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Zvakadini naJusto weTibheriasi?

Justo aiva munyori wenhoroondo dzechiJudha womuzana remakore rokutanga. Zita rake hariratidzike murondedzero yezvingabvira masosi nekuti hapana makopi asara ebasa rake. Zvisinei, Photius, 9th century Patriarch weConstantinople, inotiudza kuti haana kutaura nezvaJesu. Ichi chirevo chinowanzokanganiswa nekutaura hafu yemutsara chete uye ichiti yaive kutaura kwe'kushamisika’ kudivi raPhotius: asi, sezvinoratidzwa nemashoko akazara, hachisi chinhu chakadaro.

“Ndakaverenga nhevedzano yenguva yaJusto wokuTibheriasi, zita rake ndiro iri, [The Chronology of] madzimambo aJudha akatsivana. Izvi [Justus] vakabva kuguta reTibheriasi muGarirea. Anotanga nhoroondo yake kubva kuna Mosesi, uye haaperi kusvikira Agripa afa, wechinomwe [mutongi] wemhuri yaHerodhi, namambo wokupedzisira wavaJudha; uyo akatora hurumende yaKraudhiyo, yakanga yawedzerwa pasi paNero, uye zvakawedzera kuwedzera naVespasian. Akafa mugore rechitatu reTrajan, panopererawo nhoroondo yake. Anotaura muchidimbu mumutauro wake, uye anopfuudza zvishoma pamusoro pezvinhu izvo zvainyanya kukosha kusimbisirwa pazviri; uye kuva pasi perusaruro rwemaJuda, sezvo iye akanga ari muJudha pakuzvarwa, haatauri zvishoma nezvekuonekwa kwaKristu, kana kuti chii chakaitika kwaari, kana mabasa anoshamisa aakaita. Akanga ari mwanakomana womumwe muJudha, zita rake rainzi Pisto. Akanga ari murume, sokurondedzerwa kwaanoitwa naJosephus, yehunhu hwakanyanya; muranda wemari namafaro. Munhau dzevanhu akanga akasiyana naJosephus; uye zvine hukama, kuti akamurongera rangano zhinji; asi Josephus uyo, kunyange akanga ane muvengi wake nguva nenguva, aingomuzvidza nemashoko chete, naizvozvo ngaaende hake asina kurangwazve. Anoti zvakare, kuti nhoroondo yakanyorwa nomurume uyu ndeye, kune chikuru, fabulous, uye zvikurukuru pamusoro penzvimbo idzo dzaanorondedzera hondo yeRoma navaJudha, nokutorwa kweJerusarema.” (Library, Code 33)

Pfungwa nhatu dzinofanira kunyanya kucherechedzwa:

1. Zvose izvi zvinonyatsotitaurira kuti kopi yezana remakore rechi9 raJusto’ basa rakanga risingatauri nezvaJesu. Tichifunga kuti manzwiro anopikisa chiKristu anozivikanwa kuti akabviswa kubva kune mamwe masosi echiJudha, hatigoni kuva nechokwadi chokuti Justo’ basa rakanga risina kubatwa nenzira imwe cheteyo.
2. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vasina ruzivo vanovhiringidza Photius nabhishopi womuzana ramakore rechishanu weTire, uye vanoti vaKristu vakaparadza Justo’ basa mushure mekutendeuka kwaConstantine. zvakajeka, izvi hazvisizvo, saJusto’ basa richiri kuwanikwa mukupera kwe9th century. Zvimwe zvichida, zvaivepo chete kwete makopi akakwana yakaitwa kuti ikunde kuparadza kwenguva.
3. Photius ane perero yokunyora idi rokuti haana kuwana nongedzero kuna Jesu. Saka torega here mamwe mashoko ake pamusoro pechinangwa chaJusto’ shanda, zvikurukuru sezvavanotsigirwa naJosephus amene, muApendikisi yake 2nd Edition yeAntiquities?

