Ogwirizana ku Non-Christian Sources

chonde dziwani! Tsambali limapereka chidule chazomwe zilipo. Dinani maulalo omwe amaperekedwa kuti mumve zambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza umboni wa zowona ndi zokwanira.

1. Kodi tiyenera kuyembekeza chiyani kupeza?

Kumbukirani kuti tsopano tikuyang'ana magwero osakhala achikhristu. Kodi ndi umboni wanji wa mbiri yakale?? Amati Yesu anali Mesiya, kapena kuti adauka kwa akufa? Zachidziwikire ayi! Osakhala Akhristu sakanavomereza. Iyo idatsutsana, Malingaliro achi Roma ndi achi Greek. Chifukwa chake tikuyembekeza kuti olemba achikhristu sakhala achikhalidwe.

Mavesi ochepa kwambiri omwe apulumuka kuyambira nthawi ya Yesu. Chifukwa chake tiyenera kudalira zotulukapo za Yesu pambuyo pake. Zina mwazilembazi zikulankhula za Yesu. Ochepa okha. Koma kuchuluka kwa iwo kuli monga momwe amayembekezeredwa. Ndipo zinthu zomwe akuti ndizosavuta.

Tacitus ndi Josephus ndi awiri abwino kwambiri. Zolemba zimavomerezedwa kuti ndizowona. Olemba onsewa amadziwika kuti amayang'ana mfundo zawo mosamala.

M'mbuyomu panali magwero ena. Malingaliro awo amakambidwa ndi olemba achikristu pambuyo pake. Koma zolemba zoyambirira zatayika.

Zonsezi zimafotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa. Tidzakambirananso zodzikongoletsera za m'chipembedzo chamtsogolo komanso chachiyuda.

2. Tanthauzes.

Tacitus anali wolemba mbiri wachiroma komanso wokamba pagulu yemwe anali ndi anthu pafupifupi 55-120CE. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa olemba mbiri yabwino kwambiri kuposa nthawi imeneyo. Amalankhula za moto wa Roma mu 64ce. Kenako akuti:

“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” (Annals 15.44.)

“Nero anafuna kuletsa nkhani iyi. Chifukwa chake adadzudzula gulu lotchedwa “Akhristu”. Adawalamulira kuti azunzidwe. Anthu amadana Akhristu chifukwa chonyansa. Dzina lawo limachokera kwa 'Kristu.’ Munthu uyu adaphedwa pakufa nthawi yaulamuliro wa Tiberiyo. Izi zidalamulidwa ndi Pontiyo Pilato, gamula. Kukhulupirira zowononga kunayimitsidwa kwakanthawi: Koma kenako zidayambanso. Koma osati kokha komwe adayamba ku Yudeya. Tsopano ku Roma komanso. Zochita zoipa zambiri padziko lonse lapansi zimayenda mumzinda uno. Ndipo amatchuka.”

3. Flavius ​​Josephus.

Flavius ​​Josephus adabadwa mu 37CE. Adachokera ku banja lachiyuda la ansembe. Ananeneratu kuti Vepasian angakhale mfumu ya Roma. Chifukwa chake adakhala ngati mwana wa Vvasian ndipo adatchedwa flavius. M'mabuku ake amatchula za Yakobo yemwe anali Yesu’ mphanga. Amalankhulanso za Yohane Mbatizi. Koma odziwika bwino ndi “Testimonium Flavianum“ (Umboni wa flavius). Izi zikufotokoza za Yesu iyemwini. Ophunzira ambiri amavomereza kuti mbali zina za lemboli zidasinthidwa ndi wolemba Mkristu. Koma titha kuchotsa zonse zokayikitsa. Pafupifupi katswiri aliyense amavomereza kuti mawu otsala adalembedwa ndi Josephus. Ndipo imawerengedwa motere:

“At this time there was Jesus, a wise man. For he was one who performed (surprising / wonderful) works, and a teacher of people who received the (truth / unusual) with pleasure. He stirred up both many Jews and many Greeks. And when Pilate condemned him to the cross, since he was accused by the leading men among us, those who had loved him from the first did not desist. And until now the tribe of Christians, so named from him, is not extinct.”

