Ngaba Iincwadi iTestamente Entsha Abakhethiweyo njani?

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1Ikhulu le-ST – Ukukhetha ubungqina obuthile.

IBhayibhile esemthethweni yeCawa yokuqala yayiyiZibhalo zesiHebhere, Esaziwa ngoku njengeTestamente Endala. Ababhali beTestant entsha ababonakali ukuba bangenise ngenjongo yokwenza iseti entsha yezibhalo. Inkxalabo yabo yayikukugcina ingxelo kaYesu’ Ubomi kunye nokufundisa, Ukubonisa indlela oku kuzalisekisa ngayo imithetho yeTestamente Endala kunye neziprofetho, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba igcinwe ngokuthembekileyo kwaye iphunyeziwe kwiimfundiso nezenzo zecawe.

Amaxwebhu abhaliweyo ayene-bulky kwaye esenza iikopi yayiyinkqubo edinisayo; Ke ngeli xesha ngebengazange ikakhulu, kwaye babeza kusasazwa ngendlela efanelekileyo ye-hoc. Kuyo yonke le nto ishiyekileyo yenkulungwane yokuqala, Ukhetho lwaluboniswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yesandla sakho kunokuba sibubungqina obubhaliweyo. Umzekelo I-Papias (60-140 AD), Ngelixa ubonelela ngolwazi malunga neeVangeli, bonisa ukhetho oluqinileyo 'lwelizwi eliphilayo neliphilayo’ Kwabo babenolwazi ngokuthe ngqo kubapostile nakwiinkokeli zecawe zangaphambili.

Asazi ukuba akukho nzame inzima ukuchaza uluhlu 'ngokusemthethweni’ Imibhalo evunyiweyo ngeli xesha. Le meko iqhubeke kakuhle kwinkulungwane yesibini.

Oonobumba bakaPaul

Into ekufutshane nequmrhu elaziwayo lezinto ezibhaliweyo ngeli xesha yayiyincwadi kaPaul. Ethoba kwezi yayithunyelwe kwiCawe; Nye (Philemon) yileta yobuqu kunye nezinye ezintathu, eyaziwa njengeepilisi zepostoral, zilungisiwe kubancedisi bakhe, UTimoti noTito. Babhalwa kakhulu phakathi 51 yaye 61 AD, Iipilisi zepostoral; Kwaye kukholelwa ukuba bahlanganisene ndawonye njengeqokelelo ngeenxa zonke 80-85 AD. Basetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye bacatshulwa ngexesha lasentsalela lenkulungwane yokuqala kunye nenxalenye yokuqala yesibini; kodwa inqabile kwi-oduction okwexesha elithile phakathi kwenkulungwane yesibini, Ukulandela ukuxhatshazwa kwabo nguMarcion (bona ngezantsi).

2Inkulungwane ye-ND – Uluhlu lokuqala lweencwadi ezivunyiweyo.

Ngenkulungwane yesibini imeko yayibaleka kakhulu, Ngokusasazeka kwamanye amaxwebhu obunyani obungathandabuzekiyo okanye imfundiso, kunye nemibhalo kamva ziinkokeli zecawe zangaphambili. Kwakukho nenqanaba elikhulu kakhulu le-doctrinal ecaweni ecaweni, kwaye amaqela awahlukeneyo aqalisa ukubonisa ukhetho oluzimeleyo oluthande imbono yabo.

I-Marcion yeNdawo, ophule ecaweni malunga 150 AD, Itolikisela imibhalo kaPaul njengentsingiselo yokuba ngokwenene kukho uthixo obini, 'NguThixo Owutike’ yeTestamente Endala kunye 'noThixo olungileyo’ ye entsha. Wabanga ukuba abapostile babevumele uYesu’ Ukufundisa ukonakaliswa kwaye nguPawulos kuphela kwento eyinyani. Wayigatya ngokupheleleyo iTestamente Endala kwaye wapapasha uluhlu lwayo lwemibhalo evunyiweyo, Equka iVangeli enye (mhlawumbi inxulumene noLuka) Phezu kweeleta zikaPaul ezicaweni kunye noFilemon, Nangona wagatya iipisithi ze-bamba.

