Magwero Kumbuyo Mauthenga.

Mawu Oyamba

Monga taonera kale, there is no simple theory based on copying of one gospel from another that adequately accounts for the observable similarities and differences. We now go on to consider the possibility that all three gospels drew on an older source or sources. As an aside, this will include a discussion of the theory of the lost document known as ‘Q’ and the supposed ‘Gospel of Sayings’. The purpose of this is not to attempt to resolve all such questions: but to show what may reasonably be concluded from the available evidence as to the authenticity of the gospel texts.

Were There Other Sources Apart From the Gospels?

Luke’s introduction to his gospel, cited previously, plainly shows that even by the time he wrote (63-70 AD) ‘many’ different accounts existed. Izi zikuwoneka bwino kuposa Mauthenga Abwino a Maliko, Mateyo kapena Yohane. Koma pomwe Mauthenga ena ena alipo omwe ali pachiyambire (Zina mwazodziwika kwambiri ndi zothandizira 'fringe’ Zikhulupiliro), Palibe makope otsala azomwe amachita kale.

Komabe, Pomwe palibe zikalata zoyambirira zopulumuka, Zoyesa zambiri zapangidwa kuti zithandizire zomwe zomwe zili mukadakhala, Kutengera makamaka pamafanizo ofanana ndi Mauthenga Abwino.

Q’ ndi uthenga wabwino wa mawu

Zodziwika bwino kwambiri za izi ndi malingaliro oganiza kuti ndime zofala Mateyo ndi Luka, koma osati Marko, zimachokera kwa a zotayika zomwe zimadziwika kuti 'q’. Izi zadziwika kuti ambiri amalankhula ngati chikalatacho chilipo; sichoncho. Otchedwa makope a 'q’ ndi zokonzanso zaposachedwa. Izi ndizofunikira kukumbukira; Chifukwa otsutsa ambiri amasintha c’ ngati kuti akupereka umboni wa momwe amanenera Mauthenga Abwino adasinthidwa kuchokera ku magwero akale. Koma kuyambira 'Q’ adapangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zomwezi, Zimatsimikizira chilichonse kuposa kuthekera kwakuti chikalata chofanana, kapena zikalata, angathe adakhalapo ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero.

Komabe, Ambiri mwa malingaliro awa amapitilira zomwe zingatheke m'magawo oyenera. Odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi omwe amatchedwa 'Uthenga Wabwino wa Mawu’. Izi ndizofunikira '’ Uthengawu womwe wapezeka ndi ntchito yowonjezera kuchokera ku 'q’ lemba, Kutengera malingaliro osakhulupirika ndi otsutsana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe Yesu akanakana kapena sakanachita ndikunena. (E.g. Amanenedwa kuti Yesu sanachite zozizwitsa zilizonse, kapena phunzitsani za kuuka kwa akufa, kotero mavesitere amenewo sangakhale choyambirira, etc ..)

Uthenga wa Thomas

Chikalata china chomwe chimakhala ndi chidwi ndi ophunzira, komabe, ndiye uthenga wabwino wa Thomas, Ndi ma preeports ati omwe ali ndi mawu achinsinsi a Yesu. Ngakhale tsiku lomaliza loposa Mauthenga Abwino, ndipo mwachionekere mwachisawawa, Imawonetsa umboni wa kukhala ndi gwero lofanana ndi malembedwe omwe akuyenera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza pa akatswiri ojambula ngakhale kuti chifukwa chake akukayikira. Komabe, Otsutsa angapo amakono athandizanso kulimbikitsa Tomasi kuti akhale wamkulu kuposa momwe amachitira, akuwoneka kuti akuyesetsa kupeza njira ina ku umboni wa malembedwe a manenidwe.

Anali okalamba mwadala?

