'Q’ uye Vhangeri reMashoko.

'Q’

Sezvo zvakava pachena kuti pakanga pasina dzidziso inogutsa inotsanangura kuti chero vhangeri rimwechete ringave rakatorwa kubva kune chero, ngwariro yenyanzvi yakatendeukira kupfungwa yokuti evhangeri panzvimbo pacho yakabva kune rumwe rudzi rwe‘proto-evhangeri’. Imwe dzidziso yakadaro yaive ye 'proto-Mark'; asi izvi hazvina kutsanangura kuti sei pachifanira kuva nendima dzakati wandei munaRuka (chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu) zvainge zvakafanana naMateo asi zvimwe zvisipo, kana zvakasiyana zvakanyanya mukati, Maka.

Naizvozvo kwakakarakadzwa kuti ndima dzinozivikanwa naMateo naRuka, asi kwete Mako, rakanga rabva kune rimwe gwaro rakarasika, inozivikanwa se 'Q'.

Iyi idzidziso ine musoro. Asi, tichirangarira zvakacherekedzwa naRuka kuti kwakanga kune ‘vazhinji’ nhoroondo dzakadaro dziripo, inofanirwa kuteedzerwa kune anotevera macaveats:

• Zvinogoneka kuti mazwi akafanana uye maakaundi angadai akaonekwa mukati akati wandei manyuko akasiyana. Nokudaro, hazvina musoro kufunga kuti ndima dzinobuda muna Mako pamwe naMateo naRuka hadzigone kunge dziri mu‘Q’..
• Hapana chimwe chikonzero nei ndima dzese idzi dzichifanira kubva mugwaro rimwe chete. Mateo naRuka vaigona kunyange kuwana manyuko akasiyana, kutaura kana kunyora, zvakangoitikawo kuti zvibatanidze mashoko aya akajairika.
• Kokotesheni dzakafanana hadzisi hazvo kubva munhaurirano yepakutanga imwe chete. Somudzidzisi anofambira mutsika dzechiJudha dzaitaurwa, Jesu angadai akadzokorora mashoko mamwe chete panguva dzakasiyana-siyana kuvateereri vakawanda.

Pasinei neutera uhwu, dzidziso yacho yakakurumbira zvokuti vakawanda vanotaura sokunge gwaro racho ririko chaizvoizvo; hazviiti, uyewo hapana ufakazi hupi nohupi hwokunze hwokuti hwakambovapo. Anonzi makopi e'Q’ akagadzirwa nemaitiro akareruka ekutora ndima dziri pamusoro kubva kuna Mateo naRuka, uye kuvabatanidza kuva chinyorwa chimwe chete. (Izvi zvinosanganisira mwero wesarudzo yeukoshi maererano neshanduro yakanakisisa: asi misiyano yacho ishoma, saka hazvina basa zvakanyanya kuti ndeipi vhezheni yakataurwa.)

Iwo chaiwo theoretical chimiro che 'Q', uye machenjedzo ari pamusoro, zvakakosha zvikuru kuchengeta mupfungwa; nekuti, sezvatichaona, vatsoropodzi vazhinji vemazuva ano vanotaura 'Q’ sokunge kuti rinobvumikisa kuti evhangeri dzakagadzirwa nomuitiro wokuwedzera ngano dzapashure nedzidziso kumanyuko ekare akanga asina zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakadaro.. Muchokwadi, hairatidzi chinhu kunze kwekukwanisa kuti gwaro rakafanana, kana magwaro, aigona iripo uye yakashandiswa se a kunobva nevanyori vevhangeri.

A Hidden Agenda

Iyo nzira iyo 'Q’ inotorwa zvinoreva kuti zvese 'Q’ nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti Ruka naMateo ndedzechokwadi, kubvira pasina ivo hapana 'Q’ text. Chero zvazvingava, kubva mumaonero enhau, humbowo hwemapepa hweizvi hwakawandisa zvekuti hapana imwe nzira chaiyo.

