Mabhuku eTestamente Itsva Akasarudzwa Sei?

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1st Century – Kufarira kweChipupuriro Zvakananga.

Bhaibheri repamutemo rekereke yekutanga raive muchokwadi magwaro echiHebheru, Zvino zivikanwe kwatiri seTestamente Yekare. Vanyori veTestamente Itsva havaite kunge vakaisa nechinangwa chekugadzira seti mitsva yeMagwaro. Kunetseka kwavo kwaive kuchengetedza nhoroondo yaJesu’ Hupenyu nekudzidzisa, Kuti uratidze kuti izvi zvakazadzisa sei mitemo yekare yeTestamende yekare uye zviporofita, uye kuona kuti yaichengetedzwa nokutendeka uye yakaitwa mune dzidziso nemaitiro eChechi.

Zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvaive zvakanyanya bulky uye kugadzira makopi aive maitiro ekutenderera; Saka panguva ino vangadai vasina kunyanya kuwanda, uye angadai akatenderera mune yakajeka ad Hoc maitiro. Muzana rose rezana ramakore rekutanga, Kuda kwaiwanzo kuratidzwa kwekutanga-ruoko pane zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa. Semuyenzaniso Papias (60-140 Ad), Ipo kupa ruzivo paEvhangeri, Inoratidza chisarudzo chakasimba che 'chipenyu uye chekugara izwi’ yeavo vakaradzika ruzivo rwevaapositori nevatungamiriri vekereke yekutanga.

Isu hatizive nezvekusakwanisa kuedza kutsanangura rondedzero ye 'zviri pamutemo’ zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa panguva ino. Aya mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba achibudirira muzana remakore rechipiri.

Tsamba dzaPaul

Chinhu chiri pedyo chemuviri unozivikanwa pane zvakanyorwa panguva ino zvaive zvechokwadi mavara aPaul. Mapfumbamwe eaya akatanga kutumirwa kumakereke; Poshi (Firimoni) Tsamba yemunhu uye mamwe matatu, inozivikanwa secistors yeafundisi, vanofambiswa kune vabatsiri vake, Timoti naTito. Vakanyatsonyorwa pakati 51 uye 61 Ad, iyo yePartistol Epistles zvimwe gare gare; Uye inotendwa kuti vakaunganidzwa semunyika yakatenderedza 80-85 Ad. Ivo vaishandiswa zvakanyanya uye vanotaurwa panguva yakasara yezana ramakore rekutanga uye yekutanga chikamu chechipiri; asi yakaramba mukuzivikanwa kwenguva iri pakati pezana rechipiri, Kutevera kushungurudzwa kwavo nemarcion (Ona pazasi).

2ndima yezana – Rondedzero yekutanga yezvinyorwa zvakabvumidzwa.

Nezana ramakore rechipiri mamiriro ezvinhu akange achiwedzera kuoma, Nekupararira kwehuwandu hwezvimwe zvinyorwa zvechokwadi kusahadzika kwechokwadi kana dzidziso, pamwe chete nezvakanyorwa nevatungamiriri veChechi vekutanga. Paivawo nehuremu hukuru hwedzidziso dzedzidziso muChechi, uye mapoka akasiyana siyana akatanga kuratidzira chisarudzo kune izvo zvakanyorwa izvo zvakafadza zvavaive ivo maonero.

Marcion Anyengeri, Ndiani akasiya chechi nezve 150 Ad, Akadudzira zvakanyorwa naPauro zvinoreva kuti kwaive nevamwari vaviri, 'Mwari’ yeTesitamende yekare uye 'Mwari Akanaka’ yeiyo nyowani. Akataura kuti vaapostora vakatendera Jesu’ Kudzidzisa Kuti Kushatiswa naPaul ndiko kwaingova kwechokwadi chete. Akaramba zvachose Testamende Yekare uye akaburitsa rake rondedzero yezvinyorwa zvakabvumidzwa, inosanganisira imwe vhangeri (pamwe zvine chekuita naRuka) Uyezve tsamba dzaPaul kumakereke uye Firimoni, Kunyangwe akaramba tsamba dzechifundisi.

