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Nhanganyaya.

Tisati funga zvirimo, tinofanira kugutsikana kuti zvinyorwa zvatinazvo nhasi zvakadhindwa zvakarurama zvepakutanga. Vanopikisa chiKristu vanowanzoti hachina kuvimbika: asi ichi, zvikuru chaizvoizvo, asingagoni kuva kure kubva chokwadi. Pamabhuku ese echinyakare enguva ino ayo vanyori venhoroondo vanotora seasingakoshi, kwete imwe anouya kure pedyo neTestamende Itsva muhuwandu huzhinji uye kunaka kwehumbowo hwekururama kwayo.

Magwaro Ekare Akachengetedzwa Sei?

Nguva nenguva, neimwe fluke, kopi yepakutanga kana kuti chidimbu chegwaro rekare chiripo nanhasi: asi mikana yekuti izvi zviitike iri kure zvekuti hapana zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvenguva dzino zvakambochengetwa nenzira iyi. Zvinhu zvainyorerwa zvepanguva iyoyo zvaida kuora; uye zvakanyanya kushandiswa, nokukurumidza vaizodzikisira, saka zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti magwaro akopwe, kuti dzichengetedzwe uyewo kuti dziparadzirwe. Kunyanya panyaya yemagwaro, kungwarira kwakadaro kwaiitwa mukukopa kuti kopi, kana yapera nekutariswa, aionekwa seane simba rakaenzana nerekutanga. Imwe nguva yokutanga yakanga yaderera kusvika papfundo apo yakanga isingachagoni kuverengwa nyore nyore, raiwanzoraswa, kazhinji kupiswa. Chokwadi, Manyoro ekutanga aTischendorf akawanikwa mumusha wemamongi weSt. Catherine kuMt. Sinai (Codex Frederico-Augustanus), rakanga riri mubhasikiti remapepa ekare aishandiswa kubatidza ovheni. Mamongi sezviri pachena akafunga kuti akanga asinganzwisisike nokuda kwokufara zvikuru pamusoro pokuraswa kwemagwaro mashoma akare uye akakuvadzwa.! Naizvozvo hazvina kusvika 15 makore gare gare 1859, paakavapa chipo chekopi yeTestamende Yekare yeSeptuagint, kuti mutariri akangoerekana ataura kuti akanga atova neimwe yeiyi; ndokumuratidza Codex Sinaiticus yakakurumbira zvino munyika yose, iyo inewo kopi yechipiri yekare yakazara yakazara yeTestamente Itsva.

Kuvimbika Kwemakopi Ekare Kunoongororwa Sei?

Zviri pachena, kushaikwa kwemagwaro ekutanga kunopa matambudziko kumunyori wenhoroondo, asi chiverengero chakati chezvinhu zvinokosha chingashandiswa kuitira kuongorora kuvimbika kwemakopi iwayo anorarama:

• Makopi ekare asara ari pedyo zvakadii kune ekutanga?
• Mangani makopi anopona?
• Ko makopi asara anobvumirana here?
• Rugwaro runogona kusimbiswa kubva kune mamwe mazwi ekunze?

Testamente Itsva Inofananidzwa Sei nemamwe Manyoro emazuva ano?

Kuisa Bhaibheri parutivi kwekanguva, Kunyanya gwaro rinopupurirwa zvakanyanya renguva dzeGraeco-Roman raive Homer's Illiad. Written about 900 BC, yakaparadzirwa zvikuru, uye varipo 643 makopi emanyoro akasara. Zvisinei, ekutanga emisi iyi kubva kumativi ese 400 BC, kusiya mukaha we 500 makore kubva pakutanga. Mabasa aVirgil ane mukaha diki, pamusoro 350 makore: asi izvi zvinovakirwa pakururama 7 makuru makodhi. Mamwe magwaro echinyakare hapana kwaanosvika pedyo neizvi, uye vazhinji havana kukwana, sezvinoratidzwa netafura iri pasi apa:

		Kwete weMakore kusvika:		Kwete ye
Tsanangudzo	Origin	1st Fragment	1st Copy	Manyoro
Virgil – Aeneid	70-19 BC		350	7
Homer – Iliad	900 BC		500	643
Pliny – Nhoroondo	61-113 Ad		750	7
Suetonius – Hupenyu hwaKesari	75-160 Ad		800	8
Kesari – Gallic Wars	100-44 BC	950	950	10
Livy – Nhoroondo yeRoma *	59 BC-17 AD	200-300	900	25
Tacitus – Nhoroondo / Nhoroondo *	100 Ad	900	1,100	20
Lucretius	?-55 BC		1,100	2
Demosthenes	383-322 BC		1,300	200**
Aristophanes	450-385 BC		1,200	10
Plato – Tetralogies	427-347 BC		1,200	7
Thucydides – Nhoroondo	460-400 BC	500	1,300	8
Herodotus – Nhoroondo	480-425 BC		1,300	8
Aristotle – mabasa akasiyana-siyana	384-322 BC		1,400	49***
Sophocles	496-406 BC		1,400	193
Euripides	480-406 BC		1,500	9
Catulo	54 BC		1,600	3

* Zvikamu zvakakura zvakarasika. ** Zvose kubva kune imwe kopi. *** Maximum kune chero basa rimwechete.

