Literature zoorabhi.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi yamaJuda namaKristu kubangele ukulahleka eziliqela iimbekiselo kuYesu ngaphambili waphila ezincwadini zamaJuda. Le lahleko kwenzeka ngcembe kangangexesha elide ngokwandisa kakuhle waya iMillenium yesibini, maxa wambi ngenxa intshabalalo ngenkani izicatshulwa bandicaphukisayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa ingcinezelo semi-ngokuzithandela ngenxa yokoyika a ngovukelo yobuKristu. Kwelinye icala, ekuhambeni kwexesha, amanye amabali iphupho abangakumbi zongezwa amaxwebhu kamva. Kukho inani izicatshulwa, nangona kunjalo, ezithathwa luninzi zombini abaphengululi abangamaKristu yamaYuda njengokuba iimbekiselo ekuqaleni lakwa- kuYesu. Ezinye zezi zinikwe apha ngasezantsi.

Isisitheliso Yeshu

ITalmud yaseBhabhiloni yingqokelela izithethe ngaphambili zamaYuda leyo ibandla ibe uhlobo yayo yokugqibela ngexesha 200 – 500 AD. ISanhedrin 43a ubandakanya 'baraitha', amazwana uthandana ukusuka kwixesha Tannaitic (70 – 200 AD), nefundeka ngolu hlobo:

'Kuye wafundisa: Phambi kokubhiyozela iPasika ababethelela eminqamlezweni Yeshu. Kwaye azisi waphuma, phambi kwakhe, kangangeentsuku ezingamashumi amane (bathi): “Yena uya ngamatye, ngenxa yokuba belilinye nobugqwirha, abanjiswe, waza wakhokelela amaSirayeli. Nabani na owaziyo nantoni na yena, Makeze ubambane ngenxa yakhe.” Kodwa, yokungabi wafumana nto egameni lakhe, ababethelela naye olwandulela iPasika.’

Qaphela ukuba 'eminqamlezweni’ waye gama lisetyenziswa ukuchaza zombini isisitheliso njengoko sisazi nokubethelelwa. 'Yeshu’ lolunye uhlobo igama, 'UYesu.’ Abaphengululi abaninzi bamaYuda ndikhanyele ukuba oku kubhekisela ku Krestu: kodwa iqela ngqangi baye bafumanisa ukuba kusukela kwixesha ukuhluza lamaKristu ngenkulungwane ye-13. Ezinye zezi bathi ngokucacileyo, 'Yeshu waseNazarete': ngeli lixa abanye igama, (okanye sonke isicatshulwa) iye zifihlwe okanye isusiwe, eshiya kwezikhewu olubonakalayo ubude elingana. Isishwankathelo luncedo zezi iinguqulelo inga fumaneka here: UYesu iTalmud – Wikipedia. Uhlalutyo kakhulu eneenkcukacha, evezwa ngokwembono lamaKristu kodwa kubandakanywa umfanekiselo lihlolwe eMunich ngqangi ndima, inga fumaneka here: “UYesu Trial waseNazarete kulo iTalmud Uncensored,” ngu David Instone-Brewer.

Sinokulindela ukuba umthombo yamaYuda ukuba zichaza uYesu njengesenzo esibi kakhulu kwaye oko amaJuda zezilungileyo: kodwa nesigxina kukukhafula buxhasa le akhawunti iTestamente Entsha, leyo irekhodi ukuba ababhali nabaFarisi washiywa ukuba ekhupha iidemon esebenzisa 'nguBhelezabhule, inkosana iidemon. Ireferensi nokuveza ngasentla babe echo yayo yokuba yeendaba ukuba abasemagunyeni kuyaziwa ukuba isicwangciso kokubanjwa kwakhe (John 11:57).

Ukulandela le ndima, utitshala yesi-3 emva kwexesha ekuthiwa 'Ullah, wongezelela izimvo:

'Ngaba uyakholelwa ukuba sizithethelele ubungayi kufunelwa ngenzondelelo kuye? Yena waba mkhohlisi, kunye All-onenceba uthi: “Uze ungabi ungamyeki, ize ukumfihla.” Sahlukile noYesu, ngokuba waye ebukhosini.’

Rabbi uEliyezere 'qhekeko’

Zombini iTalmud yaseBhabhiloni, Particle Abodah 165, 17a, kunye ITosefta, Hullin 2.24, ibe Iinguqulelo nesiganeko xa Rabbi uEliyezere wabanjwa ngenxa Minuth (imbuka) kwaye athathwe phambi kokuba lokusayina civil. Emva ungenatyala yakhe, omnye wabafundi bakhe ibonisa ukuba mhlawumbi wayesele phantsi kwesi sityholo kuba kwakufuneka ngaxa lithile naxhamla iziyolo kwi ilizwi njengomwexuki, labenza impendulo elandelayo:

yokonga, wena Wandikhumbuza! Xa ndandihamba apho imarike eliphezulu baseSepphoris wafumana omnye wabafundi bakaYesu waseNazarete noYakobi Kefar Sekanya igama lakhe. Wathi kum, Kubhaliwe eMthethweni yakho, “Uze ungalungenisi utsheqo lwehenyukazi, njl” Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngayo – indawo ekuyiwa kuyo endle kuba nguMbingeleli Omkhulu? Uphendule I nto. Wathi kum, Ngoko uYesu waseNazarete wandifundisa: “Kuba ngotsheqo lwehenyukazi anabo bebutha, kwaye baya kubuya ke zibe lutsheqo lwehenyukazi”; ukusuka kwindawo ekungcoleni ukuba beze, nakule ndawo ekungcoleni baya kuhamba. Lalunga ke elo zwi emehlweni am, yaye ngenxa yoko wabanjwa ngenxa imbuka. Kwaye ubumenemene oko kubhaliweyo emyalelweni: “Gcina indlela yakho kude kuye” – yiyo i imbuka; “Ungasondeli emnyango wendlu yakhe” – leyo urhulumente yoluntu.