Asi vazhinji venyanzvi idzi vachiri kuona izvi zvisingagamuchiriki, nokuda kwechikonzero chakapfava zvikuru chokuti evhangeri dzine tsananguro dzakawanda kwazvo dzezvinoitika zvinopfuura zvomuzvarirwo, pamwe chete nemashoko anoshamisa akataurwa naJesu pamusoro pake, Mwari uye hupenyu mushure mekufa. Zvisineyi nekuti zvinyorwa zvinoti kudii, havagoni kubvuma kuti Jesu akaita uye akataura zvinhu izvi.

Chinhu chikuru chedambudziko pano inyaya yehuchokwadi hwezvinyorwa maringe nezvirimo. Semuyenzaniso, pasinei neuchapupu husina kusimba hweHomer's Iliad, nyanzvi shomanene dzaizombopanikira uchokwadi hwaro, sezvo pasina munhu anotarisirwa kutora zvirimo zvakanyanya. Haitauri kuti inhoroondo yeakaona. Hapana fungidziro yekuti kunyangwe Homer pachake angadai akaisa hupenyu hwake pahuchokwadi hwayo; uye pakati pezviitiko zvainorondedzera nokunyorwa kwaro pakanga pane nguva yakakwana yokuti ngano nengano zvishanduke.

NeTestamente Itsva, nyaya yacho yakasiyana chaizvo. Kana maevhangeri ari iwo uchapupu hwechokwadi hwevateveri vaJesu vekutanga, zvino tinosara nesarudzo yakatwasuka yekuti tichavaitei: kunyepa, kunyengedza kana chokwadi? Sezvatichaona, zvakaoma chaizvo kukwenya maviri ekutanga neakapihwa chokwadi. Inodenha maonero edu ese enyika uye inoda mhinduro; uye zviuru zvakapa upenyu hwazvo pane kuramba chokwadi chahwo, kutanga nevateveri vekutanga.

Nzira iri nyore yekudzivisa kutarisana nezviri mukati ndeyekuenderera mberi nekupikisa chokwadi chegwaro. Nyanzvi dzine vanhu sesu tose; saka, kwavari, zvakakosha kuchengetedza kuti zvikamu zvechokwadi chete ndezviya zvinokwana zvavanofunga. Iye zvino tichaenderera mberi nekuongorora kuti vamwe vanotsvaka sei kuita izvi.

Kurambwa kwaMako

Takatoratidza kuti, kunyangwe tikabvuma kuti 'Q’ gwaro rinogona kunge riripo, izvi hazvipi chikonzero chekuramba ndima dziripowo muna Mako. Zvine musoro, pasina humbowo hwakajeka hunopikisa, ndima ipi neipi inopupurirwa nemanyuko ese ari matatu inofanira kutorwa zvakanyanya, kwete zvishoma, akavimbika. Asi nyanzvi idzi dzinotora maonero akasiyana, vachida chero ndima yakadaro (uye kune dzakawanda) mhedzisiro yekushongedza’ naMako, uye achichiramba ‘sechisina kuvimbika.’

Saka vanoedza sei kupembedza chinzvimbo ichi? Zvikurukuru, nharo dzinoita kuti Mateu naRuka vanyatsobvumirana pavanotevera Mako, saka vanofanira kunge vaikopa kubva kuna Mako (kana proto-Mako). Saka, pachinzvimbo cheizvi uchapupu hwezvapupu zvitatu, ndihwo uchapupu hwomunhu mumwe chete; ani, vanopa zano, akashandura kana kugadzira zvinyorwa izvi kuti zvitsigire maonero ake edzidziso.

Muchokwadi, iyo nharo yese haina kukwana. Mwero wechibvumirano pakati paMateo naRuka wakasiyana zvikuru. Tora, semuyenzaniso, Matthew 3:11 naRuka 3:16-17, izvo zvinobvumirana zvakakwana, kunyange zvisiri izvo chaizvo; asi izvi zvinogamuchirwa se 'Q’ magwaro zvisinei nekuenderana munaMako 1:7. Zvadaro enzanisa zviitiko zviviri zvinorondedzerwa muna Mateu 19:13-22, Maka 10:13-22 naRuka 18:15-23, zvakasarudzwa kubva pakati pezvikamu zvakawanda zvinorambwa. Iyo inokakavadzana zvikuru iyo inotevera izvo zvakanyanya pedyo; asi muzviitiko zvese izvi Mako anotsanangura Jesu’ mhinduro dzemirangariro nenzira yakasiyana zvikuru neiyo yaMateo naRuka, vachinyepa zano ravakatevedzera kubva kwaari. Iyi dhigirii yekusiyana inopindirana zvakanyanya neuchapupu hwaRuka kune akawanda masosi uye ruzivo rwekutanga kupfuura kune idzi dzidziso dzekushanduka kwegwaro..

