Kana Evhangeri Dzichitora Mamwe Manyuko, Izvi Zvinokanganisa Kutendeseka Kwavo?

Vanyori veVhangeri Vakaongorora Kwavanobva?

Kana zvakambounganidzwa zvaJesu’ zvirevo zvaivepo hapana chikonzero nei vanyori vevhangeri vaisafanira kunge vakazvitaura, chero vakagutsikana nekururama kwavo.

Kunyange zvazvo Ruka akanga asiri, sekuziva kwedu, chapupu chakaona Jesu’ ushumiri kana kumuka, itiro hanya yake yakaratidza ndeyokupa nhoroondo yakarongeka uye yakarurama. Kuchinja kubva 'ivo’ kuti 'isu’ muzvitsauko zveMabasa 16, 20, 21, 27 uye 28 akaperekedza Pauro munzendo dzake dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira nguva dzemuJerusarema, Roma uye kumba kwaFiripi muEvhangeri. Saka aive nemukana wakakwana wekunyatsoongorora kwaaibva, sezvaanoti aita. Sezvakataurwa kumwewo, mazuva ano anoiswa panzvimbo yepamusoro-soro pakati pevanyori vezvakaitika kare nekuda kwekururama uye kudzika kwezvinyorwa zvake.

Mako aive muzukuru waBarnabhasi (VaKorose 4:10), munhu aitungamirira mukereke yekutanga. Kumba kwaamai vake muJerusarema kwaiva nzvimbo yokusangana yechechi yaizivikanwa kuti Petro aipinda (Mabasa 12:2). The madzibaba ekereke yekutanga tiudze kuti akashanda semuturikiri waPetro. Nokudaro, tinoziva kuti aikwanisa kuwana nhoroondo dzekutanga dzaJesu’ upenyu nedzidziso. Zvinotoita kuti iye pachake aivapo pana Jesu’ kutengesa (kutaurwa kumuteveri wechidiki waJesu uyo ​​akatiza asina kupfeka kunowanikwa muna Mako chete 14:51-2).

Matthew, anozivikanwawo saRevhi, akanga ari mumwe wavapostori gumi navaviri, uye nokudaro angadai akaziva kubva muruzivo rwake amene kana manyuko ake akanga akavimbika kana kuti kwete.

John, sezvatotaurwa, aive mumwe wevanegumi nevaviri uye haaratidzike kunge akamboshandisa chero kwaakabva kunze kwendangariro dzake.

Uchapupu hwekutanga-ruoko ruzivo

Mutauro wepasi

Jesu aingoshumira vanhu vomunyika yake chete, uye nokudaro angadai akadzidzisa pakutanga nechiAramaic, iro raive rurimi rwemuno rwemuzana ramakore rekutanga reIsrael. Zvakataurwa kuti chechi yekutanga Madzibaba vanoti Mateu pakutanga akanyora muchiHebheru kana kuti chiAramaic. Asi kunyange zvazvo magwaro ose aripo akavakirwa pashanduro dzechiGiriki, uye mamwe evhangeri akanyorwa nechiGiriki, nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti evhangeri dzose dzinobudisa pachena uchapupu hwakajeka hwedimikira dzechiAramaic mumashoko akawanda anonzi akataurwa naJesu..

Uchapupu hwechiAramaic chaidzivirirwa hunonyatso pikisa kutaura kwokuti Evhangeri dzakava nhema dzechiGiriki. Uyewo haringoratidzi kuti mamwe mashoko akakopwa kubva mumanyoro ekare echiAramaic, nokuti chiitiko ichi chinocherechedzwa kwete mumitsara inopindirana chete, asi kunyangwe murondedzero dzinowanikwa muvhangeri rimwe chete. Semuyenzaniso, kushandiswa kwakadzokororwa kwe 'uye’ munhoroondo yaRuka yekuzvarwa kwaJesu (Lk 2) chiAramaic: asi kwete muGiriki. Zvakafanana, Nhoroondo yaJohani pachake ine zviAramaism zvakawanda. Izvi zvinopikisa zvakasimba kuti vanyori vangave vaine yavo yekuzvimiririra, native sources, kana kuti ivo pachavo vaifunga nechiAramaic.