Uluhlu lukaMarcion lwenziwa njenge-spur kwabanye ukuba luqale ukuchaza uluhlu lwabo oluvunyiweyo. Irenaeus Ngokukodwa amagama eencwadi ezizenzele lo mhla nt, kubandakanya neeVangeli, Izenzo, Zonke iileta zikaPaul kunye neSityhilelo. Ke, nayo, Ngaba iMuratorian Canon (c. 170-210 AD, kwaye ixhaphakile kwi-hippolytus); Nangona oku kukhuthaza amanye amaxwebhu amabini, 'I-Apocalypse kaPeter’ 'Ubulumko boSolomon, ebengamkelwa ngokubanzi yicawa.

3Ikhulu le-RD – Ukuvuselela iKhonkco.

Uluhlu olufanayo kunye nezicatshulwa, Ngomahluko omncinci, Qhubeka nokufunyanwa kwimibhalo eyadlulayo kwinkulungwane ye-3. I-Eusebius, Umbhali-mbali we-4 yeCawa, shwankathela isikhundla ngelo xesha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Yamkelwe

UMateyu, Uphawu, ULuka, John, Izenzo, Iileta zikaPaul, 1 UPeter, 1 UJohn kunye (Ngokutsho kwabanye) ISityhilelo sikaYohane.

Iphikiswa, Nangona kunjalo yaziwa kakhulu

UJames, UYuda, 2 UPeter, 2 John, 3 John.

Ukhahliwe

Izenzo zikaPaul (170 AD), Umalusi wee-hermas (115-140 AD), I-Apocalypse kaPeter (150 AD), Ileta ye-barnabus (70-79 AD), I-Devid (100-120 AD), IVangeli NgokwamaHebhere (65-100 AD) yaye (Ngokutsho kwabanye) ISityhilelo sikaYohane.

Iphela ingendawo kwaye ayikho

IVangeli kaThomas, IVangeli kaPeter, IVangeli kaMatiya, Izenzo zika-Andrew, Izenzo zikaYohane.

4ikhulu leminyaka – Iinkcazo ezisemthethweni (ICanon yeSibhalo)

Kwisebe leMpuma yeCawa, Ileta yePasika ye-39 yePaschaasius (367 AD) ibonelela ngengxelo eqinisekileyo yezo ncwadi ithathwa njengegunyazisiweyo, nakwicawa yaseNtshona, Amabhunga eHippo (393 AD) kunye ne-carthage (397 AD). Zombini zidwelise iincwadi ezifanayo ezibandakanya iTestamente eNtsha.

I-Syriac Canon

Iicawa zeSyriac ekuqaleni zilandela indlela eyahlukileyo. IVangeli yokuqala esetyenziswa phakathi kwabo yayiyincwadi yeVangeli’ (Ivangeli ye-Apocryphal ye-baliption engaziwayo, ukuthandana phakathi 65 yaye 100 AD). Oku emva koko kuthathelwe indawo yimbonakalo yeencwadi zeVangeli eziveliswa nguTatian, Yaziwa njenge-Diatessaron, ezo zongezwa oonobumba bakaPaul kunye neZenzo. ekugqibeleni, Iicawe zeSyriac zamkela uluhlu olufanayo lweencwadi ezivunyiweyo njengoko zisetyenziswa ziicawa zasempuma nasentshona, Ukutshintsha i-duatessaron kunye neencwadi ezine zeVangeli.

Iincwadi zeNT

La macandelo alandelayo anika imvelaphi kwezinye iindawo eziphambili zembambano malunga nezi ncwadi ezinokwamkelwa ngokulula.

Amanqaku athile kufuneka agcinwe engqondweni.

• Isibakala sokuba kukho ingxoxo malunga nobunyani kunye nexabiso lala maxwebhu awakho ngokwawo ukuba nenkxalabo: Sifanele sibe nexhala ngakumbi ukuba bebemkelisiwe.
• Ukonakaliswa kwendalo kunye nokulahleka kwamaxwebhu emithombo yingxaki kwanenkulungwane yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, Siyazi ukuba abaphengululi beecawa bokuqala babenokufikelela kwi-celome kunye nemithombo yomlomo ngoku elahlekileyo kuthi.
• Nangona isifundiswa sanamhlanje sinenzuzo kwinani lama-heer kunye nokuthoba kwezixhobo zayo zohlalutyo, Ezona mpikiswano ziphambili ezizisiweyo zombini zinikezelwe kunye nokuchasene nala maxwebhu zaziwa kwaye zaqwalaselwa ngabafundi bokuqala.
• Iikhrayitheriya ezisetyenzisiweyo ngokwamkela okanye zokugatya la maxwebhu agxile ngokubanzi kwimbambano yabapostile. Yayingesosiqinisekiso esigqibeleleyo sokuba umbhali kufuneka abe ngumpostile (UJud wayengenguye, AKUKHO BANGAYIBUYIYO); Kodwa kwabakho inkxalabo eqatha kangangokuba akukho nto ifanele ifakiwe ebingakhange icace gca.

