Vhangeri raTomasi.

Chii?

Vhangeri raTomasi igwaro ripfupi, zvichireva kuti zvine ‘mashoko akavanzika akataurwa naJesu mupenyu uye Didymos Judas Thomas akarekodha'. Kunyange zvazvo riine mamwe mashoko anowanikwa muna Mateu naRuka, inopindirana nemamwe maitiro anoratidza kuti yakaitwa neboka rakakamukana.

Chete 3 mienzaniso inorarama. Zvimedu zviviri, yakanyorwa nechiGiriki, akawanikwa kuOxyrhynchus, Ijipita, nezve 100 makore apfuura. Rugwaro chete rwakakwana rwakawanikwa kuNag Hammadi, Ijipita, in 1945 uye ishanduro yeCoptic, yakawanikwa pakati pezvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvegnostic.

Kupfimbana

Kufambidzana kwaThomas kune fungidziro huru uye maonero enyanzvi anosiyana zvakanyanya. Iwo Nag Hammadi mameseji anobva kutenderera 340 Ad. Iwo maOxyrhynchus zvimedu ane date kutenderera 140 Ad, pamwe kare. Nyanzvi dzakati wandei dzinotenda kuti ndeyekunyora kwezana ramakore rekutanga.

Idi rokuti rinopa Jakobho Wakarurama nzvimbo mugadziriro youmwari yezvinhu iyo iye kana kuti Jesu vangadai vasina kutsigira. (Ona pazasi), inotaura zvakasimba kuti zuva rekutanga rinogoneka harisati rasvika imwe nguva mushure James’ kufa mukati 62 Ad (cf. Josephus, ‘Zvekare’, 20.9.1). Kusiyana, tine uchapupu hwakanaka kuti Mabasa akapera nokukurumidza zvisati zvaitika, kana pashure zuva iri; naRuka, Mako uye manyoro aPauro anobvumwa kuti pakuvamba zvikuru. Saka, pahwaro hwekufambidzana, Testamende Itsva ine chirevo chekutanga.

Kuvimbika Kwemashoko

Chero zuva rayo rechokwadi, kunzi ibasa ra‘Didymos Judas Thomas’ haina kuvimbika. For, kunyange zvazvo Johane achitaurawo nezva‘Tomasi, anonzi Didymus', mabatirwo aaya sokunge aive mazita akasiyana anoratidza kusaziva kwemunyori uyu kusaziva chiAramaic; nokuti 'Didymus’ inongova shanduro yechiGiriki yechiAramaic, ‘Thomas’ (zvose zvinoreva, 'mapatya').

Vamwe vanhu (kwete vadzidzisi, kazhinji!) vanoti Tomasi ndiye tsime rakachena kupfuura mavhangeri etestamende itsva, sezvo isina kusvibiswa. Asi izvi zvinoongororwa nenhoroondo, uye chokwadi hachibudisi pachena.

Tomasi ane mashoko akawanda asingawaniki mune api zvawo eEvhangeri. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe aiwaya angava akanokorwa mashoko echokwadi kubva kuna Jesu, zvimwe zviri pachena kuti ndeepashure. Semuyenzaniso:

12) Vadzidzi vakati kuna Jesu, “Tinoziva kuti muchatisiya. Ndiani achava mutungamiri wedu?” Jesu akati kwavari, “Hazvinei kuti uripi unofanira kuenda kuna James the Just, denga nenyika zvakavapo nokuda kwake.”

Jakobho akarurama akanga ari mumwe waJesu’ Hama. Asi mavhangeri anotiudza izvozvo panguva yaJesu’ hushumiri hwepanyika, vanun'una vake vakanga vasingatendi kwaari (John 7:5, Maka 3:21). Mushure mokumuka kwake ndipo pavakazopinda chechi (Mabasa 1:14), uye James zvishoma nezvishoma akakwidziridzwa, pakupedzisira akava mukuru mukuru wekereke muJerusarema (Mabasa 12:17, 15:12 uye 21:18). Yakanga isiri iyo kusvikira panguva iyoyo, makore mushure Jesu’ Rufu, kuti akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti ‘Wakarurama’ nokuda kwekururamisira kwaaiita muKristu aipokana, Fariro dzechiJudha nedzeMamwe Marudzi. saka, zvakatosiyana nekusagoneka kwaJames ari chikonzero chekusika, Zviripachena kuti mashoko aya haasi echokwadi.