Maonero emunhu

Kana vanyori vevhangeri vaive nemanyuko avo tinofanirwa kutarisira kuwana misiyano inoratidza aya manyuko emunhu uye ndangariro dzezviitiko.: uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika. Imwe neimwe ine misiyano uye ndima dzese dzakasiyana nemunyori iyeye, uye kusiiwa uko kubva kune vamwe hakugone kuverengerwa kunze kwekungotaura kuti izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvekunyepedzera kana imwe yakasarudzika.

Even more interesting, zvichida, ndiyo dzimwe nguva misiyano yakavanzika kunyange mundima dzinozivikanwa. Semuyenzaniso, despite its brevity, Evhangeri yaMako inosanganisira kuona kwaJesu’ zviito zvomunhu oga zvisingawaniki munhoroondo dzakafanana dzaMateo naRuka, (e.g. 1:41, 3:5, 9:23-5, et al.). Kana Mark aingokopa kubva kune mamwe masosi, kana kuti vamwe vakanga vatevedzera kubva kwaari, mashoko madiki aya haatsananguriki zviri nyore: asi zvinonzwisiswa zviri nyore mumashoko akapoteredza echipupuriro chomunhu oga chaPetro icho Marko anoshumwa kuva akavakira evhangeri yake..

Tsika Yakarasika.

Paresitina munguva yaJesu yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru netsika dzenharaunda dzakapoteredza dzeGiriki neRoma. Asi 40 makore mushure maJesu’ Rufu, Temberi yeJerusarema yakaparadzwa. Mukati 100 makore, Hadrian akanga atumidza zita reguta Aelia Capitolina, akavakira Jupiter temberi panzvimbo yekare yetemberi ndokupa murayiro, kurambidza kudzingiswa pamarwadzo erufu, izvo zvakakonzera kumukira kwaSimon Bar Kochba, anozviti ndiye Mesiya, muAD 132. Yakabviswa zvisina tsitsi; 50 nzvimbo dzakasimbiswa uye 985 misha yakaparadzwa. saka, zvakare, raiva Jerusarema; payakavakwa patsva, pamwero muduku seboka revarwi veRoma, vaJudha vose vakarambidzwa. Bar Kochba kutambudzwa kwevaKristu, uyo akaramba kuita maererano nemhaka yake, yakaratidzawo kupatsanurwa kwekupedzisira pakati pechiJudha nechiKristu.

Zvakadaro, Sezvatakakurukurwa, chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvakazvidza vatsoropodzi vepamusoro’ dzidziso dzine chokuita nekwakabva evhangeri dzave dziri ‘uJudah’ chaihwo’ yeakaundi, uye upfumi hwoudzame hwenhau hwapedyo hwahuri – kutsanangura nemazvo tsika dzetsika dzisingazivikanwi netsika dzeGraeco-Roman umo chiKristu chakanga chadzika midzi uye pamwero wehuwandu husingawanikwe kune munyori akazotevera..

Verifiable details

Semuyenzaniso, muvhangeri rake Ruka (3:1) anotaura nezvaRisanias seTetrarch of Abilene munguva yaJohane mubhabhatidzi, c. 27 Ad. Zvaimbonzi munhu akadaro ndiye chete akafa 36 BC: asi chinyorwa chakanyorwa pakati 14 uye 29 AD uye kureva ‘Lysanias Tetrarch’ yakawanikwa pedyo neDhamasiko.

