Nderechokwadi Testamende Itsva – Kurambira uye Answers

… Naizvozvo vatiwo, inobva zvemukati uchapupu, ndechokuti Evhangeri predate kweJerusarema uye vakanga kwakavakirwa uchapupu hwezvapupu, vaisanganisa ne manotsi akanyorwa.

Kwete musingatendi muuprofita!

Hapana uchapupu chekufungidzira kuti Jesu akaita somunhu “hoseh”, muoni, uye vaJudha themseves sa chenhema “nabhi”, akanga kumboda muturikiri kuti Torah.

kwazvo! Kana iwe kunodudzwa uprofita ake pakutanga, Zvechokwadi hapana uchapupu. Uye dai iwe zvakakomba kutarisira vaJudha kudana kwaari muporofita?

Asi kunyange kusadavira muuprofita hachisi chikonzero chakanaka chokuti tisafunge mumhanyi AD 70 kufambidzana. Somunhu mutsoropodzi yakataura panguva pakakurukurwa nyaya iyi:

'Saka kure sezvo ndinogona kuona ikoko sokuti kuva mapoka maviri:

1. boka rinoti magwaro anotaura kweJerusarema anoratidza izvi zvinofanira kare zvaitika;
2. boka iyo inoti ichi chaiva uprofita;

sokuona rangu kuti kana maonero chinodiwa. It hwaizova pachena kuti mucheche mumaoko kuti, kuti zvematongerwo enyika pamwe vaMesiasi siyana kuchaja kumativi kuedza kutevedzera Judhasi Maccabees, VaRoma aizopedzisira kuti zvokudya ndokuparadza masvingo guta, nezvimwewo. Zvakafanotaurwa kweJerusarema vari haunyatsofadzi, saka kana ndiri benzi, kana Jesu aingotaura pachena.

Upenzi kufunga kuti kwevaongorori mugwaro anofanira kunge zvatoitika.’

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Saka sei kuuya kune 200,000 musiyano wezvinyorwa kuverengwa mu izvi 24,300 magwaro?

dzimwe nguva Zvinonzi akataura kuti pane pakati 150,000 uye 200,000 musiyano wezvinyorwa kuverengwa. Nhamba iyi inoti kunyange misspelt shoko se'chibayiro musiyano wezvinyorwa kuverenga '; uye haazobvumiri izvozvo zvose gwaro iri pamusoro payo (i.e.. kana chete misspelling kunoitika muna 500 magwaro, kuti kunonzi 500 dzakasiyana)! Saka kana, semuyenzaniso, chete 10 zvikanganiso vakanga nhaka vazhinji izvi 24,300 manyoro, tingadai makawana 200,000 muunganidzwa. zvakajeka, mufananidzo uyu haisi musoro mwero rakarurama chinyorwa.

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Textual kuongorora kunoratidza Zvakazarurwa haana rakanyorwa muvambi muvhangeri yaJohani!

Ichi hachisi chokwadi, asi kutaura kunobva nharo zvinobva mabhuku tsoropodzo, rokufukidza zvinhu zvakadai mashoko, girama, etc..

Sezvakakurukurwa munyaya zvakazara gare gare huru munyaya, kwawo simba iri kuti anokundikana zvakakwana kusiyana mumagadzirirwo kunokonzerwa kugutsikana kana ezvinhu. In Kashoma vakadaro misiyano yakawanda raidudzwa pane kana kuenzanisa ouprofita uye enhetembo kutaura kwomuzvarirwo nhoroondo. More zvakakosha, tinoziva John aiva kubatsirwa nevamwe rokunyora vhangeri rake (c.f. Jn 21:24). Akanga ari muGarirea wehove, kwete chizvarwa mutauri Greek. Asi iye akanyora Zvakazarurwa vachigere nhapwa paPatimosi, apo hazvingaiti kuti angadai akanga zvakafanana vabatsiri, kana ani. Hazvishamisi ipapo, kuti mitauro manyorerwo hakusi chete.

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Asi nyanzvi dzakawanda vachiri kudavira kuevhangeri yaJohani asina kunyorwa kusvikira pashure AD 90!

John aiva chete muapostora asina kutenda, wakati vamboendeswa Patimosi (Rev. 1:9), uye akagara kune akwegura (Jn. 21:23-4); saka aigona nyore akanyorwa vhangeri rake sezvo ava AD 90 wacho, izvo pari kunoramba kudanana akakurumbira zvikuru pakati vazhinji nyanzvi.