Ileta eya kumaHebhere

Ingxoxo-mpikiswano kwangoko malunga namaHebhere agxile kwi-arehorship yayo, Ngokoluvo lwahlulwe phakathi kukaPaul (ezazinokulinika igunya elingakumbi) Okanye i-barnabus. Ileta ngokwayo ayiziwayo – Impikiswano eyomeleleyo ngokuchasene ne-Paline Ibhalari, njengoko isenzo sakhe besikukusayina zonke iileta zakhe (c.f. 2 I-TESS. 3:17) – Kwaye isitayile esingumGrike asifani nezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo. Kodwa imfundiso yayo iyahambelana noPawulos kunye nokukhankanywa ngoTimoti (Omnye wabafundi bakhe abaziwayo) ngaphakathi 13:23 ikwacebisa ngolu nxibelelwano. Ngexesha lokulwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni kwi-canon, Isiko likaPauline Ibhayili, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yomgangatho wokuchazwa kwayo. Icatshulwe yiClement yeRoma ngaphakathi 95 AD, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kubonisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwetempile ngaphakathi 70 AD, Kuba umbhali uchaza amadini etempile ngokungathi ayaqhubeka (cf. Heb 10:1-11). Uninzi lwabaphengululi banamhlanje bayavuma ukuba nguMbhali omnye ngaphandle koPawulos. Omnye umntu onesigameko unokuba nguApolo, Ubuchule bayo bokutyhila iZibhalo zesiHebhere zazisaziwa yimbangi kaPaul (cf. Izenzo 18:24-28 nge 1 I-cor 3:4-6). Kodwa akunandaba nokuba ngubani umbhali womntu, Yamkelwa njengomzekelo obalaseleyo weCawe yeCawa yeCawa yokuqala.

UJames

Kwakhona, Impikiswano yokuqala igxile kwimbambano ye-arehorship. Umbhali ubonakalisa ngokwakhe njengo 'James, Isicaka sikaThixo …’. Kukho abantu abathathu abadumileyo beli gama kwiCawe yokuqala. UYakobi unyana kaZebhediee (kunye nomntakwabo Yohane) UYakobi unyana ka-Alifeyu, waziwa phakathi kwabapostile abalishumi elinababini. Okwangaphambili yayingaphezulu, Ukuba yinxalenye kaYesu’ isangqa sangaphakathi, kwaye abanye babefuna ukubambamba kuye: Kodwa wabulawa kwabantu ngaphambi kokuba abhale ngokuvakalayo ileta enjalo. Akukho bango wasakha wabhalwa ngomnye uJames. I-concernus ngokubanzi yayikukuba kubhaliwe nguJames, Inye kaYesu’ bazalwana, Ngubani owakholwa emva kovuko kwaye ekugqibeleni wakhokela iCawa yaseYerusalem ngaphambi kokuba afelwe 62 AD. Wayengumkhuseli welangazelelo kaJudaeo, Yeyiphi i-tabs yobungqina besithethi se-Aramaic ye-Aramaic kunye nemvelaphi eyomeleleyo yamaJuda.

Abanye abagxeki banamhlanje bacebisa ukuba le leta inokuba yayingumntu otyhafiswa ngamaYuda, okanye ubhaliso kamva lufuna ukulwahlukahlukahluka okukhulu kwemfundiso kaPawulos malunga nokugwetyelwa ngokholo. Nangona kunjalo, Akukho zimpikiswano ezibonisiweyo ezingenakufunyanwa ngokufanelekileyo kwisiseko sikaJames’ I-Aurehorship kunye neenkcaso zinokuphakanyiswa ngokuchasene nokungalungiswa kweendlela zombini.