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Semagumo, tinomanikidzwa kutsamira pamanyuko enyika enguva yapashure zvishoma. Zviri nyore sei!

Kure nazvo! Censorship yagara iri imwe yezvipingamupinyi zvikuru kuchokwadi, uye kunyarara kunowanzoonekwa seimwe yenzira dzinoshanda dzekudzvinyirira maonero ayo munhu asingabvumirani nawo. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvisinei, zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti maKristu akazotevera aivawo nemhosva panyaya iyi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti nongedzero zhinji dzapakuvamba kuna Jesu muzvinyorwa zvechiJudha dzakanga dzisingafariri kusvikira kupfundo rokutuka pachena: uye sezvo chiKristu chakawana simba repamusoro muHumambo, zvizhinji zveizvi zvakadzvinyirirwa nemaune. Kwavari, nyaya yacho yakanga isiri nhoroondo (panguva iyoyo hapana aikahadzika kuva kwenhoroondo kwaJesu); zvakaonekwa sechinhu chiri nyore chekudzivirira kunyomba. Mazuvano, tinoshuva kuti dai vasina kubudirira!

Kwaive kuparara kwakarongeka kwezvinyorwa zvisiri zvechiKristu nemaKristu kwakatipinza muNguva yeRima.

Saizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo pakanga pane kuparadzwa kwakati kuti kwemabhuku echihedheni pasi pamamwe madzimambo echiKristu, zviito izvi zvainyanya kunangana nemaitiro echihedheni kana dzidziso dzechiKristu uye hazviratidzike kunge zvakave nemugumisiro mukuru pakuwanikwa kwemabhuku echinyakare.. wo, kwakanga kusina kurongeka zvikuru kupfuura kuparadzwa kwezvinyorwa zvechiKristu namadzimambo asiri echiKristu. Kazhinji, zvinyorwa zvechinyakare zvaikosheswa zvakanyanya uye kuchengetedzwa kwazvo kwaive muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kwakachengetwa mumasangano akasiyana echiKristu.. Kumadokero, kurasika kwezvinyorwa kwainyanya kukonzeresa mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika neyemagariro zvakaperekedza kuparara kweHumambo hweRoma.. MuOrthodox Christian East, vaigara vachiwanikwa pachena, zvose pasi peByzantines uye zvakare pasi pekutonga kweMoslem; uye kubva ikoko ndiko kwakauya magwaro akakurudzira Renaissance zvakanyanya.

Muenzaniso wakaipisisa waive wekupiswa kweraibhurari huru yeAlexandria.

Ichi ndicho chimwe chikamu chakajairika chemashoko asiri iwo. Raibhurari yeAlexandria yakanga yatove kudzikira mukati 48 BC payakatambura nemoto mukuru wekutanga panguva yekupinda kwaJulius Caesar muguta. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda vanodavira kuti akawanda ezvinyorwa zvaro zvakaparara panguva iyi. Vamwe vevakapona vakaendeswa kumaraibhurari muRoma muzana remakore rokutanga AD. Iyo huru Museum neraibhurari zvakaparadzwa zvachose, pamwe chete nenzvimbo zhinji dzeguta, naMambo Aurelianin mukati 273 Ad. Kumwe kukuvadzwa kwakazoitwa muguta naDiocletian. Zvose izvi zvakatangira kusimuka kwechiKristu pakutonga pasi paConstantine.

Kasikana kadiki raibhurari, inozivikanwa se "Serapeum", vangave vakararama kusvikira kana kupfuura 391 Ad, apo temberi yechihedheni yayaigara yakaparadzwa naPatriarch Theophilis nemirairo yaMambo Theodosius.; asi izvi ndezvekufungidzira, sezvo pasina kutaurwa kwakajeka kwekupedzisira kweraibhurari.

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Anotiwo chiKristu kutenda mashura kunouraya, uye anoti maKristu aive nemhosva dzemhosva dzinosemesa!