“Pakadali pano panali Yesu. Anali munthu wanzeru. Anachita zodabwitsa. Anaphunzitsanso mtundu wa munthu amene amakonda malingaliro atsopano. Yesu adadzutsa Ayuda ambiri ndi Agiriki ambiri. Pilato adatsutsa Yesu kuti afe pamtanda. Izi ndi chifukwa cha milandu yomwe amamunenera ndi atsogoleri athu. Koma iwo amene adamkonda Kuyambira woyamba sanasiye. Ndipo mpaka pano fuko la Akhristu, adamutsatira, sichitha.”

4. Mamitundu omwe amatengedwa kuchokera m'mabuku otayika.

Atsogoleri achikristu m'zaka zambiri komanso wachitatu nthawi zina amatchedwa 'Abambo Oyambirira a Tchalitchi'. Nthawi zambiri amangonena za zolemba zakale. Koma zolemba zakale tsopano zatayika. Chifukwa chake tikudziwa zomwe zolembedwazi zikutiuza. Zitsanzo zili:

• Kalata Yolembedwa ndi Justin Martyr ndikutumizidwa ku Emper Waman Antonius. Amanena za akaunti ya 'Zochita za Pontius Pilato'. Akuti chikalatachi chikutsimikizira kuti Yesu anachita zozizwitsa. Ndipo zimatsimikiziranso momwe Yesu adamwalira.
• Panali wolemba mbiri yakale ‘Chitsi'. Ankakhala m'zaka za zana loyamba. Yesu atamwalira, thambo lidayamba kuda. 'Thallus’ akuti anali kadamsana. Julius Africaus anena za lingaliro ili. Koma Julius adafotokoza chifukwa chake kuli kolakwika.
• Phelen anali wolemba mbiri yakale yemwe adakhala m'zaka za zana lachiwiri. Julius Africaus amamutchula. Katswiri wazamulungu wa zamaphunziro amatchulanso. Phlegon amafotokozanso mdima wachilendo komanso chivomerezi chachikulu. Phlegon anavomereza kuti Yesu ananeneratu za tsogolo.

5. Magwero ena oyambira a Graeco-roman.

Wachichepere wachichepere anali wolamulira ku Bythinia mu 112CE. Amalemba kalata yopita ku Emperor Trajan. Tili ndi kalata yonse ya Pliny. Tilinso ndi yankho la Emperor. Akhristu akuzunzidwa. Pliny wapha ena a iwo. Akufunsa: “Ngati munthu akana Yesu – Kodi nditani?” Anthu Ambiri Akhala Akhristu. Chifukwa chake ali ndi nkhawa.

Luachian inali wolemba satirika wochokera ku Samosata. Mu 170ce adalemba za munthu wotchedwa peregrinus. Peregrinus anali wachinyengo. Kwa nthawi yayitali adanamizira kuti ndi mkhristu. Akhristu anali kudalira komanso owolowa manja. Anali wadyera: Chifukwa chake adakhala wolemera chifukwa cha ndalama zawo. “Anthu awa ndi achinyengo, mwawona. Adzitsimikizira kuti adzakhala ndi moyo kosatha. Izi zikulongosola kunyoza kwawo kwa imfa. Ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzipulumutsa okha. … Kuyambira pomwe amatembenuka ', Amakana milungu ya Greece, Amapereka kupembedza kwa 'anzeru’ amene adapachikidwa, ndipo khalani molingana ndi malamulo ake, Onse ndi abale.”