Rondedzero yaMarcion yakaita seyakaenda kune vamwe kuti vatange kutsanangura zvimedu zvakatenderwa. Irenaeus zvakananga mazita mazhinji emabhuku anoumba zuva razvino NT, kusanganisira Evhangeri, Mabasa, Tsamba dzaPauro uye Zvakazarurwa. saka, zvakare, Muratorian Canon (c. 170-210 Ad, uye zvinowanzoitika kuna Hippolytus); Kunyangwe izvi zvakare zvichikurudzira mamwe maviri magwaro, iyo 'Apocalypse Peter’ Uye 'Uchenjeri hwaSoromoni', izvo zvaisawanzogamuchirwa nekereke.

3rd Century – Kubuda kwenzvimbo.

Rondedzero dzakafanana uye zvinyorwa, nemisiyano zvishoma, ramba uchiwanikwa mune zvinyorwa zvinowedzera muZimbabwe Century. Eusebius, Ath Cember 4 Church Official, kupfupisa chinzvimbo panguva iyoyo zvinotevera:

Akabvuma

Matthew, Maka, Luke, John, Mabasa, Tsamba dzaPaul, 1 Petro, 1 John uye (Zvinoenderana nevamwe) Zvakazarurwa zvaJohani.

Kupokana, zvakadaro zvinozivikanwa zvakanyanya

James, Judha, 2 Petro, 2 John, 3 John.

Sphuri

Mabasa aPauro (170 Ad), Mufudzi waHermas (115-140 Ad), Apocalypse yaPeter (150 Ad), Tsamba yeBarnabus (70-79 Ad), Zvakare (100-120 Ad), Vhangeri maererano nevahebheru (65-100 Ad) uye (Zvinoenderana nevamwe) Zvakazarurwa zvaJohani.

Akaipa zvachose uye asina hanya

Evhangeri yaThomas, Vhangeri raPeter, Evhangeri yaMathia, Mabasa aAndrew, Mabasa aJohani.

4th – Nhaurwa dzeMutemo (iyo canon yeRugwaro)

Mubazi rekumabvazuva rechechi, Tsamba ye39 paschora yeAthanasius (367 Ad) inopa chirevo chaicho chemabhuku iwayo anoonekwa seane simba, uye muChechi yeWestern, Makanzuru eHippo (393 Ad) uye carthage (397 Ad). Rondedzero yacho miviri yakafanana nemabhuku mamwe okuenderana neTestamente Itsva.

Syriac canon

Makereke ekutaura anotaura pakutanga akatevera imwe nzira. Evhangeri yekutanga yakashandisa pakati pavo yaive 'vhangeri zvichienderana navaHebheru’ (Vhangeri reApokirifa reVasingazivikanwe Vanyori, kufambidzana kubva pakati 65 uye 100 Ad). Izvi zvakabva zvatsiviwa nekuwirirana kweEvhangeri kunogadzirwa neTatia, inozivikanwa seiyo diatessaron, kune iyo yakawedzerwa mavara aPaul naMabasa. Pakupedzisira, Machechi eSyriac akachekwa zvakafanana nezvinyorwa zvakatenderwa seicho chinoshandiswa nemachechi ekumabvazuva uye kumadokero, kutsiva iyo diatessaron neyevhangeri ina.

Kushatiswa NT Mabhuku

Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinopa kumashure kune dzimwe nzvimbo huru dzekupokana nezve mabhuku iwayo aive akagamuchirwa nyore nyore.

Dzimwe pfungwa dzinoda kuchengetwa mupfungwa.

• Chokwadi chekuti pakanga paine nharo nezvechokwadi uye kukosha kwezvinhu izvi hazvisike pachayo kukonzera kunetseka: Tinofanira kunyanya kunetseka kana ivo vakave vagamuchirwa zvisina kufanira.
• Kusvibiswa kwechisikigo uye kurasikirwa kwemagwaro emamiriro ezvinhu yaive dambudziko kunyange mumazana emakore ekutanga. Zvakadaro, Isu tinoziva kuti vadzidzi vekutanga vekereke vaigona kuwana zvinyorwa uye zvourera zvinyorwa izvo zvave kurasikirwa nesu.
• Kunyangwe kudzidza kwemazuva ano kune mukana mune sheer nhamba uye kusanzwisisika kwemidziyo yayo ongororo, Nhaurwa huru zvino dzakaratidza zvese uye nekurwisa magwaro aya aizivikanwa uye anoonekwa nevadzidzi vekutanga.
• Maitiro akashandiswa mukubvuma kana kuramba magwaro aya anowanzotarisana nenyaya yeavo vekutenda masimba. Yakanga isiri iyo chaiyo tarisiro iyo iyo munyori anofanira kunge ari muapositori (Judha yaisava, kana kwaive waive); Asi pakange paine kunetseka kwakanyanya kuti hapana chinofanira kubatanidzwa izvo zvaive zvisina kujekesa estoric.

