Dating of the NT Documents.

Nhanganyaya

Pasinei neuchapupu hweVanababa veChechi vekutanga, Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 zvakazotaurwa kuti Evhangeri dzisina kunyorwa kusvika vamwe 100 makore mushure maKristu. Maonero aya akange awana fashoni semhedzisiro yefungidziro dzekutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya, Izvo zvaingova chaizvo chaizvo kana munhu akafungidzira kukura kwekusimudzira zvishoma nezvishoma kweNhau dzeVhangeri. Zvisinei, Kana hwaro hwezvipfeko izvi gare gare anoongororwa ivo vanoratidza kuve vasina kusimba zvakanyanya; Kuve wakavakirwa zvakanyanya pane zvekufungidzira kweiyo dzidziso yavanofanirwa kutsigira.

Kunonoka kupamhidzirwa kweEvhangeri kunogona kudzingwa zvakaringana. Zviito zvaMateu, Maka, Ruka nezvakaitwa anoonekwa mutsamba yekuchenesa yeRoma (akafa c. Ad 102) KunaVaKorinde; gwaro rakapetwa kushanya 95 uye kazhinji inogamuchirwa sechokwadi. Johani anotaurwawo naIgnatius, akafa C. Ad 117. Zvinonakidza, Kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura paive vhangeri raJohani, yekupedzisira kunyorwa, izvo zvakange zvave nekubereka manyorerwo ekutanga – a Chidimbu muJohn Rylands Library, Manchester, UK, iyo yakawanda nyanzvi zuva pakati 125 uye 175 Ad *. Icho chokwadi chekuti izvi zvakawanikwa muIjipita zvinoratidza kuti Evhangeri dzainge dzatoparadzirwa zvakanyanya nenguva ino.

* Raibhurari inotaura izvozvo, Kunyangwe iyo zuva raigara ratongwa 100-150 Ad, 'Zvichangobva kutsvagisa mapoinzi kune zuva riri pedyo 200 Ad '. Iyo Date Range yakataurwa pamusoro apa yakavakirwa pabasa reOrini naClarysse, uye inoratidzika kuratidza iyo iripo nyanzvi yekubvumirana. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo ona Iyi Wikipedia Chinyorwa.

Asi nyanzvi dzakawanda vachiri kudavira kuevhangeri yaJohani asina kunyorwa kusvikira pashure AD 90!

Kuparadzwa kwetembere

Mukuru uye kazhinji anotaurwa gakava kwekupedzisira kufambidzana kweEvhangeri anoenderana nekuparadzwa kwetemberi yeJerusarema muAd 70. Zvikanzi kuti kubva paEvhangeri dzese dzeSynoptic dzinoreva chiitiko ichi vanofanirwa kunge vakanyorwa mushure.

Asi izvo zvinoshamisa nezve zvinyorwa zvitsva zveTestamenti ndezvekuti hapana MuEvhangeri kana tsamba idzi kuparadzwa uku kwakataurwa kuti ratoitika.

Pane zvinopesana, mareferensi ari muchinyorwa cheuporofita hwakaitwa naJesu kana tembere ichakanga yamira. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvese zvinonyanya kushamisa zvekuti hapana mumwe wevanyori veEvhangeri anoita chero chirevo nezve kuzadzikiswa kwechiporofita ichi – Nekuti izvi zvinozadza zvachose pakuramba uine tsika yavo yekucherekedza yekunongedzera kwaakazadzika Jesu muuporofita hweTestamende Yekare, Kana kuti kunyangwe zvake oga fungidziro dzekumuka kwake. Mabasa, zviri pachena kuti iri kutevedzera kuRuka, haatauri nezve chiitiko ichi kunyangwe paine zvakawanda zvinongedzo kuJerusarema; kana chero yeiyi tsamba. Chete munaZvakazarurwa, izvo zvingave zvakanyorwa mushure mekushambadzira 70, Isu tinoona chii chingave chakanyudzwa.. Sezvo iyi ndiyo yaive dambudziko rakaipisisa rekuwira maJuda mundangariro dzekugara, uye kurevererwa kwakajeka kwaJesu’ Mashoko, Uku kunyarara kuri kuita shungu.