6. Mabuku a Arabi.

Arabi achiyuda adalemba mawu onyoza kwambiri za Yesu.. Akhristu anakhumudwa. Tikudziwa kuti ndemanga zambirizi zatayika. Koma ophunzira ambiri amavomereza kuti zina zakale kwambiri. Ambiri achikristu ndi akatswiri achiyuda amazindikira zotsatirazi:

• Kufotokozera kwa Kuphedwa kwa Yesu. ('Babeloni Talmud', b.San. 43a.) Izi zidalembedwa mu nthawi ya tannaitic. (70-200EC).
• Kukambirana Pakati pa Wophunzira wa Yesu ndi Rabi Achiyuda, (60-95EC). ('Babeloni Talmud', Abodah Zarah 165, 17a.)/('Tonda', Hullin 2.24.) Wolemba nthawi ya Tannaitic.
• Nthawi zina anthu samalankhula za Yesu’ dzina. M'malo mwake amalankhula zinthu ngati izi: "Munthu ameneyo ndi mwana wapathengo wa uchigololo." ('Mishna', Eyamoti 4.13.) Wokamba nkhani amakhala pafupifupi 100CE.
• Yesu nthawi zina amatchulidwa kuti “Yesu, Mwana wa Pantera“. (Ena amati 'Pantera’ anali dzina la agogo. Ena amati 'Pantera’ anali msirikali wachiroma. Ena amati ndi nthabwala za Yesu’ Kubadwa kwa Namwali.) Nkhani imodzi imanena za Rabi yemwe adalumidwa ndi njoka. Mwamuna akuti amatha kuchiritsa Rabi. Koma amatha kungochita m'dzina la Yesu. ('Babeloni Talmud', Abodah Zarah 27B. Zopezekanso 4 malo ena.) Izi ziyenera kuchitika 132CE.

7. Zambiri zomwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa.

Zolemba zachikhristu zimaphatikizapo zambiri zakale, Zambiri ndi zakwathu. Podzafika pa 150ce ku Israeli zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Akhristu ambiri sakanadziwa zokhudzana ndi nthawi ya Yesu. Chifukwa chake titha kuwona kutsimikizika kwa chidziwitso. Takambirana kale izi.

Mapeto

Tinalongosola kuti olemba omwe sanali achikhristu sakhala oyenda. Izi ndi zomwe timapeza.

Koma zolembedwazi zimatsimikizira mfundo zazikulu zambiri. Josephus ndi Tasitus ndi awiri mwa olemba mbiri yabwino kwambiri. Tili ndi olemba ena omwe sanali achikhristu kuyambira m'zaka za zana loyamba ndi lachiwiri. Onsewa amatsimikizira mfundo zofunika kwambiri za moyo ndi imfa za Yesu. Amatiuza mayina a anthu a nthawi yake. Amalankhula za mpingo womwe Yesu adayamba. Arabi achiyuda adanamizira kuti Yesu ndi wamatsenga. Akuvomereza kuti Yesu anachita zozizwitsa.

Chinanso chikuonekeranso kuchokera ku izi ndi zina zomwe zinalemba. Kwa zaka zambiri, Yesu’ Adani sanatsutse mbiri yakale. Mauthenga Abwino amafotokozedwa kuti ndi pomwe Yesu adabadwira ndikufa. Amati atsogoleri aboma adapha munthu wosalakwa. Amatiuzanso mayina a omwe anali oyang'anira. Yesu’ Adani samakana izi. M'mala mwa, Amati Yesu anali wochititsa manyazi. Chomwechonso Yesu’ Anthu a m'masiku a anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti Yesu anali munthu wambiri? N'zoonekeratu, anali.

Olemba Oyambirira Osakhala Achikristu sanenapo za Yesu. Izi ndi zomwe timayembekezera. Koma pali zokwanira. Amati mtundu wa zinthu zomwe timawayembekezera kunena. Amachokera ku zotsimikizika zabwino. Ndipo akutsimikizira mbiri ya Yesu kuposa kukayikira kulikonse koyenera. Kuyesa kukana mbiri ya Yesu ndi yaposachedwa. Kunena koteroko kumapeza thandizo laling'ono pakati pa olemba mbiri.