Ruka anotsanangurawo kuti sei, muna Jesu’ guta rokumusha reNazareta, vanhu vomuguta vakanga vane hasha vakamutungamirira kumucheto kwechikomo pakanga pakavakirwa guta ravo, vachida kumurasa (Lk 4:29). Nazareta yakagara sezvakatsanangurwa naRuka. Asi yakanga iri nzvimbo isingakoshi zvokuti haina kududzwa mundaza dzaJosephus dzamataundi nemisha yaIsraeri., kana kuti Talmud. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakatotaura kuti yakanga isiko muna Jesu’ zuva - kusvika 1962, when its name was discovered in an inscription of the period from Caesarea. wo, an kunyorwa kunonakidza iyo yakazoonekwa muNazareta* inoratidza kuti, kutanga kwezana remakore rokutanga, musha usina kujeka uyu ungave wakakwezvawo kutarisa kweasiri munhu mudiki kuna Claudius Caesar.

Muna Mabasa 19:24-41, Ruka anotsanangura mhirizhonga yeguta rose uye kuungana kwevanhu ('Ecclesia') muimba yemitambo paEfeso. Kuchera matongo kwakafukunura imba yemitambo inokwanisa kubata 25,000 vanhu, uye zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti zvechokwadi yakanga iri nzvimbo yepamutemo ya‘Muparidzi.’

Ruka anonyorawo mashoko akawanda, zvakadai semazita chaiwo uye mazita evakuru vakuru vehurumende vashoma vanozivikanwa, idzo dzakarurama zvikuru uye dzaigona bedzi kuve dzakanyorwa nomumwe munhu ane ruzivo rwakakwana rwenzvimbo idzodzo panguva chaiyoiyo yokunyora.. Semuyenzaniso, anorondedzera mutongi weMarita, kwavakaputsikirwa nechikepe (Mabasa 28:7), sa 'Mukuru Mukuru weChitsuwa’ – zita risina kujairika, asi zvinyorwa zvinozvisimbisa. Anotaura nezvaGario somutongi woruwa rweAkaya apo Pauro akanga ari muKorinte (Mabasa 28:12). Tsamba yakabva kuna mambo Kraudhio, inowanikwa kuDelphi, zvinoreva 'Lucius Junius Gallio, shamwari yangu mubati weAkaya’. Chii chimwe, zvakaonekwa kuti akabata chigaro ichi kwegore rimwe chete, kubva 51-52 Ad; uye misi inoenderana nenhoroondo yaRuka. Nguva zhinji nyanzvi dzakapokana nekururama kweizvi zvinhu: nguva nenguva zvakawanwa zvakatevera zvakaratidza kuti Ruka akanga akarurama.

Zvakare nezvakawanda zvakawanda zvetsika dzePalestine uye mararamiro-maitiro, kune zvinhu zvakakura. Zvaimboitwa nharo kuti vadzidzi vese, pamwe naJesu, yaisagona kukwana muchikepe chimwe chete chokuraura cheGarirea: asi mu 1986 zvakasara zvechikepe cheGarireya chenguva iyoyo zvakawanikwa: zvakanga zvava kuda 8 mamita kureba uye pamusoro 2 mamita akafara – nyore kukura zvakakwana! Johane nenzira yakafanana anopa tsananguro yakajeka (Jn 5:2-3) wedziva muJerusarema, Bethesda, iyo yakaparadzwa navaRoma. Kuchera kwakafukunura zvisaririra zvayo uye, sezvinotaura Johani, rakanga rine mabiravira mashanu; urongwa uhwu husina kujairika huri nekuda kwekukamura kwepakati kukamura dziva nepakati.