Tsamba kuna VaHebheru

Kupokana kwekutanga pamusoro peHebheru kwakanangana neyanyaradzo, nemafungiro mazhinji akapatsanurwa pakati paPaul (iyo ingadai yakazvipa icho chakanyanya) kana Barnabus. Tsamba yacho pachayo isingazivikanwe – Kupokana kwakasimba kurwisa Partine vanonyora, Sezvo tsika yake yaive yekusaina tsamba dzake dzose pachako (c.f. 2 Thess. 3:17) – uye chimiro chechiGiriki hachina kufanana nezvimwe zvakanyorwa. Asi dzidziso dzayo dzinowirirana naPaul uye nekutaurwa kwaTimoti (Mumwe wevadzidzi vake anozivikanwa kwazvo) muna Heheb 13:23 zvakare inoratidza kubatana kwakadaro. Panguva yekubatanidzwa kwayo kusarudzika muCanon, Tsika yaPauline Vanyori vakabata Sway, zvakanyanya nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwekufumura kwayo. Inotaurwa nekuchenesa yeRoma mukati 95 Ad, uye zvinongofungidzira kuparadzwa kwetembere mukati 70 Ad, Sezvo munyori anotsanangura nezvakarukwa zvetemberi sekunge achiri kuenderera mberi (cf. Heb 10:1-11). Vadzidzi vazhinji vemazuva ano vanobvuma kuti ndezvevamwe munyori kunze kwaPaul. Mumwe munhu akasimba anogona kuve Aporo, Unyanzvi hwaani mukutsanangura magwaro echiHebheru aizivikanwa nemakwikwi aPaul (cf. Mabasa 18:24-28 pamwe 1 Cor 3:4-6). Asi zvisinei kuti ndiani munyori wemunhu, kunobvumwa somuenzaniso wakatanhamara wedzidziso yechechi yapakuvamba.

James

Zvekare, gakava rekutanga rakanga riri pamusoro penyaya yekunyora. Munyori anongozvizivisa amene sa‘Jakobho, muranda waMwari …'. Kune vanhu vatatu vane mukurumbira vezita iri mukereke yekutanga. Jakobho mwanakomana waZebhedhi (nemukoma waJohwani) uye Jakobho mwanakomana waArifiyosi vose vakaverengwa vari pakati peVaapositori gumi nevaviri. Yokutanga yakanga yakatanhamara zvikuru, kuva chikamu chaJesu’ denderedzwa remukati, vamwe vakatsvaka kuti vazviti kwaari: asi akaurayirwa kutenda asati agona kunyora tsamba yakadaro nenzira ine mufungo. Hapana chirevo chakamboitwa chekunyora nemumwe James. Kubvumirana kukuru kwaiva kuti yakanyorwa naJames the Just, mumwe waJesu’ Hama, Ndiani akazova mutendi amutswa uye akazopedzisira atungamira kereke yeJerusarema isati yadirwa mukati 62 Ad. Aive mudziviriri weJudheo - zvido zvechiKristu, iyo treu ine chiratidzo chezvinyorwa zvemutauri wechiAramaiki ane muJudha akasimba.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vemazuva ano vakataura tsamba vanogona kunge vaine manyoro echiJudha nemweya yezvinangwa zvechiKristu, Kana kuti kunyora kwougaziveza kutsvaga kupokana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzidzisa kwaPauro pakururamiswa nokutenda. Zvisinei, Hapana nharo dzinopihwa izvo hazvigone kutsanangurwa zvakakwana pahwaro hwaJames’ kunyorwa uye zvinopesana zvinogona kusimudzwa kurwisa kugadzikana kwezviviri zvose dzimwe nzira.