Kurambwa kwakadaro kunobhururukawo pamberi peuchapupu huripo hwokunze. The chechi yekutanga Madzibaba anopupura kuti Mako akavakira vhangeri rake pauchapupu hwaPetro, uyo akagadzwa somutungamiri wekereke naJesu pachake, uye Mako akashanda semuturikiri. Saka kwete chete hapana chikonzero chechokwadi chenhoroondo kana zvinyorwa pano zvekuramba Mako, asi kuita izvi kunoratidza kurasikirwa kukuru kwechinangwa.

General Kuramba Uchapupu Hwokutanga

Nyanzvi dzakadaro hadzingorambi chipupuriro chaMako chete, zvisinei; vanorambawo chipupuriro chaRuka amene chokuti kwakanga kune manyuko akawanda uye kuti aikwanisa kuwana zvapupu zvakaona chaizvoizvo.. Saka pano kare, pasinei nokuda kwavo kugamuchira uchokwadi hwaRuka, vari kunyatsomuti nhema.

Pazvikonzero zvipi? Nyanzvi dzeRoma zvino dzinobvuma Ruka somumwe wevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakanakisisa vomunguva yake: saka hapana kupembedza apa. Nharo dzekunonoka kufambidzana kwezvinyorwa zvaRuka dzakawanzo shorwa, uye nyanzvi dzakawanda zvino dzinobvuma kuti dzakatangira Jerusarema risati rawa, apo iye angadai akawana mukana wekupupura kwekutanga. Uye, sezvakanyorwa pamusoro, mwero wekusiyana pakati peevhangeri unozvikweretesa zvakanyanya kune maonero ezvinyorwa zvakawanda pane kungori imwe chete kana maviri.

Kutaura zviri nyore, gakava racho haribvi pauchapupu; asi inofuratira umboo, nekuti zvakafanira kuti zvidaro kuitira kupembedza izvo zvino zvinotevera.

'Q1', 'Q2’ uye q3’

Tasvika pane inowanzonzi 'Q'; shanduro yakaderedzwa zvikuru yevhangeri, kubva mairi zvikamu zvakakura zvakaraswa, hurongwa hunoenderera mberi. Zvinotevera zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvo zvasara hazvisi rekodhi rekodhi zvakare; asi mhedzisiro yekutanga doctoring yezvinyorwa.

Zvino, kana vamwe vaJesu’ mashoko akaunganidzwa mumiunganidzwa nevanyori vekare, umboo hwekurongeka kwakadaro hunogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvinobuda, mungava mukusarudza mashoko kana kuti rondedzero inofambirana nayo; sezvakaita Mateo, Mako naRuka vanoratidza maitiro avo akasiyana uye kusimbisa. Asi zviri kutaurwa pano ndezvokuti vanyori vakagadzira nemaune nyaya nemashoko avaiti zvakaitwa naJesu kuitira kuti vafambire mberi maonero avo edzidziso..

Saka panotanga zvino maitiro ekuyedza kusarudza kuti ndiani, zvichinzi, akanyora chii. Zvinonakidza, tichirangarira zvichemo zvakaitwa zvekusavimbika mukuita uku, pave paine gakava rakawanda kunyangwe pakati penyanzvi dzekunyengetedza kuti ndedzipi nzira dzavanofanira kushandisa. Semuenzaniso Jacobson anofungidzira kuti makotesheni kubva muSeptuagint, uye nongedzero kuna Johane Mubhapatidzi ufakazi hwokuwedzerwa kwapashure, nepo Schultz achitora pfungwa dzipi nedzipi dzedzidziso dzebhaibheri dzine wirirano mukufunga kwechiGiriki humbowo hweizvi.

