Nouchapupu kubva Non-Christian Sources

Ndapota onai! Iri peji rinopa pfupiso pfupi yeruzivo uripo. Dzvanya zvibodzwa zvakapihwa kune zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira chiratidzo chechokwadi uye zvizere zvinyorwa.

1. Chii chatinofanira kutarisira kuwana?

Rangarira kuti tave kutarisa zvisiri zvechiKristu zvinyorwa zvechiKristu. Ndeupi rudzi rwezvenhoroondo humbowo ratinotarisira? Zvinotaura kuti Jesu ndiye Mesia, Kana kuti akamuka kubva kuvakafa? Zvirokwazvo kwete! Vasiri vaKristu vaisazozvigamuchira. Zvinopokana nechiJudha, Pfungwa dzechiRoma uye dzechiGiriki. Saka isu tinotarisira kuti vasiri vevanyori vechiKristu vachange vasinganetsi.

Mavara mashoma epasi anopona kubva panguva yaJesu. Saka tinofanira kuvimba nezvinhu kubva munguva pfupi Jesu aitevera Jesu. Mamwe emavhesi aya anotaura nezvaJesu. Vashoma chete. Asi huwandu hwadzo zvinoenderana. Uye zvinhu zvavanotaura ndezvekufungidzira.

Tacitus naJosephus ndivo vaviri vekanyanya. Iwo magwaro anobvumirwa sechokwadi. Vanyori vari vaviri vanozivikanwa kuti vatarise chokwadi chavo nokungwarira.

Kare pakanga paine mamwe manhamba. Pfungwa dzavo dzinokurukurwa nevanyori vechiKristu vanozopedzisira. Asi zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakarasika.

Zvese izvi zvinokurukurwa muchidimbu pazasi. Tichakurukurawo vamwe vanozotevera uye vechiJudha zvinyorwa.

2. Tacitus.

Tacitus aive munyori wezvenhoroondo wechiRoma uye mutauri wevoruzhinji akararama kubva munenge muna 55-120CE. Anozivikanwa semumwe wevanyori vezvakaitika kare zveiyo nguva. Anotaura nezve moto weRome muna 64ce. Ipapo anoti izvi:

“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” (Annals 15.44.)

“Nero aida kunyaradza kutaura uku. Saka akapomera boka rakanzi “MaKristu”. Akavaraira kuti vatambudzwa. Vanhu vakavenga maKristu nekuda kwemaitiro avo anonyangadza. Zita ravo rinobva kuna 'Kristu.’ Uyu murume akaurayiwa munguva yekutonga kwaTiberius. Izvi zvakarairwa naPondiyo Pirato, Gavhuna. Mashura anoparadza akamira kwenguva: Asi zvakazozotanga zvakare. Asi kwete chete kwaakatanga muJudhiya. Ikozvino muRoma zvakare. Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinotyisa zvinonyadzisa kubva kutenderera nyika inoyerera muguta rino. Uye ivo vanove vakakurumbira.”

3. Flavius ​​Josephus.

Flavius ​​Josephus akaberekerwa muna 37. Akauya achibva kumhuri yevaJudha yevapristi. Iye akafanotaura kuti veSpasia vaizove mambo weRoma. Saka akava semwanakomana waVespasian uye akanzi Flavius. Mumabhuku ake anotaura nezveJakobho aive Jesu’ hanzvadzi konama. Anotaurawo nezvaJohani Mubhabhatidzi. Asi anozivikanwa kwazvo ndiye “Testimonium Flavianum“ (Ufakazi hweFlavius). Izvi zvinokurukura Jesu pachake. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinobvuma kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvemavara aya zvakagadziriswa neyeristu kutaura. Asi isu tinogona kubvisa zvizere zviyero zvinofungidzirwa. Anenge mudzidzi wese anobvuma kuti zvinyorwa zvasara zvakanyorwa naJosephus. Uye inoverenga seinotevera:

“At this time there was Jesus, a wise man. For he was one who performed (surprising / wonderful) works, and a teacher of people who received the (truth / unusual) with pleasure. He stirred up both many Jews and many Greeks. And when Pilate condemned him to the cross, since he was accused by the leading men among us, those who had loved him from the first did not desist. And until now the tribe of Christians, so named from him, is not extinct.”

