Uxwebhu Best-ibhalwe Kubo Bonke.

Intshayelelo.

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele izinto, kufuneka saneliseke kukuba umbhalo esinawo namhlanje uyikopi echanileyo yemibhalo yantlandlolo. Abachasi ubuKristu bahlala bebanga ukuba ayithembekanga: kodwa le, injalo, ayikwazanga kude inyaniso. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakudala yeli xesha ababhali-mbali abayithathi lula, hayi enye uyeza kude kufutshane neTestamente Entsha ngokobuninzi nomgangatho wobungqina bokuchaneka kwayo.

Agcinwa Njani Amaxwebhu Amandulo?

Ngamaxesha amaninzi, ngenye into, ikopi yoqobo okanye isiqwenga soxwebhu lwakudala sisekho nanamhlanje: kodwa amathuba okuba oku kwenzeke makude kangangokuba akukho luncwadi lubalulekileyo lwala maxesha olukhe lwagcinwa ngolu hlobo. Izinto zokubhala zelo xesha zazinokonakala; kwaye kokukhona zisetyenziswa, ngokukhawuleza babeya kuthoba isidima, ngoko kwakuyimfuneko ukuba kukhutshelwe amaxwebhu, ukuze zigcinwe yaye zisasazwe. Ngokukodwa kwimeko yezibhalo, inyameko enjalo yathathwa kwinkqubo yokukhuphela ukuba ikopi, xa sele ugqibile kwaye ujongiwe, laligqalwa linegunya elilinganayo nelokuqala. Yathi yakuba inyhweba yantlandlolo yada yafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba ingasafundeki lula, ngokuqhelekileyo ilahlwa, rhoqo ukutshiswa. Kanjalo, Umbhalo-ngqangi wokuqala kaTischendorf owafunyanwa kwikhaya loonongendi laseSt. UCatherine kwi-Mt. eSinayi (iCodex Frederico-Augustanus), yayikwingobozi yamaphepha amadala awayesetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa i-oveni. Kubonakala ukuba iimonki zazimcingela ukuba uyamangalisa ngokufumana imincili ngokulahlwa kwamaxwebhu amadala nawonakeleyo.! Ngenxa yoko akuzange kube njalo 15 kwiminyaka kamva 1859, xa wayebenzela isipho sombhalo weTestamente Endala yeSeptuagint, ukuba igosa lathi ngokungakhathaliyo selinayo enye yezi; waza wambonisa iCodex Sinaiticus edumileyo ngoku, ekwaqulethe umbhalo opheleleyo weTestamente Entsha wesibini kwawona mdala.

Kuvavanywa njani ukuthembeka kweekopi zaMandulo?

Kuyacaca, ukungabikho kwamaxwebhu oqobo kuzisa iingxaki kumbhali-mbali, kodwa iqela lemiba ephambili inokusetyenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthembeka kwezo kopi zisindayo:

• Isondele kangakanani kweyokuqala ezona kopi zindala ziseleyo?
• Zingaphi iikopi ezisindayo?
• Ngaba iikopi eziseleyo ziyavumelana enye kwenye?
• Ngaba isicatshulwa sinokuqinisekiswa kwizicatshulwa zangaphandle?

Injani iTestamente eNtsha xa ithelekiswa namanye amaxwebhu angoku?

Ukubekela bucala iBhayibhile okomzuzwana, ngokude olona xwebhu lungqiniweyo lwamaxesha eGraeco-Roman yayiyiHomer's Illiad. Kubhalwe malunga 900 BC, yasasazwa ngokubanzi kakhulu, kwaye zikho 643 imibhalo-ngqangi eseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, Imihla yokuqala yale mihla ukusuka ngeenxa zonke 400 BC, ukushiya isithuba se 500 iminyaka ukusuka ekuqaleni. Imisebenzi kaVirgil inesona sikhewu sincinci, malunga 350 iminyaka: kodwa ezi zisekelwe nje 7 iikhowudi ezinkulu. Amanye amaxwebhu eklasikhi awasondeli naphi na apha, kwaye ezininzi aziphelelanga, njengoko le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa:

		Hayi yeminyaka ukuya:		Hayi ye
Inkcazo	Imvelaphi	1st Fragment	1st Khuphela	Imibhalo-ngqangi
Virgil – Aeneid	70-19 BC		350	7
UHomer – Iliad	900 BC		500	643
Pliny – Imbali	61-113 AD		750	7
Suetonius – KuBomi bukaKesare	75-160 AD		800	8
Kesare – Iimfazwe zeGallic	100-44 BC	950	950	10
Livy – Imbali yaseRoma *	59 BC-17 AD	200-300	900	25
uNero – Iimbali/Iimbali *	100 AD	900	1,100	20
Lucretius	?-55 BC		1,100	2
Demosthenes	383-322 BC		1,300	200**
Aristophanes	450-385 BC		1,200	10
uPlato – IiTetralogies	427-347 BC		1,200	7
Thucydides – Imbali	460-400 BC	500	1,300	8
UHerodotus – Imbali	480-425 BC		1,300	8
Aristotle – imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo	384-322 BC		1,400	49***
Sophocles	496-406 BC		1,400	193
Euripides	480-406 BC		1,500	9
Catulo	54 BC		1,600	3

* Iinxalenye ezininzi ezilahlekileyo. ** Konke kwikopi enye. *** Ubuninzi bawo nawuphi na umsebenzi omnye.

