Flavius Josephus.
N.B. peji ino haasati ane “Simplified Chirungu” mhando.
Shanduro zvoga dzinobva chepakutanga Chirungu chinyorwa. Vanogona zvinosanganisira zvinokosha zvikanganiso.
Akazvarwa mu 37 AD kumhuri yevapristi, uye akakurira muJerusarema, Josephus akatanga kushanyira Roma mukuvamba ma 20 ake somurevereri wezvamatongerwe enyika wavaJudha; uye apo kumukira kwevaJudha kwakatanga akatanga kurwisana nevaRoma. Asi, paakabatwa naVespasian, Josephus akazivisa kuti Vespasian aifanira kuzadzika uprofita hwechiJudha hwekare nokuva Mambo weRoma.. Apo izvi zvakaitika chaizvoizvo, Vespasian akapa Josephus rusununguko rwake uye gare gare akamutora, achiwedzera kwaari zita remhuri raFlavius.
Akarambwa somutengesi navanhu vake amene, akaedza kusabudirira kunyengetedza vaidzivirira veJerusarema kuti vazvipire; uye akazvipupurira pachake kuwa kwaro. Zviitiko izvi, pamwe chete nokusvika kwake kuzvose zviri zviviri manyuko echiJudha neeRoma akanga ari hwaro hwamabasa ake makuru maviri. ‘Hondo yevaJudha’, rakabudiswa pamusoro 78 Ad, yaiva nhoroondo yechimurenga, uye ‘Jewish Antiquities’, a 20 bhuku renhoroondo yevanhu vechiJudha, yakabudiswa pamusoro 93 Ad. Mamwe mabasa maviri aanoitawo anorarama: 'Kurwisa Apion', kudzivirira kwechiJudha pamutsoropodzi weRoma, uye 'Hupenyu', nhoroondo yehupenyu hwake, rakabudiswa mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechipiri. Hazvinyatsozivikanwa kuti akafa riini.
Josephus’ bhuku rine zviverengero zvakati kuti zvinopa simbiso yenhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvevhangeri.
Johani Mubhabhatidzi
In Antiquities, 18.5.2, Josephus anokurukura nezvehushumiri hwaJohane mubhabhatidzi.
“Zvino vamwe vaJudha vakafunga kuti kuparadzwa kwehondo yaHerodhe kwaibva kuna Mwari, uye izvozvo zvakarurama, sechirango chezvaakaitira Johane, yainzi muBaptisti: nekuti Herodhe wakamuuraya, aiva murume akanaka, akarayira vaJudha kuti vabate zvakanaka, zvose maererano nokururama kuno mumwe nomumwe, uye kuzvipira kuna Mwari, uye nokudaro kuti musvike pakubhabhatidzwa; nokuda kwekugeza ikoko [nemvura] aizogamuchirwa naye, kana vakaishandisa, kwete kuti araswe [kana kuregererwa] zvezvimwe zvivi [chete], asi nokuda kwokunatswa kwomuviri; vachingofunga kuti mweya wakanga wacheneswa kwazvo kare nokururama. Zvino rinhi [vakawanda] vamwe vakauya vakaungana vakamukomba, nekuti vakavhunduka zvikuru [kana kufara] nokunzwa mashoko ake, Herodhi, uyo aitya kuti zvimwe simba guru rakanga rave naJohane pavanhu ringazozviisa musimba rake nepfungwa yokumutsa chimurenga., (nokuti vakanga vachida kuita chinhu chipi nechipi chaaizoraira,) akafunga zvakanakisisa, nokumuuraya, kuti adzivise njodzi ipi neipi yaangakonzera, uye kwete kuzvipinza mumatambudziko, nokurega munhu angamuita kuti apfidze pazviri pazvinenge zvanyanya. Naizvozvo akatumirwa musungwa, kubva mukunyumwira kwaHerodhi, kuna Macherus, nhare yandambotaura, uye akaurayirwa ipapo. Zvino maJuda aive nemafungiro ekuti kuparadzwa kwemauto aya kwakatumirwa sechirango pana Herodhi, uye chiratidzo chokusafarira kwaMwari kwaari.”