The zvichangobva mazano ichi anofanira yazvakanyorwa ipapa (kunze kuva zvakawanda kunoenderana uchapupu mangwanani madzibaba uye kusavapo chero panotaurwa kuparadzwa kwetemberi wakati kwakaitika) zvinobva pamusoro uchapupu yeGungwa Rakafa. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti pfungwa kuevhangeri yaJohani yaimbonzi akaitwa yepamusoro vatsoropodzi kuva zvikuru mavambo akazotevera vaiva chokwadi kuitika muzuva raJesu kuti.

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Kana John rakanyorwa zvikuru pamberi muvhangeri ina dzokutanga Zvinoshamisa havana kutevera nhoroondo yaJohani zviitiko…

Pakuenzanisa pfungwa, kusanganisira mangwanani uchapupu chechi, kuti achiri kuonekwa zuva John mushure nhatu dzokutanga. Asi 'ndiro rine chokwadi John’ pfungwa, anoshanda kumaka pakuti ichangopfuura uchapupu dzakatsigira dzinoitwa hunhu nhoroondo idzi.

Asi vanyori dzokutanga haana hazvo kutevera John kutoti vakanga vachiedza zvokuzvigadzirira simbi dzomuchina nyaya. ndokubva, munhu kutarisira kuti kungwarira chaizvo kuchengeta nyaya dzavo kupindirana. Asi, kunyange John rakanyorwa kubva akasiyana zvachose nemaonero (focussing zvakawanda dzakananga nhaurirano uye akarurama 7 vakasarudzwa zvishamiso), kushaya kuedza kuvhara pachena kusabvumirana anoratidza kuti azoshandiswa akanga asiri vavariro.

Saizvozvo, kunyange hapana uchapupu wokurangana, kazhinji kunyatsoongorora pachena kusabvumirana kunogona kubatsira akajekesa hazvitaurwi zvinobatanidzwa nezvimwe evhangeri. Semuyenzaniso, nei vehove kusiya mimbure nyore apo Jesu akavadana? Nhoroondo yaJohani inoratidza kuti izvi zvakanga zvisiri kusangana ravo rokutanga naJesu.

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Maererano naPurofesa Mack, Tsamba dzaPauro dzaitangira CE 55 kuti 85.

Izvi zvikuru vashomanana maonero, sezvo nyanzvi dzakawanda (kusanganisira kambora ndivo) zuva kwaPauro rufu pa AD 62. Asi pane vamwe kufungidzira kuti asunungurwa uye kuenda kuSpain asati kutenda kwake; pakudaro, achiva dzimwe tsamba dzake kuti yazvakanyorwa romukova AD 62. Izvi asina chokuita kururama kwemashoko magwaro, zvisinei, sezvo izvi kuchikonzerwa quibble nezvokudanana; kwete rakanyorwa.

(N.B. EC (Common Era) inongova ano rokunyika pane AD (Anno Domini, Gore raJehovha). Misi zvakafanana. Vakawanda havana hanya kuyeuchidzwa kuti Kristu ane nhoroondo vaizova kukwikwidzana marudzi hwaro ano ezvinhu edu kufambidzana.)

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Contemporary? Pane mukaha makumi matatu! saka, chete mupfungwa kuti yekuita vanyori vakanga vachiri vapenyu: kwete zviitiko tsanangura.

Just pamusoro 20, kune dzaPauro. Asi unogona kurangarira zviitiko zvinokosha kuti kwakaitika muupenyu hwako 30 makore apfuura? Kana iwe waiva kunosangana munhu aifanira kuva akafa, zvaisazova iwe uchagona kurangarira zvaitika? Kunyange pazera untrained ndangariro unogona vachiri kudzokorora, zvinenge shoko-hwakakwana, kireshi nekudetemberwa zvamakadzidza mwana. Ndoda vaya vakadzidziswa kubvira achiri muduku kuita zvikamu huru dzidziso tsvene ndangariro?

Tinogona kuyeuka zviitiko zvakaitika kuti kare kare, asi ndinoda nechokwadi zvikuru uchapupu upi chapupu vaizviti kurangarira zvakarurama zvakataurwa 30 makore apfuura; uye zvakajeka vanyori veEvhangeri vakanga vasingakwanisi kuita izvozvo kana ose nhoroondo vangabvumirana.