Judha

Judha (kana Judhasi) inozivikanwa se 'mushandi waJesu Kristu, uye mukoma waJakobho '. James chete anozivikanwa kune izvi zvinogona kunyorera izvi ndiJakobho, Kuita Judha mumwe waJesu’ Vakoma vadiki, yakataurwa mumt. 13:55 uye mk 6:3. Inoratidzika kunge yakanyorwa mushure 70 Ad, Sezvo vaapositori vanotaurwa nezvake panguva yakapfuura (vv. 17-18). Zvisinei, Zvainonoka kuwana kugamuchirwa kunyanya nekuti Judhasi haana kuzivikanwa seane simba rapostoric.

2 Petro

2 Peter anoti zvisingaiti kuti ave naSimon Peter; saka anofanira kunge ari echokwadi kana kuti fake. Iyi yaive nyaya yekupokana isati yatanga kugamuchira, NaOrigen uye Jerome achizvigamuchira, asi Eusebius asina chokwadi.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzakabvunzwawo chokwadi charo. Nzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzakarongwa:

• 2 Petro 2:1-3:3 uye Judhasi ane hukama pachena. Zvinopokana kuti, Kana 2 Peter akwereta kubva pane pfupi Judha, haigoni kuve yechokwadi. Zvisinei, Iko hakuna chimwe chikonzero nei mumwe munyori asingafanire kutaura mumwe; Uye zvinosemesa pakafunda yakangwara yekuti anyatsonaka-iva anenge achinyengedza kuti abve tsamba iripo neJudhasi sebasa raPetro. Uyezve, Izvo zvinokwanisika zvakaenzana kuti Judhasi aive achinyatsogadzirisa Peter; Chaizvoizvo zvinoita sezvinogona kuitika, Sezvo isu takangoona kuti Judha akataura nevaapositori munguva yakapfuura.
• Pane zvakanyorwa mutsauko pakati 1 uye 2 Petro. Kutanga, Maitiro echiGiriki anosiyana: asi, Sezvakataurwa naJerome, Kusiyana kwakadaro sekusavapo kunotsanangurwa nyore nyore nekushandiswa kwaPetro kwekuturikira kwakasiyana. Iyo Doctrinal Simbeis zvakare yakasiyana chaizvo: Asi sezvo imwe iri kutaurwa kune maKristu akatarisana nekutambudzwa, uye imwe inobata kutyisidzira kwedzidziso yenhema, Izvi hazvishamise kana.
• Izvo zvakare zvinokonzerwawo kuti kune akati wandei zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti nguva inotevera. Semuyenzaniso, Pfungwa yenyika iri kuparadzwa nemoto, Kuona kwechiKristu Kusarudzika, haana kuwana vogue kusvika muzana remakore rechipiri. Asi zano rikabva kupi? Tsamba iyi, kana chaicho, inopa tsananguro inonzwisisika. Mumwe anotaurwa nezvakanyorwa naPauro padivi 'mamwe magwaro’ in 3:15-16 Inoratidza kufambidzana kwekupedzisira. Asi uku kunotaurisa Peter ari kuendesa nehana zvakanyorwa naPauro (Zvinorehwa Chaizvoizvo zve'Magwaro) Padivi nemanyorero ekare eTestamende Yekare, pane kungonongedzera kuti vamwe vanhu vanokanganisa chero chinhu kuti vazvinakire ivo pachavo. Kunze kwezvo, Aya mavhesi anosimbisa kubatana kwakakosha kwaPauro naPetro, nzira yakawanda kwazvo pakusawirirana nemaitiro evanyori vechiSchismatic enguva iyo, Sezvinei nemarcion, yaishandiswa kutamba kubva kune imwe inopesana neimwe.

2 uye 3 John

Kunyangwe isina tsamba yakananga inonyatsotumira Johane seMunyori, Kuchengeta muChechi yekutanga kunyanya kuremekedzwa kwavo, Sezvo ivo vakapfupisa, uye iva nedzidziso yakakosha?.

Kubva pakuona kwemavara, Vanenge vese nyanzvi vanobvuma kuti ndidzo ibasa remunyori mumwechete se 1 John, uye vazhinji vaizobvuma izvozvo 1 Johani akanyorwa nemunyori weVhangeri yaJohani. Zvisinei, pane misiyano mikuru muchimiro pakati peizvi uye zvakazarurwa (Zvakare zvinofungidzirwa kuna John). Naizvozvo zvachidziridzwa kuti kunyorwa chaiko kweevhangeri uye tsamba kwakaitwa nemumwe wevadzidzi vaJohani. Maonero aya anotsigirwa naJohani chitsauko 21, iyo inoratidzika kunge iri yepilogue kuevhangeri, Kunongedzera kuna 'mudzidzi aidiwa naJesu’ Sezvinoita sosi yekutanga, Asi zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuti vamwe vakabatsira mukuunganidzwa kwayo (vv. 20-24).