Kana Evhangeri dzakange dzakanyorwa mushure mekudonha kweJerusarema raizove risina chikonzero chekuvanza chokwadi ichi. (Testamende Yekare, semuyenzaniso, ine zvakawanda zvinoratidza zvezvikamu zvakazotevera editorship, nezvirevo senge, 'Kusvikira nhasi’ zvichiitika munzvimbo zhinji.) Saizvozvovo MuRuka (1:1-4) naJohani (21:24) Vanyori vanonyatsotaurwa nezvei chokwadi chekuti vari kunyora maEvhangeri avo vanodzoreredza, uchishandisa zvionzvo uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa.

Moto weRoma

Uyezve, Rondedzero yeMabasa (the the Sequel kuna Ruka) inopera nekusungwa kwaPaul muRoma (Ad 60-22), kusataurwa kwamoto weRome naNero zvinokonzeresa kutambudzwa kwevaKristu mukushambadzira 64, kana kutanga kwekumukira kwechiJudha mukushambadzira 66; Saka zuva rapfuura kupfuura izvi zvinokakavara zvakanyanya.

Naizvozvo vatiwo, inobva zvemukati uchapupu, ndechokuti Evhangeri predate kweJerusarema uye vakanga kwakavakirwa uchapupu hwezvapupu, vaisanganisa ne manotsi akanyorwa (Ona pazasi).

Kwete musingatendi muuprofita!

Zvepanyonzi zvinopesana nekutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya

Nharo dze kutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya zvakavakirwa pambiro yekuti dzidziso yeChechi yekutanga yakagadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma pane imwe nguva kuitira kuti uwane zvinodiwa zvekereke yekutanga. Zvinorehwa zvikuru izvi ndiko kufunga kwekuti izvo zvinoshamisa zveEvhangeri, kusanganisira rumuko, vanowedzera vanowedzera; uye kuti chizvarwa chekutanga chevaKristu chisina zvishoma, kana ani, kufarira kuchengetedza nhoroondo yechokwadi yehupenyu hwaKristu. Izvi zvinoda kuti chero:

1. Vanyori veEvhangeri vaiziva kuti maakaunti avakange aripo aisava chokwadi, kana
2. Evhangeri hadzina kunyorwa muchimiro chavo chazvino kusvika pakuedza.

Iko kuoma kuri pachena pamwe nemazano ese arikuti vevanyori veEvhangeri vanosimbisa izvo zvavanotaura ndizvozvo (cf. Luke 1:1-4, John 19:35 uye 21:24). Kana vasiri, Zvakaoma kuzviremekedza sebasa re Varume vakatendeseka. Kunyangwe vatsoropodzi vekumusoro kazhinji vanorega kupfupika kwekupa zano rekunyepedzera. Tsika yeGraceco-yeRoma iyo yekutanga chiKristu chakavambwa zvakanyanya kubva muPalestine yaJesu’ zuva: Saka kana Evhangeri dzinoratidzwa kuti dziratidzwe mamiriro ezvinhu muCentine Palalestine, Ipapo vatsoropodzi vekumusoro’ Kukumbira kwekupedzisira kufambidzana kwakasarudzika.

Zviri mukunyatsoitika nzvimbo iyi iyo hupfumi hwetsvagurudzo renhoroondo pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura rakashanda zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kuti vatorezve chivimbo muzvinyorwa zveNT. Mabhuku akadai seEvhangeri uye zviito zvine hupfumi hwezvakaitika kare uye tsika dzetsika; Uye zvakadzama izvo zvinodzidziswa nezvechikamu chechiJudha neGraceco-chooma vaJesu’ zuva, Kuwedzera kuoneka kunova kuti chokwadi uye ruzivo rweruzivo rwakapihwa zvinobudirira zvinotonga mukana wekutangisa mushure mekutevera.

Heano mashoma mashoma ematani pane chinyorwa (Kubva kuChostic Nyanzvi, Kwete Bhaibheri Rinokosha):

“Ruka inhoroondo yeiyo yekutanga chinzvimbo … Uyu munyori anofanira kuiswa pamwe chete nevanyori venhoroondo.” (Sir William Ramsay, 'Kubereka kwekuwanikwa kwekuvimbika kweTestamente Itsva.’ Zvisati zvaitika pakutsvagira kwake kwekuchera matongo muAsia, Ramsay akange atenda kuti Ruka aive asina kuvimbika zvachose.)