Kusiyana ndangariro nhoroondo kwazvo nokuda zvakasiyana chokurondedzera akadzama. zvirokwazvo vanhu vakawanda vanoomerwa zvakarurama kuyeuka kutaura zvisina kurongwa: asi sezvo akanongedza kumusoro, kunyange nhasi tinogona kuyeuka migove makuru nhetembo kana mutambo zvikuru nyore vakadzidza makore akawanda apfuura. The tsika kwaJesu’ zuva rakanga vechiduku memorisation kwakadaro, uye saka aiva Jesu’ kudzidzisa Style. Wedzera kuti kuvapo akaunganidzwa siyana Jesu’ mashoko, somunhu mubetseri-memoire, uye une zvakazara coherent tsanangudzo mapiro vanyori vhangeri angadai akaanyora nhoroondo dzavo, zvaifanira kuwedzerwa nekugadzirisa chokurondedzera maererano zvavo pachavo Kuyeuka.

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The Encylopaedia Britannica Mikoko Mark mumakore gumi pamberi kuparadzwa kwetemberi uye vose zvikuru gare gare.

Hazvina ngozi kazhinji kurapa Eb senhungamiro kune vakawanda achangopfuura mamiriro nenyanzvi mafungiro panyaya chenhau gakava. It kaviri zvikuru okugadziridza chete pachidiwa refu zvikamu, riri apo pakadhindwa nhamba anochinja. Kudzokororwa kwemaBhaibheri ekare kune munhu nyaya, kana nechekuita mukugarisana nyaya itsva, kazhinji kunoitika pakati shanduro chete apo chinokosha muviri mutsva mashoko zvava kuwanika. Historical nyaya havawanzobudiswa achinja pakati nyaya nokuti pachena chikonzero kuti nhoroondo concensus hunongotaura anochinja zvikuru zvishoma nezvishoma.

Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana vari yoku- apo aida rimwe gore. Tarisa chidimbu muGungwa Rakafa Rakafa somuenzaniso!

Articles on Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa vave yoku- pebenzi chikonzero kuti guru yakawanda zvinhu zvitsva kwasvika chiedza kare 20 makore; kunyanya pashure Israeri Antiquities Authority akabvuma kuvaita zvikuru kazhinji riwanikwe yepamusoro munyika 1992. Onawo kuti kudzidza vamwe kwazvo zvinhu izvi vaivapo kwakaita yekudyidzana kuti kugamuchirwa kwokutanga datings yeEvhangeri, kunyanya John.

Regai vakavhiringidzwa vechinyorwa kana bhuku mazuva ari imwe kopi Eb. The kuitika, kana 15th, magazini (ave 1997) yakatanga kubudiswa 1974, uye hapana zvikamu pakubata kudanana pakati itsva magwaro vave yoku- kubva ipapo. Izvi zvinogona kuva kwechokwadi kureva Eb Year Book. Sezvo mhedziso yakashuma pano vanomiririra famba kuchangobva mune zvechitendero uye kutsoropodza pfungwa, kupokana yemichindwe izvi uye avo vakaudza muna Eb hazvishamisi.

Semuyenzaniso, nyaya huru iri 'Biblical Literature’ akanga anorenda rakanyorwa Zvak. Krister Stendahl uye Emilie T. Sander. Sander akafa 1976, riri chete gore kuti bhuku 'Redating Testamende Itsva’ na John A.T. Robinson yakatanga kubudiswa. Robinson pachake akanga asina kuchinja mufundisi, asi munhu akaona worupo nyanzvi uye Testamende Itsva nyanzvi pane zvikuru yakamira. Mumwe emabhuku ake, 'Atendeseke kuna Mwari', akakonzera dutu mukupera 60 nomuromo raiita achisiya tsika yokuti Mwari.

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Vaviri yechiberekerwa Nhoroondo zvinenge sokuti dzinopikisana munzvimbo. – sokuti? Vanoita!