Ngakhale tikudziwa kuti panali nkhani zina za mawu ndi nkhani za Yesu posemphana pamene Mauthenga Abwino adalembedwa, Zolemba izi sizilinso. Kutayika kumeneku kwagwidwa ndi gulu la Orpicy monga umboni wa 'kutsuka’ zikalata zotsutsana ndi orthodoxy: Koma izi sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mayeso ovuta.

Kuchokera ku mbiri yakale, Palibe chodabwitsa pankhani ya kuwonongeka kwa zolembazi. Malemba ochepa kwambiri a nthawi imeneyi, zopatulika kapena zachinsinsi, apulumuka lero. Chofunikira chokha kuti mibadwo yotsatira idasowa kwambiri kuti mupange makope. Mosiyana, Kupulumuka kwakukulu kwa zikalata zatsopano mosakayikira kumachitika chifukwa cha ulemu wapadera komanso kufalikira komwe adalandira pakati pa mpingo wokula msanga.

Ambiri mwa asitikali a ku New Chipangano Chatsopano amatonthoza Mauthenga Abwino; Ndipo amatchulanso zolakwa zomwe zayamba kale kukhudza magawo ena a mpingo woyamba: Koma palibe lingaliro lililonse la mikangano yokhudza moyo wokhudza moyo, Imfa ndi Kuuka kwa Yesu. Zosinthira, Pamenepo; kwa Paulo mkati 1 Akorinto 15:1-17 (m'ma. 55 AD) Kwenikweni limatchula umboni wokhazikitsidwa bwino kwa Yesu’ Kuukitsidwa monga mkangano wake wotsutsana ndi ena omwe akuwonetsa kuti sipadzakhala kuuka kwa akufa. Komanso, Ophunzira omwe adasanthula nkhaniyi awona kuti Paul pano amagwiritsa ntchito mawu apadera a arabi omwe akuwonetsa kuti akugwira mawu pamwambo atayikidwa pansi kuchokera pansi..

Makope amenewo a Mauthenga Abwino omwe adapulumuka umboni waluso wawo wogawa (e.g. Chidutswa choyambirira kwambiri cha Uthenga wa Yohane, atakhala pakati 125 ndi 175AD *, adapezeka ku Egypt). Komanso, Zambiri zomwe zimadziwika za zolemba za Apocryphal zimadziwika bwino chifukwa iwo anachita yambitsa mikangano. Anali ndi nkhani zoyambirira zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri ku mpingo woyamba, Zimakayikira kwambiri kuti akanatha kudutsa mwakachetechete.

* Tsiku la matendawa limawerengedwa 100-150 AD, Koma maphunziro aposachedwa amalimbikitsa kuyerekezera kosayenera. Kuwona ‘Chibwenzi cha Documents ndi NT'.

Kufotokozera kosavuta

Ndiye anali chiyani, Ndipo bwanji sanapulumuke? Kutali ndi Kutulutsa Mkangano, Kutsutsa kokha kwa Luka kwalembedwa koyambirira ndikuti sapereka nkhani yazochitika. Izi sizimamveka mosavuta tikangolingalira za zomwe Yesu adaganiza’ kuboma.

Yesu anathera zaka zomaliza kuyenda ku Israeli konse, Kuphunzitsa m'masunagoge, nyumba ndi mpweya wotseguka. Monga zinali zofunikira kwa aphunzitsi a tsiku lake, Mawu ake adapangidwa m'njira yoti awathandize kuti azikumbukiridwa mosavuta. (Ngakhale kuti pali kuwerenga kwambiri, Kwa anyamata achiyuda anali omasulidwa bwino, Zojambula zolembera zinali zochepa). Kuphunzitsa Monga Ankachitira M'malo Ambiri, akadalankhulanso chimodzimodzi, kapena chimodzimodzi, mawu pazovuta zambiri, Ndipo awa akadadziwa kwambiri ophunzira ake. Komabe, Ndizotheka kuti ena mwa omvera ake akadafuna kuchita zina mwazolemba payekha.