“Semumiriri weRwizi rweRugwaro ini ndinonzwa kusahadzika nyaya idzi, asi semunyori wenhoroondo ini ndinosungirwa kuenda navo sevavariro yakavimbika” (Dr. Peter Stuphlmacher, 'Nguva’ Magazini, 15/8/88)

“Kupindira ipapo pakati pematanho ezvinyorwa zvekutanga uye chiratidzo chekutanga chinowedzera chinova chidiki kwazvo kuti chive chinhu chisina kujairika, uye nheyo yekupedzisira yekusava nechokwadi kuti magwaro akaburukira kwatiri zvakanyanya sezvavakanyorwa izvozvi zvabviswa. Vese vari vaviri chokwadi uye kutendeka kwakazara kwemabhuku eTestamente Itsva kunogona kutariswa sekupedzisira kusimbiswa.” (Sir Frederick Kenyon, Director uye mhandu mikuru kuBritish Museum, 'Bhaibheri uye Archaeology’)

Dr. John A... Robinson, 'akatendeka kuna Mwari’ mukurumbira, Mubhuku Rake, 'Kugadzirisa Testamende Itsva’ anogumisawo kuti humbowo hwacho hwavepo hunoratidza kuti Testamende Itsva iyi yakanyorwa nguva yekutanga isati yadonha yeJerusarema muAd 70.

Iyo yazvino concensus pakufambidzana

Kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura, Iyo general nyanzvi yekubvumirana ingadai yakaisa chiratidzo chekutanga kuAD 64-70, Matthew At AD 70-80, Ruka C. Ad 80, nezviitwa nenguva imwe mushure meizvi, naJohani c. Ad 90. Izvi zvinyoronyoro zvaive kunyanya kubva, Sezvambotaurwa, pane isingabvumirwe nharo pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwetembere uye dzidziso dzekutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya.

Zvimwe zvazvino zvichangobva kuitika zvino zvinoratidza kuti Mako anofanirwa kuve akanyorwa c. Ad 50, Matthew C. Ad 55, Ruka C. Ad 59 uye Mabasa C. Ad 63. Haasi ese nyanzvi akambundira chinzvimbo ichi, Ehe saizvozvo. Parizvino, iyo general concensus inoita kunge iri kushambadzira 63-70 kuna Ruka uye ad 660-ish yemako. Kudonha kwekutenderera kushambadza 60 yeiyo Evhangeri dzeSynoptils dzinokodzera kwazvo neiyo iripo NT uye humwe humbowo hwenhoroondo. Zvese izvi mazuva anonyatsojekesa Evhangeri mukati mehupenyu hwehupenyu hwekutanga kwechiGiriyo uye nekuona kwaJesu’ Hupenyu uye Ushumiri.

Iyo Encylopaedia Britannica mazuva Mako isati yaparadzwa tembere uye zvese zvese zvakazotevera.

John achiri kazhinji akamhan'arira kutenderedza kushambadza 90; Kunyangwe vamwe vadzidzi, inosanganisira j.a.t. Robinson nekubiwa parizvino ari kupokana kuti kungatofungidzira chiratidzo.

Kana John rakanyorwa zvikuru pamberi muvhangeri ina dzokutanga Zvinoshamisa havana kutevera nhoroondo yaJohani zviitiko…

Aya haasi iwo chete Ongororo itsva yeTestamente inowanzogamuchirwa seyakafungidzirwa nezvevaapositori; Isu tine zvakare tsamba.

Zvikuru sei, Tsamba dzinotevera dzaPaul dzinowanzogamuchirwa sechokwadi kunyangwe neasina nyanzvi, uye maonero pamisi yavo anowanzoenderana mumakore mashoma ezvinotevera:

Ad 51 Nava VaTesaronika

Ad 52 Ii VaTesaronika

Ad 53 vaGaratia

Ad 55 I Vakorinte, II Vakorinte

Ad 57 Varoma

Ad 60 VaKorose, vaEfeso, Firimoni

Ad 61 vaFiripi

Maererano naPurofesa Mack, Tsamba dzaPauro dzaitangira CE 55 kuti 85.

Ese misi yeaya anoisa Evhangeri naPauline epistles mukati mehupenyu hwevaapositori nevamwe vakaona zviitiko izvi: zvekuti hapana zita renhoroondo yekubvunza chokwadi chavo. Zviri pachena, Kana iyo nzira yeimwe tsamba dzakarurama, Ipapo izvi zvinofanirawo kuve zvakagarisana. Ndine, zvisinei, kudziviswa kuvarwadzisa kuitira kuti kuongororwa kwehuchapupu hwerumuko chinogona kuenderera mberi pane hwaro hwehunyanzvi hwekutanga.

Contemporary? Pane mukaha makumi matatu!

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