Close ongororo inoratidza nechimwe chinhu kukwana nhoroondo nemaonero yakasiyana chapupu (Nhoroondo yaRuka aigona chete kubva Mary nepo yaMateu kunge vabva Joseph, zvichida Via mwanakomana wake, James, uyo akazova mutungamiriri Jerusalem chechi). Edza kudzienzanisa:

• Matthew rinotanga kwaJosefa kuvhunduka panguva kudzidza Mariya ave nepamuviri, uye hope iye chivimbo naye. Iye haritsananguri chaizvoizvo. pakuberekwa zvachose, vamwe pane kutaura zvakanga muBhetrehema, ipapo mberi chete yebhuku pakasvika vakachenjera (imwe nguva gare gare, zvinenge, nokuti nguva ino havachisiri mudanga) uye kurota achivayambira uye Josefa kupukunyuka kubva Herodhi. mashoko ose aya sokuti zvinobva maonero yaJosefa.
• Luke rinotanga chiratidzo Zakariya (baba vaJohane mubhabhatidzi kuti) mutemberi, ipapo anopfuurira kusangana Gabriel vamwe kwaMariya 3 Papera mwedzi, uchiteverwa yake kushanya kuna Elizabeth (yake hama uye mai vaJohani). Izvi zvinoteverwa kwaJohani. Luke ipapo anotsanangura sei Josefa naMariya vakaenda kuBhetrehema, uchiteverwa kuberekwa uye kushanya ngirozi vafudzi. Anobva rinorondedzera zviitiko Jesu’ kudzingiswa pavhiki papera. In iyi, zvose sokuti vakabva Mary, uyo anotiudza, 'Akachengeta zvinhu zvose izvi akazvifungisisa mumwoyo make’ (Luke 2:19).

Zvakwana – adzokere chikuru nyaya.

Idai guesswork.

vamwe, Ehe: asi kwete yakawanda. Vazhinji vakabvuma kuti Josefa akafa Jesu asati atanga ushumiri hwake; asi ndiye chete zvinoita mashoko pamusoro hope dzake, saka mubvunzo, uyo akaita kuudza? Sezvo Matthew haana chero rondedzero mumaonero Mariya iye haasi chikuru kurwa saiye pana nhoroondo iyi. Jesu’ hama dzaiva nhengo yekereke yokuvambira aigona kwazvo ndanzwa Joseph achitaura izvi, saka ivo musarudzo pachena.

Vamwe vanoona kukosha zvikuru kusiya nhoroondo Magi uye Herodhi kutambudzwa vhangeri yaRuka: asi kana Luke akangoti asina kunzwa kuti chikamu nyaya aisagona kunge zvakanyorwa nezvazvo. wo, pemakore vana vakaurayiwa naHerodhi anoratidza kuti chiitiko ichi kunge vatora nzvimbo imwe nguva pashure kwaJesu.

The tsika zvenguva kazhinji kumboita basa nemagazini okutanga upenyu nevatungamiriri zvikuru, focussing asi pamusoro pamabasa avo sezvo vakuru. Hapana uchapupu hwokuti nhoroondo yaJesu’ muduku airidza chero rinokosha iri dzidziso New Testament chechi (ivo focussed pana Jesu amuka, Nako Ishe – c.f. 2 Corinthians 5:16), saka hakusi kunyanya zvisingashamisi kana Luke, asiri muJudha, akanga asina vanzwa izvi.

Zvakwana – adzokere chikuru nyaya.

Dambudziko yakakura ndiyo kwebasa rinofanira Magi muna Mateo.

Kana kureva, nekuti vakanga Mageans (sechinoitika sorcerors Mutestamende itsva), Saka hapana mubvunzo uyu kunge chaizvo shocker ane muJudha Orthodox: asi zvinoenderana naJesu’ shoko kuti vhangeri kwaifanira kukanganisa marudzi ose, kunyange zvazvo kutanga nevaJudha.

Vatadza kuona pfungwa, Ndiri kutya. VaKristu vazhinji vanowana pfungwa nyeredzi zvishoma outre, kutaura mudukusa! The pachena kubatana ane cheZoroastrianism, Ehe saizvozvo. (Asi regai kuudza vakirisito kuti – zviri zvishoma nyadzisa).

Aihwa, ndicho chaizvo zvokusvika (kunze kuti chaizvo kubatana kuna cheZoroastrianism ndiye dzokufungidzira). Matthew kunge ainyatsoziva yezvakaita Mageans pachake kana zvaakanyora nhoroondo iyi. Saka pano vaiva varume vaibva yokumwe rudzi, kuita tsika dzaiva zvinonyangadza vaJudha (chiregera vaKristu). Zvakadaro, vachiedza kuwana chokwadi vanogumburwa mhiri chinhu chinoita kuti vauye vachitsvaka Mambo wevaJudha. Vanowana iye, vanomunamata, uye zvadaro sarudza kuteerera Mwari pane Herod.

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