Chibwenzi cha Documents ndi NT.

Mawu Oyamba

Ngakhale umboni wa Abambo a mpingo woyamba, Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, anthu ankanena kuti Mauthenga Abwino sanalembedwe mpaka anthu ena 100 zaka pambuyo pa Khristu. Lingaliro ili linali litayamba kutchuka chifukwa cha malingaliro otsutsa apamwamba, zomwe zinali zomveka ngati wina angoganiza za chitukuko chapang'onopang'ono cha nkhani za uthenga wabwino. Komabe, pamene maziko a zibwenzi zapatsogolozi akaunika amatsimikizira kukhala osalimba kwambiri; kuzikidwa makamaka pamalingaliro a chiphunzitso chomwe akuyenera kuchirikiza.

Zibwenzi mochedwa kwambiri za uthenga wabwino zitha kuthetsedwa mosavuta. Mawu a Mateyu, Mark, Luka ndi Machitidwe amalembedwa m'kalata ya Clement wa ku Roma (anafa c. AD 102) kwa Akorinto; chikalata cha AD 95 ndipo ambiri amavomereza ngati zenizeni. Yohane akutchulidwanso ndi Ignatius, amene anafa <c. AD 117. Chochititsa chidwi, mpaka posachedwapa unali Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane, chomaliza kulembedwa, amene anali atatulutsa malembo apamanja akale kwambiri – a Chidutswa china mu laibulale ya John Rylands, Manchester, UK, zomwe akatswiri ambiri amakumana nazo pakati 125 ndi 175 AD*. Mfundo yakuti zimenezi zinapezeka ku Iguputo zikusonyeza kuti pa nthawiyi uthenga wabwino unali utafalitsidwa kwambiri.

* Library ikufotokoza zimenezo, ngakhale tsikulo lidaganiziridwa poyamba 100-150 AD, 'Kafukufuku waposachedwapa amasonyeza tsiku lomwe liri pafupi 200 AD'. Madeti omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa adatengera ntchito ya Orsini ndi Clarysse, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa mgwirizano wamakono wamaphunziro. Kuti mudziwe zambiri onani nkhani ya Wikipedia iyi.

Koma akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirirabe kuti uthenga wabwino wa Yohane sunalembedwe mpaka pambuyo pa AD 90!

Kuwonongedwa kwa Kachisi

Mtsutso waukulu komanso wotchulidwa kawirikawiri wa nthawi yochedwa ya Mauthenga Abwino ukugwirizana ndi kuwonongedwa kwa kachisi wa ku Yerusalemu mu AD. 70. Ankanena kuti popeza kuti Mauthenga Abwino onse amangonena za chochitikachi ayenera kuti analembedwa pambuyo pake.

Koma chodabwitsa pa zolembedwa za Chipangano Chatsopano ndichoti paliponse m’mauthenga abwino kapena m’makalata muli chiwonongeko chimenechi akuti chinachitika kale.

M'malo mwake, maulosiwo ali m’nkhani ya maulosi amene Yesu ananena pamene kachisi adakalipo. Izi zikuchititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti palibe wolemba uthenga wabwino amene ananenapo za kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulosi umenewu. – chifukwa izi zikusemphana ndi chizolowezi chawo cholozera pomwe Yesu adakwaniritsa uneneri wa Chipangano Chakale, kapenanso maulosi ake onena za kuuka kwake. Machitidwe, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zikutsatizana ndi Luka, sichimatchula chochitika ichi ngakhale kuti pali maumboni ambiri okhudza Yerusalemu; ngakhalenso akalata onse. Mu Chibvumbulutso chokha, zomwe mwina zinalembedwa pambuyo pa AD 70, Kodi tikupeza chomwe chingakhale chitsimikiziro chobisika?. Popeza limeneli linali tsoka loipitsitsa limene linagwera Ayuda m’chikumbukiro chamoyo, ndi umboni woonekeratu wa Yesu’ mawu, kukhala chete uku ndi kogontha.

Mauthenga Abwino akadalembedwa Yerusalemu atagwa, sipakanakhala chifukwa chobisa mfundo imeneyi. (Chipangano Chakale, Mwachitsanzo, lili ndi maumboni ambiri osintha pambuyo pake, ndi mawu ngati, ‘mpaka lero’ zikuchitika m'malo ambiri.) Mofananamo mu zonse Luka (1:1-4) ndi Yohane (21:24) olembawo ali okhulupilika ndithu ponena kuti akulemba mauthenga awo mobwerezabwereza, pogwiritsa ntchito mboni zowona ndi maso komanso zolemba zakale.

