilijoni laseRoma. Abanye bathi yihlekisa ngoYesu’ Ukuzalwa kwentombi.) Ibali elinye libalisa nge-rabisi elalinywe yinyoka. Indoda ithi unokuphilisa i-rabi. Kodwa unokuyenza kuphela egameni likaYesu. ('I-Bonary Bonad', Baadah zarah 27b. Ifunyenwe 4 ezinye iindawo.) Oku kumele ukuba kwenzeke ngaphambi kwe-132ce.

7. Ulwazi olunokuqinisekiswa.

Izicatshulwa zamaKristu zibandakanya imbali eninzi, Ulwazi lweNkcubeko kunye neKhaya. Ngeemeko ze-150ce kwaSirayeli kwahlukile. Uninzi lwamaKristu aluzazi malunga neemeko ngexesha likaYesu. Ke singajonga ubunyani bolwazi. Sele sithethe ngale nto.

Ukuqukumbela

Sicacisile ukuba ababhali abangengobuKristu abayi kuba yinto engathandekiyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo yintoni esiyifumanayo.

Kodwa ezi ncwadi ziqinisekisa iinyani ezininzi eziphambili. UJosephus noTacitus bangababhali ababini ababalaseleyo. Sinababhali abangengomabaKristu kwikhulu lokuqala nelesibini. Zonke ziqinisekisa izibakala ezibalulekileyo zembali ngobomi nokufa kukaYesu. Basixelela amagama abantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe. Bathetha ngeCawe awayeqale ngayo uYesu. Iirabha ezingamaJuda zatyhola uYesu nge-scercery. Bayakuvuma ukuba uYesu wenza imimangaliso.

Enye into ikwabonakala nayo kwaye enye imibhalo kamva. Kwinkulungwane ezininzi, NguYesu’ Iintshaba azizange zikhanyele izibakala zembali. Iincwadi zeVangeli zichazwa kanye apho uYesu wazalwa khona kwaye wafa. Batsho ukuba amagosa karhulumente abulala umntu omsulwa. Bade basixelele amagama abo babenoxanduva. NguYesu’ Iintshaba azizithandi ezi zinto. Endaweni yoko, Batsho njalo uYesu wayengumbhotwe. Wenza njalo uYesu’ Abantu ababebudlelane bayakholelwa ukuba uYesu wayengumntu wembali yokwenene? Ngokucacileyo, bakwenza.

Ababhali abangengobuKristu abangabameli baselamkhankanya uYesu. Le yile nto besiyilindele. Kodwa zanele. Bathetha uhlobo lwezinto esasilindele ukuba zithethe. Zivela kwimithombo yolwazi. Kwaye baqinisekisa ubuhlobo bukaYesu ngaphaya kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Ukuzama ukwala ubuhlobo bukaYesu kulula. Amabango anjalo afumana inkxaso encinci phakathi kwababhali-mbali.