Ndiwo maonerwo aiwanzogamuchirwa echiKristu munharaunda yeRoma; uye panguva iyoyo, murume akashinga chete ndiye aizozvipikisa pachena. Kutambudzwa kunotyisa kwaNero mukati 64 Ad, yakateverwa neyaDomitian mukati 96 Ad, uye kunyangwe tisina kutarisana nekutambudzwa, VaKristu vakaramba vasingadiwi nokuda kwokuramba kwavo kunamata Kesari kana kuti vamwari veRoma.

Mhinduro iyi, zvamazvirokwazvo yaida kudyara mhodzi yokupokana kuti zvichida chiKristu chakashanduka kuva chimiro chacho chazvino kubva pamavambo anopokana zvikuru. Izvozvo, kana chimwe chinhu, sezvineiwo ndizvo zvingaonekwa kubva muTsamba yaClement weRoma kuvaKorinde, yakanyorwa c. 96Ad:

“… takanonoka kutendeudzira ngwariro yedu kwairi … kupesana ikoko kunonyadzisa uye kusina utsvene, uyo uri mutorwa kumweya wavasanangurwa vaMwari, asi akatungidzwa navanhu vashoma vane mitsipa mikukutu, vasine hanya kusvikira kumhumhu youpenzi hwakadaro, kuti zvakaita kuti zvinhu zvakaipa zvitaurwe pamusoro pezita renyu, yaichimbova inokudzwa zvikuru uye inodiwa nenzira yakarurama navanhu vose. … Nokuti ani nani mutorwa pakati penyu, akasaratidza kunaka nokusimba kwerutendo rwenyu, kana kushamisika nekuzvidzora neruremekedzo rweutsvene hwechiKristu.? kana kuti hamuna kutaura pamusoro pekunaka kwenyu kwekugamuchira vaeni? … Zvose zvamakaita makanga musingatsauri vanhu; … makazviisa pasi pavatongi venyu … Pamusoro pemajaya wakaraira ndangariro dzakapfava uye dzakanaka; vakadzi vamakarayira kuti vaite zvose zvavakanga vafanira kuita nehana yakachena uye isina chaingapomerwa, vachipa kuvarume vavo vamene rudo rwakafanira kwavari …”

Zvisinei, isu hatisi kuvimba zvizere nehumbowo hwechiKristu kuratidza kuti maKristu aive asiri iwo nhubu idzi dzakavaita kuti vave.. Zvose zvinyorwa zvaPliny Muduku naLucian weSamosata (izvo zvatichaongorora gare gare muchikamu chino) zvinosimbisa tsika dzakarurama dzevaKristu vepakutanga. Kukanganisa kwavo chete chaiko, kubva pamaonero evaRoma, kwaiva kunonzi ‘kutenda mashura’ yekutenda mukumuka kwevakafa uye neHumwari hwaKristu, uye ‘kusada Mwari kwavo’ kurambwa kwavamwari veRoma noumwari hwaKesari.

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Asi maImperial archives haaizombodana Jesu, ‘Kristu’, uye Pirato akanga ari mutungamiriri, kwete procurator.

Zvinoshamisa, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodudza ikoku sokunge ufakazi hwakakomba hwokupindira kwechiKristu. Asi hapana ari kutaura kuti dura rehumambo rakamuti Kristu; uye Tacitus aisagona kutsanangura mabviro a‘maKristu’ pasina kushandisa zita, aigona here?

Nezve izwi rekuti 'procurator’ ane hanya, kunyangwe zvaiwanzoreva mukuru wezvemari wepurovhinzi, raishandiswawo kurondedzera gavhuna weboka rechitatu reruwa rweRoma, vakadai seJudhea. Josephus, semuyenzaniso, vanogara vachishandisa izwi nenzira iyi. (Ndima ya‘Jakobho Akarurama’ inotanga, “Uye zvino Kesari, paakanzwa nezvokufa kwaFesto, akatumira Albinus kuJudhiya, semutongi.”) Zvisinei, hapana wevanyori veTestamente Itsva anoshandisa izwi iri, achida kumurondedzera se 'gavhuna'; saka, kana chimwe chinhu, izvi zvinopokana nazvo kuve kupindira kwechiKristu.