Uyezve kune nzvimbo tsvene. Semuyenzaniso, paKapenaume pane masara echechi yeByzantine. Pazasi peizvi pakanga pakachengetedzwa zvine ruremekedzo zvisaririra zvechivakwa chakatokura, sezviri pachena yakavakwa seimba muzana ramakore rekutanga BC uye yakachinjirwa kunzvimbo yekunamatira veruzhinji mukupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga AD.. Maererano naEgeria (c. 380 Ad), ‘PaKapenaume, imba ye (muchinda wavapostori) yakaitwa chechi, nemadziro ayo ekutanga achiripo.’ Kana chokwadi, iyi yaizova imba yambuyawasha vaSimoni Petro, uko kwakagara Jesu muKapenaume. Asi kunyange kana zvisiri, kuvakwa kwayo zvechokwadi kunopindirana nerondedzero dziri munhoroondo dzeevhangeri.

Kunewo makuva muJerusarema, muna 'Ishe Akachema'’ catacombs, nezvinyorwa zvakaita se, ‘Jesu, iva netsitsi', uye ‘Jesu, ndirangarireiwo pakumuka’. Kufambidzana kubva pakati 35 uye 50 Ad, vanoratidza zvakajeka kuti kwaiva nevatendi muguta panguva yakapiwa naRuka muna Mabasa. Rimwe remazita, 'Shappira', rinowanikwa muna Mabasa 5:1, uye hakuna kumwe kunobva 1st century, Mukristu kana asiri mukristu. Kwete izvozvo chete: asi paGomo reMiorivhi, pedyo neBhetania, guva remhuri yezana ramakore rekutanga rakawanikwa riine mabhokisi akawanda ematombo, mamwe acho akanga akanyorwa nemichinjikwa nezita raJesu. Pakati pavo paiva nevatatu vainzi Mariya, Marita naEriazari (mutsauko we 'Razaro'). Iyi ingava chaizvoizvo nzvimbo yokuzorora yokupedzisira yomurume akamutswa naJesu kubva kuvakafa (c.f. John 11:1-2)?

Innate Jewish

Sezvambotaurwa, pane humbowo hukuru hwechiAramaism nekushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvechiJudha mune zvese zvakataurwa naJesu uye nezvikamu zvinorondedzera zveevhangeri.. Jesu anoshandisawo nzira dzavanaRabhi dzokupokana, sekupindura mubvunzo nemubvunzo (e.g. Lk 2:46-9, 20:3-4, 20:41-4, etc.) uye kufunga kusina maturo kunoratidzirwa nechirevo chacho, ‘ko zvanyanya..’ (e.g. Mt 6:28-30, 7:9-11, Lk 11:13, etc.). Nguva zhinji mukudzidzisa kwake, Jesu anodzokorora kana kuti anototaura mashoko avanarabhi vechiJudha. Anowanzoshandisawo matauriro echiJudha, zvakadai se hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration, sezvakaita Mt 7:3-5, 19:24, 23:24, Lk 14:26, etc.).

Ipapo kune zvakawanda zvinonongedzera kutsika nemaitiro echiJudha. Pane zvakawanda zvinotaurwa nezvezvibayiro zvechitendero, mazuva emabiko, nezvimwewo. Vakawanda vakashamisika kuti nei Jesu nevadzidzi vake sezviri pachena vakadya Paseka yavo mangwanani-ngwanani, apo 'official’ Paseka yakatanga manheru ezuva rakafa Jesu. Asi tsvakurudzo inoratidza vaGarireya, nemamwe mapoka, havana kuverenga zuva kubva pakuvira kwezuva kusvikira pakuvira kwezuva, sezvaiitwa nemutemo; zvokuti paseka yavo yakatanga kwavari manheru akanga apfuura. Ipapo kune makwikwi nemibatanidzwa isina kugadzikana pakati pevaFarisi, vaSadhusi, VaHerodhi nevakuru veRoma, uye ruvengo rwavaJudha nokuda kwavaSamaria nokuzvidza kwavo kwose kwavasiri vaJudha.