UYuda

UYuda (okanye uYudas) ichongiwe 'njengesicaka sikaYesu Krestu, kunye nomntakwabo-Yakobi '. Ukuphela kukaJames owaziwayo onokufaka isicelo nguJames, Ukwenza uYude Omnye kaYesu’ Abazalwana abancinci, ikhankanywe kwi-MT. 13:55 kunye ne-mk 6:3. Kubonakala ngathi ibhaliwe emva 70 AD, Njengoko abapostile bathethwa kwixesha elidlulileyo (vv. 17-18). Nangona kunjalo, Bekucothisa ukufunyanwa kwamkelwe ikakhulu kuba uJude wayengamkelwanga ngokubanzi njengogunyazisiweyo labapostile.

2 UPeter

2 UPeter ubanga ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba nguSimon Petros; ke kufuneka ube yinyani okanye uyinyani. Lo yayingumbandela wengxoxo ngaphambi kokwamkelwa kwayo kokugqibela, noOrigen noJerome bayamkela, Kodwa i-Eusebius engaqinisekanga.

Uninzi lwabaphengululi banamhlanje nabo bathandabuza ubunyani bayo. Izizathu ezithile ezibonisiweyo:

• 2 UPeter 2:1-3:3 kwaye uJude uhambelana ngokucacileyo. Kuyaphoxeka oko, ukuba 2 UPeter ubolekwe kwi-gesi emfutshane, ayinakuba yinyani. Nangona kunjalo, Akukho sizathu sithile sokuba umbhali omnye angafanele ukhanye; Kwaye kunqabile ukuba kubekho i-proy ecekeceke i-odon-qwengile idlulise ileta ekhoyo ngoYuda njengomsebenzi kaPeter. Ngapha koko, Kunokwenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuba uYude wayephumla eneneni; Ngapha koko kubonakala kunokwenzeka, Njengoko siye sabona nje ukuba uYude uthetha ngabapostile kwixesha elidlulileyo.
• Kukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi 1 yaye 2 UPeter. Okokuqala, Isitayela esiGrike sahlukile: kodwa, Njengoko kuchaziwe nguJerome, Umahluko onjalo obakhona uchazwa ngokulula ngokusetyenziswa kukaPeter kwitoliki eyahlukileyo. Ugxininiso lwemfundiso ukwahlukileyo: Kodwa ekubeni enye ibhekiswe kumaKristu ajongene nentshutshiso, Kwaye enye iwile isoyikiso soMfundiso wobuxoki, Oku akulunganga ukuba.
• Kukwaphithiswe kukuba kukho inani leempawu ezibonisa umhla wemva kwexesha. Umzekelo, umbono wehlabathi utshatyalalisiwe ngumlilo, Imbono ekhethekileyo yobuKristu, Khange afumane i-vogue de kube kwinkulungwane yesibini. Kodwa ivelaphi le ngcinga? Le leta, ukuba inyani, Inika inkcazo ebonakalayo kakhulu. Enye into ichaza imibhalo kaPawulos ecaleni 'kwezinye izibhalo’ ngaphakathi 3:15-16 ibonisa ukuthandana kamva. Kodwa oku kuthatha ukuba uPetros ubeka izibhalo zikaPawulos (Intsingiselo yokoqobo 'iZibhalo') kwi-par kunye nababhali beTestamente Endala, Kunokubonisa nje ukuba abanye abantu baya kujija nantoni na ukuze balungele. Ngaphandle, Ezi ndinyana zigxininisa umanyano olubalulekileyo lukaPaul noPeter, indlela enkulu engathandekiyo ngokusebenza kwababhali be-schmatic yexesha, NjengakwiMarcion, isetyenziselwa ukudlala enye ngokuchaseneyo.

2 yaye 3 John

Nangona ileta engafaniyo ngokungqalileyo uJohn njengombhali, ukubhuka kwicawa yokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko zimfutshane kakhulu, kwaye ube nokubaluleka okuncinci.

Ukusuka kwimbonakalo yobhaliweyo, Phantse bonke abafundi bayavuma ukuba bangumsebenzi wombhali ofanayo njengoko 1 John, kwaye uninzi lwamkela oko 1 UJohn ubhalwe ngumbhali weVangeli kaJohn. Nangona kunjalo, Kukho umahluko omkhulu kwisitayile phakathi kwezi kunye neSityhilelo (Ibangelwa nguJohn). Kucetyisweni ke ukuba olona hlobo lwevangeli kunye neencwadi zenziwa ngomnye wabafundi bakaYohane. Olu luvo luxhaswe nguJohn kwisahluko 21, ebonakala ngathi yi-Epilogie kwiVangeli, Ukubonisa 'umfundi lowo wayethandwa nguYesu’ Njengomthombo ophambili, Kodwa ngokucacileyo ibonisa ukuba abanye bancedisile ukuqulunqwa kwayo (vv. 20-24).