Pamwe iri padyo kune chinangwa chekuongorora kwakadaro ndeye Kloppenborg. Anoedza kushandisa dhizaini-inomisikidzwa yakavakirwa pamadingindira makuru ezvinyorwa mu'Q'.. Anotaura zvitatu zvacho: Q1 (iyo inoshora kuramba kwemuJudha Jesu naJohane Mubhabhatidzi), Q2 (iyo inonyanya kunangana nenheyo yekuvimba naMwari) uye q3 (nhoroondo yaJesu’ muedzo). Anotaurawo kumwe kutsigirwa kunobva pamhando dzemitauro dzakashandiswa, tichiona kuti Q2 inoshandisa mafomu akafanana neBhaibheri 'uchenjeri’ mashoko, nepo Q1 inoshandisa mafomu ekurondedzera anozivikanwa se 'chreia.’

Ndizvo zvakaita Kloppenborg kuve chinangwa chaicho, kana kuti ari kuitawo fungidziro dzisina kururama? Kutanga, sezvakaita Jacobson, Schultz, et al., anotanga nefungidziro yekuti 'Q’ zvinyorwa zvinobva mugwaro rimwe chete rakagadziridzwa zvakatevedzana, uye ipapo anotsvaka nzira yaanogona nayo kuparadzanisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofungidzirwa zvinhu. Chechipiri, chokwadi chemamiriro ezvinhu zvakare hapana pese pese pakareruka seizvi. Kuvapo kwemadingindira anonzi ndeeQ1 muzvikamu zveQ2 kunoda dzidziso yekuti Q2 yakavharwa nemunhu ane chekuita neQ1.. Saizvozvo ndima dzinopihwa kune rimwe kana rimwe boka pahwaro hwenharo dzinonetsa.

Uye zvakadini nemafomu-based evidence? Pano zvakare, Kloppenborg yawira mune imwe yezvikanganiso zvakajairika zve mabhuku tsoropodzo – tichifunga kuti manyorerwo emutauro haapindirwe nezviri mukati. Zvinongotarisirwa kuti Jesu’ zvirongwa zvikuru zvekudzidzisa pachena ('Q2') ingadai yakaitwa mu ‘uchenjeri hwechivanhu’ styles. Asi ndima dzine chekuita naJesu’ kudyidzana nevatungamiriri vechiJudha ('Q1') zvakajeka havasi ‘kudzidzisa’ asi nhoroondo, zvakasanganiswa ne plain, kugomara kwazvo, kutaura. Dai ava vanga vari ‘muuchenjeri’ style, kuti angadai akanyumwa, nepo rondedzero 'chreia’ zvakakodzera zvachose. Zvakafanana, Jesu’ muedzo ('Q3') anofanira siyana nemaitiro; nekuti iyi inhoroondo yechiitiko chakavanzika (akanga ari oga) izvo zvaingogona kuuya chete kuburikidza nezvakavanzika kuvateveri vake, uye sezviri pachena akanga asiri rutivi rwokudzidzisa kwake pachena.

Asi zvakadini nekutaura kwaRuka kune musoro kuti Jesu’ shumiro yaisanganisira zvese zvinhu izvi? Uye kana, sezvinoreva Ruka, makotesheni aya haabvi mugwaro rimwechete saka hazvishamisi kana chinyorwa chinobuda chichiratidzira akasiyana siyana akarukwa.. Ingotarisa zvishoma zvishoma kwechinguva paQ3 (Mt 4:1-11 uye Lk 4:1-13), uye ona kuti Mateo naRuka sei, tichibvumirana muzvinhu, siyana pane kwete chete udzame hwezvakataurwa, asi kunyange kutevedzana kwemiedzo. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti vaiva kwete tichireva kune common source document, se 'Q’ theory presupposes, asi vaingotora zvinyorwa zvakazvimirira zvomuromo kana kuti zvinyorwa. Uyezve, kunyange zvazvo Mako asingatsananguri chiitiko chacho, anosimbisa kuti zvakaitika (Mk 1:12-13).