“Panguva ino kwaive naJesu. Aive murume akachenjera. Akaita zvinhu zvinoshamisa. Akadzidzisa mhando yemunhu anoda mazano matsva. Jesu akakurudzira maJuda mazhinji uye maGreek mazhinji. Pirato akashora Jesu kuti afe paMuchinjiko. Izvi zvaive nekuda kwekupomera mhosva kune vatungamiriri vedu. Asi avo vaimuda kubva kune vekutanga havana kumira. Uye kusvikira zvino kurudzi revaKristu, rakatumidzwa zita rake, haina kutsakatika.”

4. Zviito zvinotorwa kubva kumabhuku akarasika.

Vatungamiriri vechiKristu mukati memazana emakore echipiri neyechitatu zvinonzi 'madzibaba ekutanga eChechi'. Vanowanzo quote kubva pakutanga zvakanyorwa. Asi zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekare zvino warasika. Saka isu tinongoziva izvo izvo zvinyorwa zvinotiudza. Mienzaniso ndeye:

• Tsamba yakanyorwa naJustin Martyr uye yakatumirwa kumambo weRoma Antonius. Anoreva nhoroondo yepamutemo ye 'Pondiyo Pirato Zviito'. Anoti gwaro iri rinosimbisa kuti Jesu akaita zvishamiso. Uye zvinosimbisawo kuti Jesu akafira sei.
• Pakanga paine munyori wenhoroondo akadanwa ‘Thallus'. Aigara muzana ramakore rekutanga. Jesu paakafa, matenga akava nerima. 'Thallus’ akadaidza kuti yaive yezuva rekupora. Julius africanus anoshuma zano iri. Asi Juliasi akatsanangura chikonzero nei zvakaipa.
• Phlegon yaive munyori wenhoroondo aigara muzana remakore rechipiri. Julius africanus anomuperekedza. Mudzidzi Origine anomuperekedzawo. Flegon anotsanangurawo rima risingawanzo kujairika uye kudengenyeka kukuru kwenyika. Flegon akabvuma kuti Jesu akafanotaura nezvezviitiko zvenguva yemberi.

5. Zvimwe zvekutanga graeco-roman surches.

Mudiki pliny waitonga Bythinia muna 112ce. Anonyora tsamba kuna Emperor Trajan. Tine kopi yakazara yetsamba yaPliny. Isu tine zvakare mhinduro yemamambo. MaKristu ari kutambudzwa. Pliny akauraya vamwe vavo. Anobvunza: “Kana Munhu Akaramba Jesu – ndoita sei?” Vanhu vazhinji vava maKristu. Saka anetsekana.

Lucian aive munyori weti satirical kubva kuSamosata. Muna 170ce akanyora nezvemurume anonzi Peregrinus. Peregrinus aive munyengeri. Kwenguva yakareba ainyepedzera kuva muKristu. MaKristu aivimba uye ane rupo. Akange aine makaro: saka akapfuma pakubata kwavo. “Vanhu ava vatsamwiswa, unoona. Vakagutsikana kuti vachararama nekusingaperi. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuzvidza kwavo kwekufa. Uye kazhinji vanongozvibayira ivo pachavo kune mumwe nemumwe. … Kubva panguva iyo ivo 'vanoshandurwa', vanoramba vamwari veGreek, Ivo vanopa kunamatwa kune 'akachenjera’ Ndiani akarovererwa, uye rarama maererano nemirairo yake, Ivo vese hama.”