Idi rokuti Josephus haasanganisi Johane naJesu harishamisi sezvaringaratidzika; Mabasa 13:25 zvinoburitsa pachena kuti Johane akatanga kutaura nezvaJesu pakupera kwehushumiri hwake. Saizvozvowo, kunyangwe kunzwisisa kwake chinangwa chaHerodhi chekumuuraya kwakasiyana nenhoroondo dzeevhangeri; chokwadi chikuru chinobvumirana.
Dzinenge nyanzvi dzose dzinobvuma kuti ndima iyi ndeyechokwadi.
James Akangoita
Zvakanyanya kukosha zvakadaro, ndiko kunotevera kunongedza kufa kwaJakobho, mukoma waJesu, kubva kuAntiquities 20.9.1:
“Uye zvino Kesari, paakanzwa nezvokufa kwaFesto, akatumira Albinus kuJudhiya, semutongi. Asi mambo akanyima Josefa upristi hukuru, uye akapa kutevedzana kune chiremerera ichocho pamwanakomana waAnanus, uyo ainziwo Anano. … Asi Ananus mudiki uyu, WHO, sezvatakambokuudzai, akatora upristi hukuru, akanga ari murume akashinga pakutsamwa kwake, uye nokuzvitutumadza; akanga ariwo weboka ravaSadhusi, vanoomesa musoro pakutonga vatadzi, pamusoro pavamwe vaJudha vose, sezvatatoona; rinhi, saka, Ananus aive wechimiro ichi, akafunga kuti zvino akanga ava nemukana wakakodzera. Festo akanga zvino afa, uye Albinus aive ari munzira; saka akaunganidza dare ravatongi, vakauyiswa pamberi pavo mukoma waJesu, uyo ainzi Kristu, ainzi Jakobho, nevamwe; uye wakati avapomera mhosva sevakadarika murairo, akavaisa kuti vatakwe namabwe: asi kana vari avo vairatidzika kuva vakaenzana pakati pavagari vemo, uye vaya vakanga vasina kugadzikana zvikuru pakuputswa kwemirau, havana kufarira zvakaitwa; vakatumirawo shoko kuna mambo, vachimukumbira kuti atume kuna Ananosi kuti arege kuzoita saizvozvo, nokuti zvaakanga atoita kare zvakanga zvisingagoni kururamiswa; kwete, vamwe vavo vakaendawo kunosangana naAlbinus … Albinus akabva aita zvavaitaura, uye akanyora mukutsamwa kuna Ananus, uye akamutyisidzira achiti aizomuranga nokuda kwezvaakaita; Mambo Agripa akamutorera uprista mukuru, paakanga atonga mwedzi mitatu chete, uye akaita Jesu, mwanakomana waDhamuneosi, muprista mukuru.”
Kunze kwekusimbisa izvozvo mutungamiri wekereke yeJerusarema, ‘James the Just’, sokuzivikanwa kwaakaita, yairemekedzwa zvikuru nevaJudha (c.f. Mabasa 21:18-24), tine pano chirevo chisina kujeka kwaari se, ‘mukoma waJesu, uyo ainzi Kristu’.
Vamwe vatsoropodzi vakakarakadza kuti ‘ndiani anonzi Kristu’ Kududzirwa kwechiKristu: asi,
- Hapana chinhu muduramazwi, content, etc., kuratidza kuti chinyorwa chakakanganiswa neimwe nzira.
- Dai uyu anga asiri Jakobho mukoma waKristu, zvinoshamisa kuti Josephus haapi imwe ratidziro pamusoro peizvo Ananus akanga anazvo kuna Jakobho: nepo kuvenga hama yomunhu waaiti ndiMesiya wenhema kunonzwisiswa zviri nyore.
- Muvaravara wakataurwa naOrigen kubva muna c.200 AD. Panguva iyi vaKristu vakanga vachiri vashoma vaitambudzwa, uye naizvozvo akanga asina simba pamusoro pezviri mumanyuko eRoma kana kuti echiJudha.