Zvinogoneka zvakare kuronda hupombwe hunoenderera mberi hwaThomas nekuenzanisa mabviro maviri asara. Tarisa chirevo ichi kubva kune yakazotevera Nag Hammadi chinyorwa:

“Jesu akati: Anotsvaka ngaarege kurega kutsvaka kusvika awana; uye kana awana, achavhiringidzika (kunze kwake); uye kana avhiringidzika, achashamiswa, uye achatonga pamusoro paVose.”

Mutauro pano ndeweGnostic mutoni, kunyanya mukushandisa kwayo izwi, 'Zvose'. Zvisinei, izvo zvekutanga Oxyrhyncus zvimedu zvinongotaura:

“(Jesu anodaro:) Rega anoona(ks) kwete kumira (kutsvaga kusvika) anowana; uye kana awana (achaita) shamiswa, uye kuva (astoun)d, achatonga; an(d kutonga), achaita (re)st.”

‘Zvose’ zviri pachena wedzero yapashure uye kutaura kwayakatsiva, ‘achazorora” inoyeuchidza Mateu 11:28, “Uyai kwandiri mose makaneta makaremerwa uye ini ndichakuzorodzai”. Chikamu chekutanga chechirevo chakafananawo naMateo 7:7-8 naRuka 11:9-10, “Kumbirai uye muchapiwa; tsvakai uye muchawana; gogodzai uye muchazarurirwa mukova. Nekuti wose unokumbira unogamuchira;; anotsvaka anowana … (etc.)”. Zvisinei, kunyangwe mushanduro yekutanga, pfungwa yekushamisika (mushure mekuvhiringidzika) sekuve nhanho inodiwa panzira inoenda pakutonga kunoratidzika kunge kwakafanana nepfungwa yevasingazivi pane dzimwe dzidziso dzinozivikanwa dzaJesu..

Saka, kure nekukurudzira kuti Thomas inzvimbo yakachena, umboo hunoratidza kuti chinyorwa chave chichigadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Zvidzidzo Zvinobatsira

Pasinei nezvinhu zviri pachena zvenhema, Tomasi anokosha chaizvo kunyanzvi nokuti zvimwe zvikamu zvaro zvinoita sokuti zvakabva kune zvakafanana nezvakaitwa nevanyori. Apo zvinyorwa zvinopindirana neEvhangeri, izvi zvinogona kupa zviratidzo zvemataurirwo chaiwo echiAramaic chepakutanga, sezvakarehwa naJesu. Kuongorora magwaro kunoratidza kuti kumwe kunokorwa mashoko kungatopa shanduro iri nani yechiAramaic kupfuura inowanwa muEvhangeri.: kunyange mune zvimwe zviitiko, shanduro dzeEvhangeri dzinoita sezviri nani.

Zviri pachena, kunoshuviwa zvikuru kutsvaka kududzira kwakarurama kunobvira kwaJesu’ mazwi ekutanga. Zvisinei, inofanira kugara ichirangarirwa kuti misiyano yerudzi urwu ishoma, uye hazvina simba guru pashoko rose kupfuura kuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana kweshanduro dzemazuva ano.

Zvine mubvunzo

Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaedza kushandisa Tomasi se‘uchapupu’ kutsigira dzidziso yekuti zvese nevhangeri zvakatorwa kubva kune yekutanga ‘Evhangeri Yemashoko’ izvo zvinonzi zvine 'chokwadi’ mashoko aJesu. Dzidziso ye'Q’ kwakabva maevhangeri evhangeri anokurukurwa kumwewo. Chinokosha pano ndechokufunga kuti Tomasi pachake anotsigira pfungwa yakadaro kusvika papi.