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Zvose Tacitus’ mabhuku ane chokuita nenguva pashure pokunge kukombwa kwanyangarika nenzira inoshamisa. Sei? Sulpicius Severus, muzana remakore rechi5, inoti vaRoma vakaparadza Tembere yeJerusarema kuti risave kurudziro kumaJuda nemaKristu. Ko aizviziva sei? Vakaparadzwa here kuti vadzivise ruzivo rwekuti maKristu vaidyidzana nemaJuda uye vakarwa padivi pavo muHondo yemaJuda?

Very fanciful! Sezvo bhuku raMabasa richitiudza izvozvo, temberi isati yaparadzwa, kwakanga kune kuvapo kwakasimba kwechiKristu chechiJudha muJerusarema, kuti kunamata kwavo kwaibva patemberi, uye kuti mwero wakafanira wokushivirira mumwe nomumwe wakanga wakura mupesvedzero yaJakobho Wakarurama, chii chaivapo chokudzvinyirira? VaKristu vangave vakatsigira vaJudha mumazuva ekutanga okumukira. Zvisinei, apo mauto eRoma akarwisa Jerusarema vaKristu, kurangarira Jesu’ zviporofita, akasiya guta. VaJudha vaivaona sevatengesi veizvi, uye Jesu akava zita rinovengwa. Saizvozvo, kudai kwakanga kwave kwave kutaurwa kupi nokupi kwebatira pamwe yechiJudha nechiKristu naTacitus, kwaifanira kuva kusati kwaitwa kukombwa, kwete shure kwayo.

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The … Uchapupu hwaFlavian … inowanika mushanduro dzose dziripo dzaJosephus …

Aiwa hazviiti! Icho chiRussia chekunyepedzera!

Ichi chikamu chakajairika chemashoko asiri iwo. Iyo inonzi Josephus ndima yeRussia kana kuti yechiSlavonic chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru. Kududzirwa kwakareba kunowanikwa mune mashoma eRussia neRumanian shanduro ye'Hondo yemaJuda’ – kwete ‘Zvakare’ (mumakopi ose anozivikanwa ayo Testimonium Flavianum inogona kuwanikwa). Inodzokorora chinyorwa cheTestimonium (chimwe chinogona kukonzera kuvhiringidzika pakati pezviviri) asi nezvakawanda zvekuwedzera zverunako rwechiKristu zviri pachena. Nyanzvi shoma dzakati ingangove yakavakirwa pamanyuko ekare: asi pane humbowo hudiki hunotsigira izvi; uye maonero akapararira ndeokuti yakawedzerwa munenge muzana remakore rechi10 kana kuti rechi11.

Testimonium Flavianum pachayo inozivikanwa kuve iripo muchimiro chayo chemazuva ano kubva muzana ramakore rechina AD., payakanokorwa mashoko naEusebius mubhuku rake rinonzi Ecclesiastical History. Pane imwe chete inozivikanwa musiyano. A 10th century Arabic nhoroondo yenyika, “Kitab al-'Unwan”, yakanyorwa naAgapius, bhishopi wechiKristu Melkite weHierapolis, muAsia Minor, inoti kuna Josephus shanduro inotevera:

“Panguva iyi kwaiva nemumwe murume akachenjera ainzi Jesu. Mufambiro wake wakanga wakanaka, uye (iye) aizivikanwa semunhu akanaka. Uye vanhu vazhinji vaibva pakati pavaJudha namamwe marudzi vakava vadzidzi vake. Pirato akamutongera kuti arovererwe uye afe. Asi vaya vakanga vava vadzidzi vake havana kusiya kuva mudzidzi wake. Vakavaudza kuti akanga azviratidza kwavari mazuva matatu arovererwa pamuchinjikwa, uye kuti akanga ari mupenyu; naizvozvo zvimwe akanga ari Mesiya, avo vaporofita vakareva zvishamiso pamusoro pavo.”