ISityhilelo

ISityhilelo ibanga ukuba ibhaliwe nguYohane, ngelixa igxothiwe kwiPatmos: ke, Njengaye 2 UPeter, Imele ukuba ibe yinyani okanye iyinyani; Ngaphandle kokuba, njengoko ezinye zibonisa, Ngokwenene ngomnye uJohn. Itekisi yesiGrike ayifani nevangeli okanye iileta kwisigama kunye nesitayile (Igrama yayo ihlwempuzeke kakhulu). Oku kukhokelele kwimpikiswano ngaphezulu kwebhaliso layo, Ngaphandle kokucinywa kwe-ettin ngu-Morklyr (c. 140 AD), Irenaeus (AD 120-190, Umfundi wePolycarp, Omnye wabafundi bakaYohane) kunye nabanye. Kodwa ngenkulungwane yesine yokubhalwa kukaJohn; kunye ne-Eusebius, Ngelixa urekhoda ukuthandabuza kwangaphambili, Uyamkelayo, Ukuchaza ukuba kubhaliwe ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Emperor Domitian (81-96 AD).

Uninzi lwabaphengululi banamhlanje nabo bathandabuza ukubhalwa kweSityhilelo ngenxa yezizathu ezinikezwe ngasentla; Kodwa ezi ziphendulwa ngokulula. Ulwimi lwenkobe likaJohn lwaluphawu kwaye, Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, Kukho ubungqina ababelunceda ekubhaleni iVangeli yakhe. Ayinakufikeleleka kakhulu oko, Xa ekuthinjweni, ngewayeyokufikelela kwiinkonzo zabancedisi abafanayo. Kanjalo, usenokuba wanyanzeleka ukuba abhale ngesiGrike ngokwakhe ngaphandle koncedo okanye onokuthi abhale eyantlandlolo kwiAramic, Njengabanye abafundi bakholelwa. Ngapha koko, I-ntetho yokuthetha ngesiprofetho rhoqo yahluka kakhulu kwintetho eqhelekileyo kwisitayile kunye nolwimi. (Kuya kufuneka thelekise ulwimi abanye abantu abasebenzisa ecaweni ngentetho yabo yemihla ngemihla ukuze babone ukuba izahlulo ezinjalo ezinokubakho!) ISityhilelo senye yezona ziprofetho zombono ezakhe zanikwa; Akufanifani ngokunjalo kwiincwadi zeVangeli zikaJohn kunye neeleta zomxholo kunye nenjongo. Izinto ezinjalo zinika ingxelo ngokulula ngomahluko obonisiweyo kwiileta nakwivangeli.

Isishwankathelo

Kwiintsuku zokuqala zeCawa iTestamente Endala yayiyiBhayibhile esemthethweni yeCawa, kwaye kwakungekho nzame yokwenza umzimba omtsha weZibhalo ezibonakalayo ezisemthethweni. Inkqubo yokuchaza ukuba zeziphi iincwadi ezamkelwa njengeGothotives aziqala de kube semdeni wesibini; Ngexesha lokuvela kwemibhalo eyahlukeneyo kamva, Abanye abantu abaziintloko kwaye balahlela kwaye abanye basusa imithombo yabapostile yokuqala, yaqala ukunyanzelisa isenzo esinjalo.

Nangona iincwadi ze-NT zazingachazwanga ngokusemthethweni de kwayinkulungwane yesine, Kucacile ukuba, Ngaphandle kweendlela ezingaphantsi kakhulu zokusasazwa ngelo xesha, Sele bekukho i-cornsonus jikelele ngokubhekisele kuninzi lwezi ncwadi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini. Zonke ezo zibandakanyiweyo ziya kwamkelwa ngokubanzi njengokuvela kuluntu lwamaKristu okuqala. Oku kuthelekiswa nala maxwebhu ashiyekileyo kwi-NT, Ngowuphi owona mhla ususela kwinkulungwane yesibini, okanye ngenye into eyinyani yokuthandabuza.

Buyela isihloko main.