Jesu pachake anouya semuJudha asinganyari uye achinangidzira ushumiri hwake pachake kuvaJudha; kunyange zvazvo asina kufanana nevakawanda vepanguva yake iye akakurumidza kuziva uye kurumbidza kutenda kwechokwadi pakati pevasiri vaJudha. Asi dai zvikamu zvikuru zveevhangeri zvakaitwa, kana kunyange doctored, nezvinyorwa zvechiGiriki, sevanotsoropodza vanoda kupa zano, kusimbisa kwakasimba kwechiJudha kwaJesu’ kudzidzisa, uye nekereke yekutanga (e.g. Mt 10:5-6, Mk 7:24-30, Mabasa 11:19), zvakaoma zvikuru kutsanangura.

Kunyange evhangeri yaJohane, inowanzonzi ndiyo yekupedzisira kunyorwa, yakazara muhudzamu hwakafanana. Pane imwe nguva zvainzi mashoko akawanda echitendero nemirangariro zviri muEvhangeri yake zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi panguva iyoyo uye zvakatozotanga kushandiswa muzana remakore rechipiri.. Kuwanwa kweMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa kwakaramba zvine mutsindo nharo iyoyo; nokuti ane manyoro mazhinji evaEssene epanguva yaKristu anoshandisa mashoko akafanana zvikuru. Chokwadi, saka zvechiJudha zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti vamwe zvino vanofunga kuti ndiro vhangeri rekutanga kunyorwa, nepo vamwe vachiti Jesu angave aitova muEssene pachake!

Fiction kana kuti non-fiction?

Vatsoropodzi vanoedza kutaura kuti evhangeri mhedzisiro ye'kushongedzwa’ nevanyori, uye kuti nhoroondo dzaJesu’ dzidziso nezvishamiso zvakagadziridzwa sezvinodiwa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa nekereke yekutanga. Asi zvese izvi zvese uye zvakawanda, zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti vanyori veevhangeri vainyatsoziva tsika dzekutanga kwezana ramakore rePalestine.. Dai dzaive dzakazogadzirwa, sezvo vadzidzi vanoshuva kuzvirasa vanofanira kutenda, mwero wakadaro wekuenderana mune zvakadzama ungadai usina kuwanikwa.

Zvikumbiro zvakadaro zvinotadzawo kutora nhoroondo yezvino kugamuchirwa kufambidzana kwekutanga kweevhangeri uye humbowo hwe kuvimbika kwevanyori vevhangeri, inokurukurwa munyaya inotevera.

The New Testament letters make it clear that there was intense concern amongst the early church leaders to prevent any corruption of the teachings of Jesus. Semuyenzaniso, vamwe vanoti Pauro aive 'mushonga' mukuru; asi tsamba dzake dzinomuratidza kuva anongwarira zvikuru kwete kuvhiringa mafungiro ake nedzidziso dzaJesu: ‘Ndinopa murayiro uyu (kwete ini, asi Ishe): … Kune vamwe vose ndinotaura izvi (I, kwete Ishe): …’ (1 Corinthians 7:10-12). Saka dai paive nehuwori hwaJesu’ dzidziso panguva yekutanga kudaro, apo vaapostora pachavo vakanga vachiri vapenyu, munhu angatarisira ufakazi hwakajeka hwegakava guru. Izvi hazvisizvo; asi Mabasa netsamba zvinonyatsotaura nharo pamusoro pekudzingiswa, semuyenzaniso. Zvakafanana, kuparadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvenhema neapokirifa (kusanganisira shanduro yeGnostic yevhangeri yaMako) muzana remakore rechipiri rakamutsa kukakavara, sezvakataurwa muzvinyorwa zve Irenaeus.

Saka chii chatingagumisa zvine musoro? Kubva pauchapupu hwakaratidzwa zvinoita sekuti vanyori veevhangeri vakaiswa zvakanaka kuti vasimbise kana kuramba chokwadi chezvinyorwa zvavo., uye kuti nhoroondo dzakaratidzwa ndedzekuti, mukuona kwavo, kuratidzwa kwechokwadi uye kwakavimbika kwechokwadi chine chokuita noupenyu noushumiri hwaJesu.

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