6. Rabbinic mabhuku.

Rabhamu yechiJuda akanyora mamwe maoni anotuka nezvaJesu. VaKristu vakagumburwa. Isu tinoziva kuti akati wandei ekutaura aya akarasika. Asi vazhinji nyanzvi vanobvuma kuti zvimwe zvekutanga zvasara zvichiripo. Vazhinji vechiKristu uye vadzidzi vechiJudha vanoziva zvinotevera:

• Tsananguro ye Kuurayiwa kwaJesu. ('Bhabhatidza Talmud', b.san. 43a.) Izvi zvakanyorwa munguva ye tannaitic. (70-200EC).
• Kukurukurirana pakati pomudzidzi waJesu uye Rabhi wechiJudha, (60-95EC). ('Bhabhatidza Talmud', Bodah Zara 165, 17a.)/('ToSefta', Hullin 2.24.) Yakanyorwa munguva yeTannaitic.
• Dzimwe nguva vanhu vaisataura Jesu’ Zita. Pachinzvimbo ivo vanoti zvinhu zvakadai: "Iyeye munhu ndiye asiri muporofita mwanakomana wemhombwe." ('Mishna', Yebamoth 4.13.) Mukurukuri akararama anenge 100ce.
• Jesu dzimwe nguva anotsanangurwa se “Jesu, Mwanakomana waNanera“. (Vamwe vanoti 'pantera’ Zita rasekuru raive. Vamwe vanoti 'pantera’ aive musoja weRoma aive. Vamwe vanofunga kuti chinjo pamusoro paJesu’ mhandara yekuzvarwa.) Imwe nyaya inotaura nezve rabbi akarumwa nenyoka. Murume anoti anogona kuporesa rabhi. Asi anogona chete kuzviita muzita raJesu. ('Bhabhatidza Talmud', Bodah Zarah 27b. Zvakare inowanikwa mukati 4 dzimwe nzvimbo.) Izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakamboitika pamberi pa132CE.

7. Ruzivo rwunogona kusimbiswa.

Magwaro echiKristu anosanganisira yakawanda yenhoroondo, Tsika uye Ruzivo rweMuno. Pakazosvika 150ce mamiriro ezvinhu muIsrael aive akasiyana chaizvo. MaKristu mazhinji aisaziva nezvemamiriro ezvinhu munguva yaJesu. Saka tinogona kutarisa chokwadi cheruzivo. Isu tatokurukura izvi.

Mhedziso

Takatsanangura kuti vanyori vechiKristu vasingazive. Izvo chaizvo zvatinowana.

Asi izvi zvinyorwa zvinosimbisa zvakawanda zvechokwadi chokwadi. Josephus naTacitus ndivo vaviri vevanyori venhoroondo. Tine vamwe vanyori vechiKristu vasiri vechiKristu kubva kuZana rekutanga neyechipiri. Ivo vese vanosimbisa chokwadi chakakosha nhoroondo nezvehupenyu nerufu rwaJesu. Ivo vanotiudza mazita evararami vake. Ivo vanotaura nezveChechi yakatangwa naJesu. Vanarabhi vechiJudha vakapomera Jesu nezveuroyi. Ivo vari kubvuma kuti Jesu akaita zvishamiso.

Chimwe chinhuzve chiri zvakare pachena kubva pane izvi uye zvimwe zvakanyorwa zvekare. Kwemazana emakore, Jesu’ Vavengi havana kuramba chokwadi chokwadi. Evhangeri dzakarondedzera chaizvo kuti Jesu paakazvarwa uye akafa. Vanoti vakuru vehurumende vakauraya murume asina mhosva. Ivo vanototiudza mazita evanotarisirwa. Jesu’ Vavengi havarambe izvi zvinhu. Pane kudaro, Ivo vanoti Jesu aive anetsa. Ndozvakaita Jesu’ Vakararama vacho vanotenda Jesu aive munhu chaiye wenhoroondo? zvakajeka, vakaita.

Vanyori vasiri vechiKristu vasiri vechiKristu havawanzo kutaura naJesu. Izvi ndizvo zvataitarisira. Asi kune zvakakwana. Vanoti rudzi rwezvinhu zvatakanga takatarisira kuti vataure. Ivo vanobva kune tsime rakazvimiririra. Uye vanosimbisa nhoroondo yaJesu kupfuura chero kusava nechokwadi kunonzwisisika. Kuyedza kuramba nhoroondo yaJesu ichangopfuura. Zvinotaurwa zvakadaro zvinowana kutsigirwa kushoma pakati pengirozvidzo.