Zvinonzi pane anenge 30% kuwirirana kwemashoko ari muna Tomasi neari muna Mateu naRuka; uye kuti mashoko anowanikwa mumatatu ose anobva muEvhangeri yeMashoko. Kana mashoko aya ainyatsozivikanwa kuti akabva mugwaro rimwe chete, iyi inogona kunge iri mhedziso ine musoro. Zvisinei:

• ‘Evhangeri Yemashoko’ chivakwa chekufungidzira chete: hapana ufakazi hwakaoma hwokuti yakambovapo chaizvoizvo.
• Tomasi mupfupi zvikuru kupfuura vhangeri raMako; uye nhamba iyi inoreva 30% zvaTomasi: kwete neimwe nzira. Huwandu hwakakura hwakasiyana nechero chinhu chiri muevhangeri.
• Kuwirirana pakati pemagwaro kunoita kuti zvivepo kuti pane imwe mhando yekufanana pakati pezvinyorwa zvavo. Hazvitiudzi kuti kuwirirana uku kwakauya sei. Mazwi aya anoti kureva kubva kune imwe nzvimbo (Jesu pachake); saka, kunyangwe kwaive nemaakaundi akawanda, huwandu hunokosha hwezvinhu zvakajairika hunenge huchiri kutarisirwa. Uye, sezvambotaurwa, Ruka anobvuma kuvapo kwete bhuku rimwe chete rakanyorwa, asi vazhinji.
• Hukama chaihwo hwakanyanya kunetsa kupfuura zvinorehwa nezvirevo izvi. Dzimwe ndima dzakafanana zvikuru: mamwe akafanana nezvikamu zvezvirevo zvinowanikwa muevhangeri. Asi hapana kuwirirana kuri pachena mukurongeka kwemharidzo.
• Tichifunga zviri pamusoro, vadzidzi vazhinji vanobvumirana kuti, chero chinyorwa chingave chakashandiswa nemunyori waTomasi, zvanga zviri kwete zvakafanana nezvakashandiswa nevanyori veEvhangeri.
• Kudzokororwa kunoitwa nevamwe vatsigiri vedzidziso iyi, kureva kuti chirevo chipi nechipi chinowanwa muna Mateo naRuka, asi kwete Tomasi, hachisi chirevo chechokwadi chaJesu, ndizvo zvisingaite zvakanyanya. Panzvimbo, zvine musoro kugumisa kuti kuitika kwechirevo chimwe chetecho muevhangeri mbiri kana kupfuura, asi kwete Tomasi, zvinongowedzera kusahadzika pane imwe dzidziso isingatsigirwi yavakatora kubva mugwaro rimwechete remabviro.

Ziva kuti izvi hazvireve izvozvo, pakati pemamwe magwaro anotaurwa naRuka, gwaro rakafanana naQ kana kuti Evhangeri Yemashoko ringadai risina kuvapo uye rakashandiswa semanyuko: zvingadaro. Asi fungidziro yakadaro, yakagadzirwa pahwaro hwekufanana kuri pakati pemagwaro aya, haigoni kubatwa zviri pamutemo sokunge kuti ichokwadi chakagadzwa, kupa mushandisi kodzero yekurasa ese asingaenderane ndima seasiri echokwadi. Nharo yakadaro yakatenderedza zvakanyanya mukufunga kwayo.

Mhedziso

Muchidimbu, Thomas igwaro rinonakidza rakakosha kune vanoongorora zvinyorwa. Asi, sezvo iine zvishoma munzira yehumbowo humbowo, zviri pachena kuti hazvisi izvo zvarinozviti ndizvo uye rakatambura neupombwe, harina ukoshi hwezvoumwari chaihwo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti manyuko aro chaizvoizvo kuvakwazve kwakavakirwa zvikurukuru paEvhangeri, saka chero inotaura kuti ndeyechokwadi inogona kuita zvinoenderana neizvi. Nokudaro, hapana kupokana kwehungwaru kwekutaura Thomas sezvikonzero zvekuramba chero chinhu kubva muevhangeri yetestamende itsva..

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