Iyi vhezheni haina kunyanya kuoneka yechiKristu. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinokarakadza kuti ingatoratidzira Josephus’ mazwi ekutanga: asi vamwe vanofunga kuti ‘zvichida aiva Mesiya’ ratidza kuti yakagadziridzwa zvakare. Zvisinei, sezvo pasina chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa pamusoro pechinyorwa chaJosephus icho Agapius akatora mashoko aya, kungwara kwenyanzvi kunoraira kuti tinofanira kunangidzira ongororo yedu pamagwaro akajairwa, ane dzinza rinogona kurondwa 6 mazana emakore zvisati zvaitika.

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Cunning, anga asiri iye?

Cunning? Uye zvakadaro kusaziva zvakakwana kuti ubatanidze zviri pachena zvinoiswa zvechiKristu se, ‘Kana munhu achifanira kumuti murume’, ‘Akanga ari Kristu’ uye, ‘akazviratidza kwavari pazuva rechitatu, ndine upenyu zvakare, sezvakanga zvafanotaurwa nevaporofita vaMwari’? Kuita kuti izvi zviratidzike sezvine musoro iwe unofanirwa kufungidzira kanenge maviri anopindirana – yekutanga iine hunyengeri hunoshamisa uye hwakangwara, uye kuenda kudambudziko rakakura kungonyora kuzvizvarwa kuti Jesu ndiye aive mutungamiriri weboka raMesiya., vakaurayiwa vachirayira vaRoma, uyo akanga asina kutombotaurwa nezvake. (Verenga muchinyorwa chikuru kuti uone kuti Testimonium inotaridzika sei pasina kupindirana kuri pachena). Haana kunyanya kungwara zvachose, paunofunga nezvazvo!

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Josephus’ chepakutanga chaive chisiri chekurumbidza!

Zvimwe zvakadaro: asi hapana humbowo hwekukanganisa mundima yaJakobho, uye mamiriro ekutaura haanyatso kupa mukana wakawanda wekubatanidzwa kwemashoko anozvidza nezvaJesu., sezvo zvaizokanganisa rondedzero huru. Dai akataura zvakadai, ‘iye anonzi Kristu’, kana kuti ‘uyo akazviti Kristu’, rakachinjwa rini, uye naani? Sezvambotaurwa, yaizivikanwa munguva dzamaKristu asati ava nesimba pamusoro pezviri mumanyuko echiJudha neRoma. wo, uye sezvatinoona kubva muTestimonium, kana vashanduri veEusebius’ nguva vakanga vazvitora kuti vagadzirise ndima yacho, hazviite kuti vagutsikane nokuisiya sechinhuwo zvacho, ‘uyo ainzi Kristu’. Zvine musoro zvikuru kugumisa kuti Testimonium pachayo yakanga iri nongedzero shomanene.

Iyo testimonium inogona kunge isina kurumbidza pane yako yakagadziridzwa shanduro!

Ehe, zvinogoneka. Tinoziva kubva muTestamente Itsva kuti mamwe maJuda akataura zvinhu zvisingaite nezvaJesu.

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Dai nhoroondo yaJesu yanga iri nyaya, nei kuri kuti hapana nerimwe raaya mashoko akanyorwa echiKristu apakuvamba anoshandisa Josephus nokuda kweichi chinangwa?

Saka unoti!