- Josephus anotaura nezvevamwe vanhu vanopfuura gumi nevaviri vanonzi Jesu. Pane imwe pamagumo eiyi ndima uye, sezvinogona kuonekwa, Josephus anowanzogovera tsananguro dzokuwedzera kudzivisa kuvhiringidzika mumigariro yakadaro.
- Kutaura, ‘uyo ainzi Kristu’, zvinoenderana nemunhu, vakadai saJosephus, uyo aida kurekodha zita racho asingaritsigire. Asi kana mududziri wechiKristu akaona zvakakodzera kuwedzera chirevo kuna Jesu, hazvigoneke zvakanyanya kuti angadai akashandisa mutsara wakadaro usiri wekuzvipira.
- Chinangwa chaizove chei chekuwedzera kwakadaro? Vatsoropodzi vemazuva ano vanoti kwaive kugadzira fungidziro yenhoroondo: asi ufakazi hwose huripo hunoratidza kuti ikoku kwakagamuchirwa sechokwadi navaJudha navaRoma zvakafanana. Dai nhoroondo yaJesu yanga iri nyaya, nei kuri kuti hapana nerimwe raaya mashoko akanyorwa echiKristu apakuvamba anoshandisa Josephus nokuda kweichi chinangwa?
Vamwe vakatoti referensi yese ndeyekunyepera: asi uku kushuvira kufunga – hapana umboo hunotsigira kutaura kwakadaro. Pfungwa huru pakati pevanyori venhoroondo dzekunyengetedza kwese ndeyekuti ndima iyi ndeyechokwadi chose.
The Flavian Testimony
Chinyorwa cheTestimonium Flavianum, sezvazviri muBhuku 18, chitsauko 3, chikamu 3 ye shanduro dzose dziripo dzaJosephus’ Antiquities, inogona kushandurwa sezvinotevera (misiyano inogoneka inoratidzwa mumabhuraketi):
“Panguva ino kwaive naJesu, murume akachenjera, kana zvirokwazvo munhu akafanira kunzi murume. Nokuti ndiye akaita (zvinoshamisa / zvinoshamisa) anoshanda, uye mudzidzisi wevanhu vakagamuchira (chokwadi / zvisina kujairika) nekunakidzwa. Akamutsa mwoyo yavaJudha navaGiriki vazhinji. Akanga ari Kristu. Zvino Pirato paakamutongera kumuchinjikwa, sezvo akanga achipomerwa mhosva navakuru pakati pedu, vaya vaimuda kubva pakutanga havana kurega, nekuti wakazviratidza kwavari nezuva retatu, ndine upenyu zvakare, sezvo vaporofita vaMwari vakanga vafanotaura izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvisingaverengeki pamusoro pake. Uye kusvikira zvino kurudzi revaKristu, zvakadanwa kubva kwaari, haina kutsakatika.” (Antiquities, Book 3, Chikamu 3.)
Izvi zvakangonyanya kunaka kuti zvive chokwadi! Ndiani kunze kwemuKristu angadai akanyora zvikamu zvakasimbiswa? Saizvozvo, mashoko aya akatanga kutaurwa naEusebius mukutanga kwezana remakore rechina; nepo Origen, 100 makore apfuura, inotaura nezvaJosephus kuti, ‘apo asina kugamuchira Jesu nokuda kwaKristu, zvisinei akapupura kuti Jakobho akanga ari munhu akarurama.’ (Mhinduro pamusoro paMateo, 10.17.)
zvakajeka, saka, Josephus’ chinyorwa chepakutanga ane yakashandurwa. Mubvunzo ndouyu, ngani?
Iyi yave iri nyaya yenharo dzenyanzvi dzakawanda. Vamwe vanoti ndima yese ndeye manyepo; asi pane zvikonzero zvine musoro zvenhoroondo zvekuramba maonero aya.
- Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti ndima iyi 'haisi muchirevo'. Chitsauko chinotanga nenhoroondo dzekurwisana kuviri pakati pevaJudha naPirato, imwe pamusoro pemifananidzo yaKesari uye imwe pamusoro pekushandisa zvisina kufanira mari tsvene pabasa remvura. Tikadaro tina Jesu, vachipomerwa mhosva naPirato. Izvi zvinoteverwa netsanangudzo refu yezvinonyadzisa patemberi yaIsis muRoma, iro rakaparadzwa navapristi varo vakaurawa, uye pakupedzisira nenhoroondo yechimwe chinyangadzo chakakonzera kudzingwa kwevaJudha kubva muRoma. Kana chimwe cheizvi chaive 'kunze kwechirevo', chingava chiitiko cheIsis, izvo zvisina zvazvinoita panhau dzechiJudha; asi hapana anokahadzika kuti Josephus akanyora izvi, nekuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvakasununguka zvakabatanidzwa zvakajairwa nemaitiro ake.
- Zvisinei, chirevo chechinyorwa chinopa nharo ine simba zvikuru against iko kuiswa kwechiKristu, nokuda kwayo inotangira nhoroondo yaJohani Mubhabhatidzi, iyo inooneka zvitsauko zviviri gare gare, in 18.5.2. Josephus haateveri kuverengwa kwenguva kwakakomba, uye anoona Johane bedzi somuparidzi wokururama; saka anogutsikana nokutaura nezvaJesu’ Rufu, vachikurukura naPirato, uyezve rufu rwaJohane, muhurukuro yakazotevera pamusoro paHerodhi. Asi kubva pamaonero echiKristu, iyi ndiyo nzira isiriyo zvachose, saJohani pamberi zvaJesu; muKristu angadai asina hake kusarudza iri pfundo kuisa tsinhiro yakadaro.
- Josephus’ revo mundima yaJakobho, kuna ‘Jesu, uyo ainzi Kristu,’ pacharo zvinoreva kuti akambotaura nezvaJesu uyu. Testimonium Flavianum inotangira iyi nongedzero uye ndiyo tsananguro iri pachena yaJosephus’ allusion.
- Fungawo nezvetsinhiro yaOrigen yokuti Josephus ‘haana kugamuchira Jesu nokuda kwaKristu’. Ko aizviziva sei? Kana Josephus’ chirevo chete chaive, ‘Jesu, uyo ainzi Kristu,’ izvi zvingaita sezvisina basa sereferensi yekutsanangura chokwadi chezvakataurwa naOrigen.
- Sezvo Josephus achibvuma kuvapo kwaJesu kupfurikidza nokurondedzera Jakobho Akarurama somunun’una wake, ko sei asina kumbotaura nezvake?
Pane rimwe divi, kana tikangodzima zvikamu zviri pachena zvekufungidzira, tinowana izvi:
“Panguva ino kwaive naJesu, murume akachenjera. Nokuti ndiye akaita (zvinoshamisa / zvinoshamisa) anoshanda, uye mudzidzisi wevanhu vakagamuchira (chokwadi / zvisina kujairika) nekunakidzwa. Akamutsa mwoyo yavaJudha navaGiriki vazhinji. Zvino Pirato paakamutongera kumuchinjikwa, sezvo akanga achipomerwa mhosva navakuru pakati pedu, vaya vaimuda kubva pakutanga havana kurega. Uye kusvikira zvino kurudzi revaKristu, zvakadanwa kubva kwaari, haina kutsakatika.”
Shoko rechiGiriki rokuti ‘paradoxos’ inogona kushandurwa sekuti 'inoshamisa', kana kuti 'zvinoshamisa'. Vashanduri vechiKristu nenzira yomuzvarirwo vaizofunga yapashure, nepo Josephus angave aireva yokutanga. Shoko rakaturikirwa, 'chokwadi', ari 'talethe'; asi zvinowanzokurudzirwa kuti izvi zvinofanira kunge zvakaverenga, akauya’ (zvisina kujairika). Mutsara, 'haana kurega', rinoshandurwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti 'haana kurega (kumuda)', '… (kukonzera dambudziko)', etc., zvichienderana nemaonero emushanduri; asi, sezvo mazwi akaiswa mumabhuraketi asingabudi muzvinyorwa, Ndakazvivharira kushanduro chaiyoiyo.
saka, kana isu taongorora zvino nharo dze uye nekupokana nehuchokwadi hwechinyorwa chasara, tinowana:
- Chinosara chinopindirana zvikuru nebasa romuJudha asiri muKristu kupfuura iro romuKristu.