Momwemonso nkhani za Yesu’ moyo. Atumwiwo adawona momveka bwino mayitanidwe awo kuti apitilize umboni wawo wowona ndi Yesu’ mawu ndi zochita (onani. Machitidwe 1:21-2). Ngakhale m'masiku oyambirira anali ochulukirapo kuposa umboni wolembedwa, Tiyeneranso kuti maumboni a Yesu’ Zochita zikadasungidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana, Ndipo kuti anthu ena akanasonkhanitsa izi.

M'mikhalidwe imeneyi ndi zofanana ndi zomwe Yesu adachita’ Mawu, ndi maakaunti ake, zikadakhala zikuyenda mkati mwa mpingo woyamba, M'mawu onse ndi olembedwa, Kuchokera kwa masiku akale kwambiri (c.f. Machitidwe 2:42).

Koma Luka amaika chala chake pa zolakwa zawo ndipo, potengera, Chifukwa chosowa: Amakonda kukhala ad ndi zolembera za zonena za mawu ndi malipoti m'malo mwadongosolo. Iwo anali amtengo wapatali ku tchalitchi choyambirira monga chothandiza kukumbukira: Koma Mauthenga Abwino adayamba kufalikira kuti akanataya kufunika kwake.

* Kupatula kamodzi ndi akaunti yotchuka ya mzimayi wotengedwa mu chigololo (John 8:2-11). Izi sizikupezeka kuchokera ku zolemba zakale za John; ndipo pafupifupi mawu osadziwika, koma molawirira, chiyambi chomwe chidasungidwa powonjezera ntchito.

Kodi olemba Mauthenga Abwino adagwiritsa ntchito magwero amenewo??

Monga taonera kale, Kufanana pakati pa zambiri za Mauthenga Abwino atatu oyamba, Ngakhale mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndikuwonetsa kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zida wamba kapena pakamwa ngati chimango cha zolembedwa zawo.

Popeza Luka sanali yekha m'modzi mwa khumi ndi awiriwo, mwina adakopeka ndi umboni uliwonse wamawu ndi wolembedwa. Ngakhale akatswiri ena amatsutsana ndi olemba 2 Timoteyo, ili ndi zonena zosangalatsa (2 Malibe 4:13) Kwa mabuku ena ndi zikopa zomwe Paulo adachoka ku Troasi; Malo Luka amadziwika kuti adachezera ndi Paul Osachepera 2 Nthawi (c.f. Machitidwe 16:11 ndi 20:6).

Malinga ndi Abambo Oyambirira Achitchalitchi, Mark (Palibe m'modzi mwa khumi ndi awiriwo, koma membala wa mpingo woyamba ku Yerusalemu (Machitidwe 12:12,25 et. al.) ndipo kenako wotanthauzira wa Peter) Kutengera Uthenga Wake pa Nkhani Zakale za ziphunzitso za Peter.

Sizikudziwika ngati mateyo adagwiritsa ntchito magwero ena kupatula zobwereza zake: Ngakhale anatero. Koma popeza Peter adasankhidwa ndi Yesu mwiniyo kuti azitsogolera mpingo woyamba, Sizikudabwitsa ngati ziphunzitso za pakamwa kapena zolembedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko ndi Mateyo ndi Luka zimasonyezanso fanizo la ziphunzitso za Peter, Monga tafotokozera ndi Marko.

Mapeto

Popeza magwero am'mbuyomu komanso olembedwa amadziwika kuti adakhalako, Zikuwoneka kuti zolembedwazo zikadagwiritsa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a maakaunti awo. Funso la momwe zolembedwazi zidapangidwirabebe nkhani yolingalira. Komabe, Ziphunzitso zodziwika bwino zomwe zimadzinenera kuti ndizosiyana mu mfundo zochokera m'Mauthenga Abwino zimayenda mosiyana ndi umboni womwe wapezeka; ndikutiuza zambiri za malingaliro anu kuposa zenizeni, Mbiri Yakale.

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