OK, ngatitarisei izvi zvakadzama. Origen anotaura nezvaJosephus’ kureva Jakobho katatu:

“Uye mukurumbira mukuru wakadai pakati pavanhu wokururama wakasimudzirwa Jakobho uyu, kuti Flavius ​​Josephus, uyo akanyora ‘Antiquities of the Jews’ mumabhuku makumi maviri, pakuda kuratidza chikonzero chakaita kuti vanhu vatambure zvakanyanya zvekuti kana temberi yakaparara., akadaro, kuti zvinhu izvi zvakaitika kwavari sekutsamwa kwaMwari pamusoro pezvinhu zvavakanga vatsunga kuitira Jakobho munin'ina waJesu, anonzi Kristu.. Uye chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti, kuti, kunyange zvazvo asina kugamuchira Jesu saKristu, kunyange zvakadaro akapupura kuti kururama kwaJakobho kwakanga kuri kukuru; uye anoti vanhu vakafunga kuti vakanga vatambura zvinhu izvi nokuda kwaJakobho.” (Mhinduro pamusoro paMateo 10.17)

“Zvino munyori uyu, kunyange zvazvo vasingatendi kuti Jesu ndiye Kristu, mukutsvaka chikonzero chokuwa kweJerusarema uye kuparadzwa kwetemberi, nepo aifanira kutaura kuti kurangana kwaJesu ndiko kwakaparira ngwavaira idzi dziri kuwira vanhu., sezvo vakauraya Kristu, uyo akanga ari muprofita, anodaro zvakadaro – kuva, kunyange zvazvo achipesana nokuda kwake, kusiri kure nechokwadi – kuti njodzi idzi dzakaitika kuvaJudha sechirango chorufu rwaJakobho Wakarurama, aiva munun’una waJesu ainzi Kristu, – vaJudha vakange vamuuraya, kunyange zvake akanga ari munhu anokudzwa zvikuru pakutonga kwake. Paul, mudzidzi waJesu wechokwadi, anoti aiona Jakobho uyu sehama yaShe, kwete zvikuru nokuda kwoukama hwavo neropa, kana kurerwa kwavo pamwe chete, nokuda kwokunaka kwake uye nokudzidzisa kwake. Kana, ipapo, anotaura kuti kuparadzwa kweJerusarema kwakaitwa kuti kubate vaJudha nokuda kwaJakobho, haifaniri sei kunyanya kuenderana nechikonzero chekutaura kuti zvakaitika nekuda (yerufu) zvaJesu Kristu, vane humwari maKereke mazhinji ari zvapupu zvake, inoumbwa neavo vakaunganidzwa kubva mumafashamo ezvivi, uye vakazvibatanidza vamene noMusiki, uye vanoisa zviito zvavo zvose kukufarirwa Kwake.” (Against Celsus 1.47)

“Asi panguva iyoyo kwakanga kusina mauto akapoteredza Jerusarema, kurikomberedza nekurikomberedza nekurikomba; nokuti kukomba kwakatanga mukutonga kwaNero, uye yakagara kusvika hurumende yeVespasian, uyo mwanakomana wake Tito akaparadza Jerusarema, paaccount, sezvinotaura Josephus, raJakobho Wakarurama, munun’una waJesu ainzi Kristu, asi chaizvoizvo, sezvinojekesa chokwadi, nokuda kwaJesu Kristu Mwanakomana waMwari.” (Against Celsus 2.13)

Sezvauri kuona, rugwaro rwokutanga runongotaura nezveruremekedzo rukuru umo Jakobho aichengetwa navaJudha. Mamwe maviri anoitika mukati mekurukurirano pamusoro pezvikonzero zvokuparadzwa kweJerusarema (izvo Josephus sezviri pachena akanga anazvo, muchirevo charasika zvino, zvakapiwa mutongo waMwari nokuda kwechakaipa chakaitirwa Jakobho). Muzviitiko zvose izvi, Pfungwa huru yaOrigen ndeyekuti, kana uku kwaiva kutongerwa rufu rwaJakobho, zvikuru sei kwakanga kuri kutongerwa rufu rwaKristu. Origen haamboshandisi Josephus souchapupu hwaJesu’ historicity; ane hanya nezvinofungwa nevanhu nezvaJesu: kwete kuti vanotenda here kana kuti kwete kuti Akavapo.