- Inotsanangura chikonzero nei Origen aizova nechokwadi chokuti Josephus haana kugamuchira Jesu. Hakuna mukristu angagutsikane nekutaura kwakadai kusina kujeka uye kusazvipira, izvo hazvipi kutsoropodza zviito zvevarume vakuru vechiJudha (kusiyana nekutakwa namabwe kwaJakobho) uye anoita seanoshamiswa zvinyoro-nyoro kuti maKristu haasati atsakatika.
- Ongororo yemagwaro inoratidza izvozvo, zvakatosiyana nezvikamu zvakadzimwa, mashoko nemanyorero anowirirana chose chose neayo aJosephus kune imwe nzvimbo mumanyoro ake. Izvi zvingave basa guru kunyange kune nyanzvi yemazuva ano. Sezvo John P. Meier, chimwe chezviremera zvikuru panyaya iyi chinotsinhira:
“Kuenzaniswa kwemazwi pakati paJosephus neTestamende itsva hakupi mhinduro yakatsvinda kuchinetso chouchokwadi asi kunotimanikidza kubvunza kuti ndechipi pazvinoitika zviviri zvinobvira zvikuru.. Ko muKristu womuzana ramakore risingazivikanwi akazvinyudza amene mumashoko namanyorero aJosephus zvokuti, pasina rubatsiro rwemaduramazwi emazuva ano nemakonikodhenzi, akakwanisa (1) akazvibvisa pamazwi etestamende itsva aaizotaura nawo nezvaJesu uye (2) budisa zvakakwana chiGiriki chaJosephus nokuda kwechizhinji cheTestimonium – pasina mubvunzo kuita kuti pave nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana – nepo panguva imwe chete ichiparadza mhepo nezvisimbiso zvishomanene zvechiKristu? Kana kuti zvinowanzoitika here kuti chirevo chepakati, (1) izvo zvatakatanga kuzvitsaura nekungotora izvo zvingabata chero munhu pekutanga sezvisimbiso zvechiKristu, uye (2) izvo zvatakazoona kuti zvakanyorwa mumutauro waJosephan wakasiyana kubva mukushandiswa kwetestamende itsva., chaizvoizvo rakanyorwa naJosephus amene? Pakati pezviitiko zviviri, Ini ndinoona yechipiri ichinyanya kuitika.” (Meier, ‘MuJudha WekuMarginal: Kufungazve nezvenhoroondo yaJesu)
Nyaya huru yehuchokwadi hweTestimonium inowanzoputirwa nekukanganisa uye kuvhiringidzika nedzimwe ndima dzaJosephan. (senyaya yekurovererwa pamuchinjikwa kwaMenakemi), pamwe chete nefungidziro pamusoro pezvimwe zvingangove zvakarasika zvinyorwa. Josephus angave akataura zvimwe zvishoma nezvaJesu, sezvinoratidzwa ne “Kitab al-'Unwan” document: pane rimwe divi, anogona kunge asina kurumbidza. Kuongororwa kwekombuta kwazvino kwaratidza zvimwe zvakafanana zvinoshamisa pakati peTestimonium nezvikamu zve Luke 24, zvichiratidza kuti vanyori vese vari vaviri vanogona kunge vakawana kwakare kune nhoroondo yaJesu’ Rufu uye Kumuka. Asi zvakare, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingapesvedzera maonero edu pamusoro pemashoko chaiwoiwo aJosephus’ chinyorwa chepakutanga, hazvichinje chokwadi chekuti zviripo.
Maonero edu pakupedzisira achava pasi pomurangariro wedu weizvo Josephus nenzira ine mufungo angave akakarirwa kutaura: asi mukana ndewekuti recension yadudzwa pamusoro inomiririra hwaro hwayo. Zvedu, kusiyana naOrigen, nyaya huru ndeyenhoroondo yaJesu Kristu; uye nereferensi pamwe chete nemitsetse iyi (yakakwana negadziridzo nevatsinhiri vechiKristu vakatsamwa!) ndiwo chaiwo rudzi rwekusimbisa kwekunze uko munyori wenhoroondo angatarisira kuwana.
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