N.B. '1st fragment’ uye '1st Copy’ mazuva ari patafura iri pamusoro anoratidza chete, se'1st Copy’ manyoro anowanzova asina kukwana, uye '1st fragment’ mazuva anowanzonetsa kuwana. Chero data rakawedzerwa panyaya iyi rinogamuchirwa. Kusiyana, haisiriyo chete nguva iri pakati pezuva rekunyorwa kwemagwaro eTestamente Itsva, zvidimbu zvawo zvapakuvamba uye zvinyorwa zvakazara zvipfupi kupfuura api naapi ari pamusoro apa, nhamba yemanyoro asara inodarika hwerengedzo yakabatanidzwa yezvose zviri pamusoro nenhamba yemakumi maviri, sezvaratidzwa pasi apa:

		Kwete weMakore kusvika:		Kwete ye
Tsanangudzo	Origin	1st Fragment	1st Copy	Manyoro
Testamende Itsva	40-100 Ad		300	24,300 *
Matthew	50-65 Ad	150
Maka	50-60 Ad	175
Luke	59-70 Ad	140
John	90 Ad	35-85
Paul	50-65 Ad	150

* 5,000 muchiGiriki, 10,000 Shanduro dzeLatin uye 9,300 mune mimwe mitauro.

Mazuva ari pamusoro emavambo anobva paari zvichangobva kuitika zvechikoro, izvo zvinowanzofarira kufambidzana kwekare kupfuura zvaivepo mukutanga kwema1900s. Ehe saizvozvo, kana magwaro acho akatanga gare gare, zvino nguva inopera kune zvimedu zvekutanga zvinozivikanwa zvingatove zviduku.

Itai Makopi Akasara Anobvumirana?

Nemanyoro akawanda asara, kusiyana kwemavara kunobva kune vakakopa’ uye vashanduri’ zvikanganiso zvinongotarisirwa. Zvisinei, kunze kwe roughly 20,000 mitsetse mutestamende itsva, chete nezve 40 vari mukupokana. Nenzira yekuenzanisa Homer's Iliad, iyo ine nhamba hurusa inotevera yamanyoro aripo, ane 15,600 mitsetse, of izvo 764 (5 muzana) vari mukupokana. Kunyangwe pane zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo, kunowanwa kuti zhinjisa inhau dzenhando dzezviperengo, kurongeka kweshoko, etc.. Idzo dziri munzira ipi neipi 'dzakakosha’ enzanisa nechimwe chinhu munhevedzano yechuru chechinyorwa chose. Kunyange misiyano yakakura haina kukosha kwedzidziso. Nemashoko evapepeti veRevised Standard Version:

“Zvichava pachena kumuverengi anongwarira kuti achiri mukati 1946, sezvazviri 1881 uye 1901, hapana dzidziso yekutenda kwechiKristu yakakanganiswa nekudzokorora, nokuda kwechikonzero chiri nyore kuti, kubva muzviuru zvekuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana mumanyoro, hapana ati asvika parizvino anoda kudzokororwa kwedzidziso yechiKristu.”

Chinyorwa Chinogona Kusimbiswa kubva kune Ekunze Citations?

Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa cheTestamende Itsva ndiwo makuriro ainodudzwa nawo muzvinyorwa zvevaKristu vepakutanga. Mabasa aJustin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement weAlexandria, Origen, Tertullian, Hippolytus naEusebius pakati pavo vane pamusoro 36,000 quotations. Zvose zvapera 86,000 zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo asiri ose aya ari mashoko chaiwoiwo. Huwandu hwemataundishipi aya hwakakura zvekuti zvave kufungidzirwa kuti Testamende Itsva yose, kunze kwemavhesi gumi nerimwe chete, inogona kuwanwa mumashoko anobva mumanyuko echechi omuzana ramakore rechipiri nerechitatu!

Pfupiso

On ose munhoroondo chokuratidza, rugwaro rweTestamende Itsva rwakanyorwa zviri nani zvikuru uye runotsigirwa kupfuura chero gwaro ripi neripi renguva idzi. Mumashoko Sir Frederick Kenyon, mutungamiriri uye huru raibhurari weBritish Museum:

“Kupindira ipapo pakati pematanho ezvinyorwa zvekutanga uye chiratidzo chekutanga chinowedzera chinova chidiki kwazvo kuti chive chinhu chisina kujairika, uye nheyo yekupedzisira yekusava nechokwadi kuti magwaro akaburukira kwatiri zvakanyanya sezvavakanyorwa izvozvi zvabviswa. Vese vari vaviri chokwadi uye kutendeka kwakazara kwemabhuku eTestamente Itsva kunogona kutariswa sekupedzisira kusimbiswa.”

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