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Saka kana ndima yaivepo, sei Origen asingazvitauri?

Anodaro, nokubvuma kuti Josephus haana kubvuma Jesu saKristu. Asi, sezvinoratidzika kuti ndima yapakuvamba yakanga isina chinhu chipi nechipi chinobetsera kwaari, uye inzwi rayo raiwanzoratidza kusafara (uye saka zvinogumbura, pamaonero echiKristu), chikonzero chei chaaive nacho chekutaura? Ukoshi hwayo chete sehumbowo hwekunze hweuchokwadi hwenhoroondo hwaJesu’ Hupenyu: uye muzuva rake iyoyo yakanga isiri nyaya, sezvakakurukurwa kare (kwira kumusoro kuti uongorore izvi).

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Chokwadi ndechekuti, Zvinyorwa zvekare zvechiJudha zvairatidza Jesu somwana asiri wepamutemo, mupanduki uye muroyi!

Sezvo mavhangeri anotiudza kuti Jesu’ vapikisi vakamupomera mhosva dzakadaro, tingava nechikonzero chakawanda chokusava nechokwadi nezvechinyorwa chenhau kudai nongedzero dzakadaro dzakanga dzisipo. Tinoziva kuti vakadaro, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakarasika. Zvisinei, ruzhinji rwacho rwakamuka mushure mekupesana pakati pechiJudha nechiKristu, zvichitevera kuparadzwa kweTemberi. Pakasvika nguva ino kuva nehanya kwenhau kwakanga kwapinda munyatwa yepfungwa dzokusarura.

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Ndizvozvo! ChiKristu chepakutanga chaingova muunganidzwa wengano dzemashura! Kwete kutenda kwakarongeka uko chechi yakazoshanduka.

'Usatya. Zvino zvave kubvumwa kuti chikamu chikuru cheTestamente Itsva chaive yakanyorwa na 70 Ad, kusanganisira tsamba dzaPauro, saka dzidziso yebhaibheri yakakosha yekutenda kwechiKristu yakanga yatotsanangurwa zvakajeka mukati mehupenyu hwezvapupu zvipenyu. Manongedzero kuchiKristu se‘kutenda mashura’ nevanyori venyika zvinofanirwa kuonekwa muchiedza chezvavanotenda. KuvaRoma, VaKristu vakanga ‘vasingatendi Mwari’, nokuti vakaramba maonero aiwanzoitwa okuti Kesari aiva mwari, uye ‘mashura’ nokuti vaitenda mukumuka kubva kuvakafa.

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Origen akati Jesu akatora zita racho kuna sekuru vake, Baba vaJosefa, ainzi Panther.

Kunze kwekuti hapana humbowo hwekuita kwakadaro – uye kunyange ipapo vaifanira kunge vari sekuru vamai vake.

Muitiro wacho wakanyorwa muTalmud yeBhabhironi: Yebamoth 62b. Ungave uchifunga kuti vangadai vakafungidzira kuti havasi vepamutemo saka vakashandisa mutsara wemajini kuburikidza naMaria, kana kuti kurangarira muitiro wapashure wokuronda dzinza rose rechiJudha kupfurikidza nemutsara wechikadzi. Asi tsika panguva iyoyo yaive yekutevera dzinza remurume.

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Asi sei runyerekupe rwainyatsotaura kuti baba vaive muuto reRoma?

Hausati wambonzwa here nyaya dzevasikana nemasoja?

Ndine chokwadi uye zvinonzwika kuve mukana wakawanda kana ukasatenga kuberekwa kwemhandara!

Hapana fungidziro. Uye vanhu veNazareta zvimwe haana tenga pfungwa yekuzvarwa nemhandara.

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