N.B. 'Iqhekeza lokuqala’ kunye ne '1st Ikopi’ imihla kule theyibhile ingasentla ibonisa kuphela, njenge-'1st Copy’ imibhalo-ngqangi idla ngokungagqibekanga, kunye 'neqhekeza lokuqala’ imihla idla ngokuba nzima ukuyifumana. Nayiphi na idatha eyongezelelweyo kulo mbandela iya kwamkelwa. Ngokuphikisana, Asiloxesha nje eliphakathi komhla wokubhalwa kwamaxwebhu eTestamente eNtsha, Imibhalo-ngqangi yawo yokuqala nemibhalo-ngqangi epheleleyo emifutshane kunayo nayiphi na engasentla, inani lemibhalo-ngqangi esasindayo lidlula inani elidityanisiweyo layo yonke le ingasentla ngomlinganiselo wamashumi amabini, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi:

		Hayi yeminyaka ukuya:		Hayi ye
Inkcazo	Imvelaphi	1st Fragment	1st Khuphela	Imibhalo-ngqangi
ITestamente eNtsha	40-100 AD		300	24,300 *
UMateyu	50-65 AD	150
Uphawu	50-60 AD	175
ULuka	59-70 AD	140
John	90 AD	35-85
UPawulos	50-65 AD	150

* 5,000 ngesiGrike, 10,000 Iinguqulelo zesiLatini kunye 9,300 kwezinye iilwimi.

Le mihla ingentla yemvelaphi isekelwe phezu kwayo iindlela zamva nje zezifundo, ethanda ukwenza amadinga angaphambili kuneyangoku ekuqaleni koo-1900. Kanjalo, ukuba amaxwebhu avela kamva, emva koko ixesha lokudlula kwiziqwenga zokuqala ezaziwayo liya kuba lincinci nangakumbi.

Ngaba iikopi eziSindileyo ziyavumelana?

Ngemibhalo-ngqangi emininzi eseleyo, ukwahluka kombhalo okuvela kubakhupheli’ nabaguquleli’ iimpazamo zilindeleke kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwengxaki 20,000 imigca kwi-NT, kuphela malunga 40 bayathandabuza. Ngokuthelekisa iliad kaHomer, enelona nani likhulu elilandelayo lemibhalo-ngqangi ekhoyo, uye 15,600 imigca, ngokuba 764 (5 ipesenti) bayathandabuza. Nokuba yeyantlukwano ekhoyo, kufunyaniswa ukuba uninzi luyimicimbi engenamsebenzi yopelo, ulandelelwano lwamagama, njl. Ezo nangayiphi na ingqiqo ‘zibalulekileyo’ linganisa into ngokulandelelana kwewaka lesicatshulwa siphela. Nezona nguqulelo zibaluleke ngakumbi azinantsingiselo yokwenyani. Ngokwamazwi abahleli beRevised Standard Version:

“Kuya kubonakala kumfundi onenkathalo ukuba usengaphakathi 1946, njengoba 1881 yaye 1901, akukho mfundiso yokholo lobuKristu iye yachatshazelwa luhlaziyo, ngesizathu esilula sokuba, kumawaka eenguqulelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwimibhalo-ngqangi, Akukho namnye othe weza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ofuna uhlaziyo lwemfundiso yobuKristu.”

Ngaba iSibhalo sinokuQinisekiswa ngokusuka kuCiko lwaNgaphandle?

Enye inkalo ephawulekayo yeTestamente Entsha yindlela ecatshulwe ngayo kwimibhalo yamaKristu okuqala. Imisebenzi kaJustin Martyr, Irenaeus, UClement waseAlexandria, umthombo, Tertullian, UHippolytus noEusebius phakathi kwabo baqulathe ngaphezulu 36,000 iikowuti. Iyonke ngaphezulu 86,000 izicatshulwa zibhaliwe, nangona ingezizo zonke ezi ziingcaphulo zokoqobo. Umda wezi catshulwa ubanzi kangangokuba kuqikelelwa ukuba yonke iTestamente Entsha, ngaphandle kweevesi ezilishumi elinanye kuphela, inokufunyanwa kwiingcaphulo ezivela kwimithombo yecawa yenkulungwane yesibini neyesithathu!

Isishwankathelo

On zonke iingongoma zembali, umbhalo weTestamente eNtsha ubhalwe kakuhle kwaye ungqinisiswe ngakumbi kunalo naluphi na olunye uxwebhu lwala maxesha. Xa amazwi Nkosi Frederick Kenyon, umlawuli kunye unolayibrari oyintloko Museum British:

“Ithuba lokuphumla liphakathi kwemihla yentsusa kunye nobungqina bokuqala buba mncinci kakhulu ukuba bangakhathali, kunye nesiseko sokugqibela nangaliphi na ukuthandabuza ukuba iZibhalo ziye zehla kuthi njengoko zibhalelwe ngoku zisusiwe. Zombini ubunyani kunye nokunyaniseka ngokubanzi kweencwadi zeTestamente eNtsha zinokuthathwa njengokokugqibela.”

Buyela isihloko main.