UYakobi uqala ingxenye Duteronomi 23:18, ezigatyayo imali efunyenwe ngendlela engafanelekanga ezinikezelwa ibe ngumnikelo kuThixo, yaye ucebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa enye bekuya kuba ukwakha ilatrine (isisombululo kuvame yamaJuda, kusikhumbuza isigqibo ukusebenzisa i 'imali yegazi’ uJesu’ Ukunikelwa ukuthenga emangcwabeni ngokuba abasemzini). Ukuxhasa oku ke Uphawula uYesu, okubonakala wacaphula inxalenye kaMika 1:7 (wayelumkisa lomgwebo oluzayo nxamnye zithixo okubi), ilandelwa yi amagama, 'Ukusuka kwindawo ekungcoleni ukuba beze, nakule ndawo ekungcoleni baya kuhamba.’ Kodwa thina asazi ukuba uYakobi ibimele ukuba ikhale uYesu’ amagama ukuphendula kwezinye isiganeko mlonyeni okanye uzisebenzisa ngokomfanekiso. Ukusetyenziswa yokugqibela rhoqo waphambuka indlela ethile intsingiselo yokoqobo ilizwi, njengokuba no Rabbi uEliyezere esisebenzisa ngayo kwiMizekeliso 5:8 ekupheleni sesicatshulwa.

Uhlobo lo reference kwangethuba wabonisa ngalo ibango bakaYakobi ningabafundiswe uYesu ngokwakhe, kunye incoko kuyabonakala ukuba ubuhlobo phakathi Rabhi lamaKristu. Abaphengululi icala Rabbi Eliyazare ukuba malunga 95 AD, kwaye incoko ngaphambili ukusuka malunga 60 AD phambili.

'Oko-i-enye’

Ukwenzela ukuphepha inkanuko ingqumbo amaKristu, kwakusazeka ukuba inani ngoYesu’ igama ziye zatshintsha ukuba 'ezinjalo-i-nye.’ Phakathi kwezi kukho ezinye bayaziwa abaphengululi njengevela kwangoko kakhulu. Umzekelo, okulandelayo kwii Mishna, Yebamoth 4.13 (Kwakhona iTalmud yaseBhabhiloni, Yebamoth 49b):

R. Shimeon ben 'Azzai uthe: 'Ndafumana esongwayo yokuzalwa eYerusalem apho eyayibhalwe, Ezinjalo-i-mntu imigqakhwe yomfazi okrexezayo; ukuqinisekisa amazwi Rabbi UYoshuwa.’

R. Shimeon ben 'Azzai wahlala c.100AD yaye ngumfundi R. UYoshuwa.

Yeshua ben Pantera

Kukwakho iqela ezibhekisela kuYesu 'ben Pantera’ (Unyana Panther).

Umzekelo, amaxwebhu amaninzi (kuquka iYerusalem baseBhabhiloni Talmuds kunye ITosefta, Hullin 2.22.) alibalise ibali ngendlela, xa Rabbi Elazar ben Damah ulunywe yinyoka, indoda egama wafika uYakobi ukuba abaphilise egameni 'uYesu ben Pantera', kodwa unokwalelwa ukungena ngenye Rabi, layo u Ishmael. Rabbi Elazar wafa ngaphambi kokuba imbambano ekufuneka isonjululwe; leyo Rabbi uIshmayeli igcine andifani singaweli impazamo ngokuvumela uYakobi ukuba balungiselele kuye. Nangona isiphumo kabuhlungu kule meko, esi sicatshulwa inika isiqinisekiso ezibalulekileyo amaKristu ababenzayo linophiliso egameni likaYesu.

Kukho imibono ezininzi ngemvelaphi 'ben Pantera'. in Hebrew, lo gama lithetha 'Panther', kodwa Greek kuyafana 'parthenos', elithetha 'intombi'. Abanye bakholelwa lo umdlalo ngabom ngamagama, lenza ibango yokuzalwa virgin. umthombo, kunye nabanye emva kwakhe, bathi uYesu wathabatha igama evela utatomkhulu wakhe, uyise kaYosefu, owathi ke ukuba nabizelwa Panther.

Ngaphandle akukho ubungqina mkhuba – yaye ke ngoko kuya kufuneka ukuba utatomkhulu wakhe koomama.

enye ingcamango, inikeze ukuku- ezinobunyaniso ngakumbi abachasi ubuKristu ngaphezu abaphengululi, nokuba angamaJuda okanye umKristu, na ukuba unyana ongumgqakhwe ka ijoni laseRoma yelo gama. But as this story is known to have been in circulation among the Jews as early as AD 178, oko ube imvelaphi ngaphambili. Njengoko igama elaziwa ukuba sele eqhelekileyo imikhosi yamaRoma, kusenokwenzeka lula ukuba yathathwa nokuba kunini, kuba akukho namnye unako ukuba luluphi 'Pantera’ ukuba kubhekiswa kuye. Emveni kwakho konke, ukuba uMariya ukhulelwe umntwana phambi kokuba batshate ngokufanelekileyo kuYosefu, ngeelwimi sasiza kuba kubotshwa ukuba bahlunguzele!

Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze ngamarhe athi ngokungqalileyo uyise kwaba legionnaire waseRoma?

Ukuba ufuna nokuxhaswa yembali evela kwimithombo yamaJuda, into okuba iqhekeza ubungqina ngaphezu isuntswana zimnandi wahletywa ezifana nale?

Buyela isihloko main.