Zvakazarurwa

Zvakazarurwa zvirevo zvakanyorwa naJohani, Ipo zvakadzingwa paPatmos: saka, Sezvakaita 2 Petro, Inofanira kunge iri yechokwadi kana yekunyepa; Kunze kwekunge, sekufunga kwevamwe, Chaizvoizvo nemumwe waJohani. Rugwaro rwechiGreek rwakasiyana zvachose rweevhangeri kana mavara mune ese mazwi uye maitiro (girama yayo murombo kwazvo). Izvi zvakatungamira kukakavara pamusoro peyanyaradzo, Kunyangwe ichinge yaponeswa kuna NaJustin Martyr (c. 140 Ad), Irenaeus (Ad 120-190, Mudzidzi wePolycarp, Mumwe wevadzidzi vaJohani) uye vamwe. Asi nezana ramakore rechina Johane agamuchirwa; uye Eusebius, Ipo kurekodha kusava nechokwadi kwekusahadzika, iye anozvigamuchira, kutaura kuti zvakanyorwa panguva yekutonga kwehumambo Domitian (81-96 Ad).

Vazhinji nyanzvi dzemazuva ano vanobvunzawo kuti kunyorwa kweZvakazarurwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakapihwa pamusoro; Asi izvi zvinopindurwa zviri nyore. Mutauro waJohani waiva wechiAramaiki uye, sezvakanyorwa pamusoro, Pane humbowo hwaakange ave nerubatsiro mukunyora evhangeri yake. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha kuti, kana muutapwa, Angadai awana mukana webasa revabatsiri vamwe. Chokwadi, Anogona kunge akasungirwa kunyora muchiGreek iye asina rubatsiro kana angave akanyora zvekutanga muchiAramaiki, Sezvo vamwe nyanzvi vanotenda. Uyezve, Kutaura kwechiporofita kazhinji kwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pakutaura kwakajairika mumatauro nemitauro. (Iwe unongofanira kuenzanisa mutauro wacho unoshandiswa nevanhu muchechi neshoko ravo remazuva ese kuona kuti kusiyana kwakadaro kunogona sei kuva!) Zvakazarurwa ndeimwe yechiporofita chakanyanya kuonekwa chakambopihwa; Izvo hazvina kufanana neEvhangeri dzaJohnro nemavara mune zvese zviri zviviri zvemukati uye chinangwa. Zvinhu zvakadai nyore zvakarondedzera mutsauko wakacherechedzwa kubva mutsamba uye evhangeri.

Pfupiso

Mumazuva ekutanga eChechi The Testamende Yekare ndiyo yaive Bhaibheri rekereke, Uye pakanga pasina kushanda nesimba kuti ugadzire muviri mutsva weMagwaro anozivikanwa zviri pamutemo. Maitiro ekutsanangura kuti ndeapi mabhuku anozivikanwa seane simba aisatanga kusvika pakukura muzana remakore rechipiri; panguva ipi iyo iyo kubuda kweiyo dzakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zvekare, vamwe vanokurudzira uye vanonyengera uye vamwe vanongoerekana vangobvuta kubva kune yekutanga yevaApturity zvinyorwa, akatanga kudada zvakadaro.

Kunyangwe mabhuku eTest asina kunyatsotsanangurwa kusvika muzana ramakore rechina, Zviri pachena kuti, kunyangwe iyo yakakura nzira yakaderera yekupindirana panguva iyoyo, Pakanga paine general concensus ine chekuita neruzhinji rwemabhuku aya pakupera kwezana remakore rechipiri. Zvese zvezvinhu izvo zvinosanganisirwa zvinowanzogamuchirwa sekutanga munharaunda yevaKristu vekutanga. Izvi zvinopesana neaya magwaro akasiyiwa kubva kuTestamende, iyo inonyanya kufambidzana kubva muzana remakore rechipiri, Kana kuti zvimwe ndezvekusavimbika kwechokwadi.

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