Ongororo iyi inotiudzei chaizvo? Zvichipa maitiro akashandiswa, kunyangwe taive nemanyuko matatu akasiyana zvachose, zvese zvine zvimwe kana zvese zvezvinhu zvitatu izvi, akaabatanidza uye akaaongorora nenzira iyi, tichiri kuwana mhedzisiro yakafanana. Saka izvi zvinoita kwete tiratidze manyorerwo ezvinyorwa zvechimbichimbi zvakashandiswa nevanyori vevhangeri. Zvose zvinonyatsoratidza ndizvozvo, pahwaro hwenhoroondo dzevhangeri idzidziso dzemanyorerwo ehuchenjeri, nhaurirano dzinoshora kusateerera kwevaJudha, uye nhoroondo yemuedzo wakaoma wemunhu. Tichifunga nezvevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda vanobvuma kuti Jesu akanga ari mumwe wevadzidzisi vakuru venguva dzose, kuti akarambwa navanhu vake amene asi akazvibvumira amene kufira mumaoko avo, izvo hazvishamisi zvachose.

saka, yakavakirwa zvakare pafungidziro dzakajeka dzakajeka, isu tatova nemamwe magwaro ekufungidzira Q1, Q2 uye Q3.

Vhangeri reMashoko.

Dzimwe nyanzvi zvino dzinoenderera mberi nekuramba Q3, nekuti ndeye 'ngano', etc., uye q1, nekuti vanoti yakatangwa nemumwe munyori akazotsoropodza maJuda’ kuramba kuteerera Mwari. Izvi zvinotisiya neQ2 – mashoko ane chokuita nokuvimba naMwari, etc..

Asi kunyange izvi hazvigamuchirwi kune vamwe, saka vanoramba vachibvisa chero chinhu chipi zvacho chavanoona se‘ngano’ (i.e.. mashura) kana, mukutonga kwavo, pazvidzidzo zvouMwari zvakanyanyisa kunzi zvakaitwa naJesu. Vanobva vati chasara iEvhangeri yepakutanga yemashoko’ – iyo chete ‘yechokwadi’ nhoroondo yedzidziso dzaJesu.

A TV documentary (kwete kufumura: panzvimbo, zvairatidza kunzwisa tsitsi) akapfura dzimwe dzenhaurirano idzi. Boka revadzidzi rakagara rakatenderedza tafura vachikurukura zvavaifunga nezveuchokwadi hwemumwe waJesu’ mashoko. Mumwe nemumwe aive neseti yezviratidzo zvemavara, aimiririra pfungwa dzechinyorwa kubva panhema kusvika kune dzechokwadi. Mumwe angati, ‘Izvozvo hazvinzwiki kwandiri sechimwe chinhu chingadai chakataura Jesu,’ imwe kuti yakamuyeuchidza nezvechirevo chakafanana chaJesu, etc.. Mushure mekukurukura kwenguva yakati, vakavhota nokuratidza zviratidzo zvavo, ndokuenderera mberi. Asi maitiro avaishandisa ndiwo aitovepo mirangariro yokuzvibata yakavakirwa pamaonero avo ega pamusoro paJesu. Kukurukurirana chaiko kweuchapupu hwechinyorwa kwakange kusipo.

Mafungiro akadaro, Ehe saizvozvo, inofarirwa zvikuru nevasina chokwadi, uye hunhu hwavo hwekukakavara hunovimbisa chinzvimbo chemutengesi zvakanyanya. Vatsigiri vavo vanowanzotaura sokunge kuti izvi zvinhu zvinotsigirwa nesayenzi, inogamuchirwa nevose kunze kwevashoma vanopikisa. Asi, sezvinoratidzwa nerondedzero iyi, izvo zviri kure nenyaya. Zvichida mhinduro inotevera kubva kune 1995 Encyclopaedia Britannica Year Book wongororo yezviitiko zvegore pasi pemusoro wenyaya, ‘Chitendero,’ (peji 266) zvichabatsira kudzorera izvi kumashure:

“Seminari yaJesu, sangano re 74 nyanzvi dzebhaibheri dzakaumbwa muna 1985 kuona Jesu wenhoroondo kuburikidza nenzira dzehunyanzvi, akanyandura gakava nokubudiswa kwe‘Evhangeri shanu: Kutsvaga Mazwi echokwadi aJesu.’ Vhoriyamu yakagumisa kuti 82% zvakataurwa muBhaibheri zvinonzi naJesu ndezvechokwadi. Mamwe mabhuku eVadzidzi aisiyana nenhoroondo dzemumagwaro dzakakwevera ngwariro mukati megore aibatanidza ‘Jesu: a Revolutionary Biography’ naJohn Dominic Crossan (ona BIOGRAPHIES), ‘Ivhangeri Yakarasika’ naBurton L. Mack, ‘Kusanganazve naJesu Kekutanga’ naMarcus J. Borg, uye ‘Chitendero chaJesu muJudha’ naGeza Vermes. Aya mabasa aivimba zvakanyanya neBhuku raQ, muunganidzwa wezvirevo uye pfungwa dzinonzi zvakaitwa naJesu izvo nyanzvi dziri kutaurwa dzinodavira kuti dzakashandiswa semanyuko naMateo naRuka.. Muna June musangano we “Kutorazve Bhaibheri kuChechi,” yakaitirwa muNorthfield, Minn., yakakweva vafundisi vakapomera kuti mapoka enyanzvi akadai seSenari yaJesu akanga achidudzira zvisizvo Bhaibheri kupfurikidza nokuribvisa mumugariro waro munzanga yechechi.”

Nhema Mhedziso kubva kuNhema Nzvimbo.

Vamwe vanoti Evhangeri yeMashoko ishoko rine simba guru: asi vamwe vazhinji vanozviwana zvisingaite, uye vanosara vachishamisika kuti nei Jesu aifanira kunge akawana mukurumbira wakadaro munyika yose nokuda kwedzidziso dzakadai seidzi. Vanogona kubvunza: nokuti zvizhinji zvezvakasara zvakasiyana chaizvo nezvinotaurwa nevachenjeri vakawanda, zvose zvisati zvaitika uye kubva. Asi chii chimwe chaungatarisira, apo vazhinji vevakasiyana vaJesu’ dzidziso dzakagadziridzwa?

Zvinotonzi, sezvo Vhangeri reMashoko risingatauri nezvedenga, Kumuka, zvishamiso, etc., izvi zvinoratidza kuti pfungwa dzinowedzerwa gare gare. Asi, sezvataona, zvinongodaro nekuti Vhangeri reMashoko rakagadzirwa pahwaro hwefungidziro iyoyo nekugadzirisa zvirevo zvakawanda zvinosimbisa zvinopesana..

Imwe mhosho yakajairika ndeyekuvhiringidzika kunowanzo pakati peEvhangeri yeMashoko uye 'Q'.. Iyo yekutanga ndeye yakaganhurirwa subset ye 'Q': asi vatsigiri vanowanzotaura sokunge kuti zviviri izvi zvakafanana.

Zvinowanzotaurwawo kuti gwaro rekare remasekete, the the Evhangeri yaThomas, ine zvinyorwa zvakawanda kubva muEvhangeri yeMashoko. Izvi hazvigoneki: zvingangotaurwa chaizvoizvo ndezvokuti zvinoita sokuti yakashandisa muunganidzwa wepakutanga waJesu’ mashoko seimwe yemanyuko ayo: zvimwe zvikamu ndezvekunyepa zvakajeka.

Uye zvakadini nemavhangeri echokwadi uye akakwana, izvo naPetro, Judhasi naFiripi – kunyangwe nevakadzi?

Mhedziso

Zvese zvinogona kutaurwa zvine musoro nezve 'Q’ dzidziso iri kuti tsime kana manyuko akafanana, zvakanyorwa kana nemuromo, inogona kunge iripo uye yakashandiswa nevanyori vevhangeri. Asi kuyedza kushandisa gwaro rekufungidzira sehwaro hwekumwe kuwedzeredza – wobva wataura izvi se‘uchapupu’ nokuda kwemhedziso inopesana zvakajeka nemagwaro maviri makuru uye uchapupu hwezvakaitika kare – inotitaurira zvishoma kunze kwekuti vamwe vanhu vanoda chaizvo chikonzero chekuramba uchapupu hwevhangeri.

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