Moto wa Roma

Komanso, nkhani ya Machitidwe (ndi tsatirani ku Luka) ikutha ndi kuikidwa m’ndende kwa Paulo ku Roma (AD 60-22), osatchula za moto wa Roma ndi Nero chifukwa cha kuzunza Akhristu mu AD 64, kapena chiyambi cha kupanduka kwa Ayuda mu AD 66; kotero tsiku lochedwa kuposa ili ndilokayikitsa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake mawu omaliza omveka, zozikidwa pa umboni wamkati, ndiye Mauthenga Abwino tsogolo kugwa kwa Yerusalemu ndipo zinazikidwa pa umboni wa mboni, kuwonjezeredwa ndi zolemba zolembedwa (Onani pansipa).

Osati pokhapokha mutakhulupirira uneneri!

Zotsutsa Zakale Zotsutsa Kutsutsidwa Kwapamwamba

Zotsutsana za kutsutsa kwakukulu zimazikidwa pa ganizo lakuti zamulungu za mpingo woyamba zinayambika pang’onopang’ono kwa nthawi yaitali kuti zikwanitse zosoŵa za mpingo woyamba.. Tanthauzo lalikulu la izi ndi kulingalira kuti zinthu zozizwitsa za Mauthenga Abwino, kuphatikizapo chiukiriro, ndi zowonjezera pambuyo pake; ndi kuti m’badwo woyamba wa Akhristu unali ndi zochepa, ngati alipo, chidwi chosunga mbiri yolondola ya mbiri ya moyo wa Kristu. Izi zimafuna kuti mwina:

1. olemba uthenga wabwino ankadziwa kuti nkhani zimene ankafotokoza zinali zenizeni, kapena
2. Mauthenga Abwino sanalembedwe mumkhalidwe wawo wamakono kufikira pambuyo pa chochitikacho.

Chovuta chodziwikiratu ndi malingaliro onsewa ndikuti olemba uthenga wabwino amaumirira zomwe amalemba ndi zoona (onani. Luka 1:1-4, John 19:35 ndi 21:24). Ngati iwo sali, ndizovuta kuziwona ngati ntchito ya amuna owona mtima. Ngakhale otsutsa apamwamba sanganene kuti ananama mwadala. Chikhalidwe cha Graeco-Roman chomwe Chikhristu choyambirira chidayambika ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi Palestina ya Yesu’ tsiku: choncho ngati Mauthenga Abwino asonyezedwa kuti akusonyeza molondola mikhalidwe ya ku Palestine ya m’zaka za zana loyamba, kenako otsutsa apamwamba’ kufuna kukhala pachibwenzi pambuyo pake sikuvomerezedwa.

M'derali ndendende m'mene chuma cha kafukufuku wazaka zapitazi chagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kuti chikhazikitsenso chidaliro mu zolemba za NT.. Mabuku monga Mauthenga Abwino ndi Machitidwe ali ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe; ndi zambiri zomwe zimaphunziridwa za miyambo yachiyuda ndi Graeco-Aroma ya Yesu’ tsiku, m'pamene zimaonekeratu kuti kulondola ndi tsatanetsatane wa zomwe zaperekedwa zimachotsa kuthekera kokongoletsa pambuyo pake..

Nazi zigamulo zazikulu zingapo pankhaniyi (kuchokera kwa akatswiri okayikira, osati okhulupirira mfundo za m’Baibulo):

“Luka ndi wolemba mbiri waudindo woyamba … wolemba uyu ayenera kuikidwa pamodzi ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale kwambiri.” (Sir William Ramsay, ‘Kusonyeza Kudziŵika kwa Posachedwapa pa Kudalirika kwa Chipangano Chatsopano.’ Asanayambe kafukufuku wake ofukula zinthu zakale ku Asia, Ramsay ankakhulupirira kuti Luka anali wosadalirika kwenikweni.)

“Monga katswiri wa Malemba Achizungu ndimakonda kukayikira nkhanizi, koma monga wolemba mbiri ndikuyenera kuwatenga ngati odalirika” (Dr. Peter Stuhlmacher, ‘Nthawi’ magazini, 15/8/88)

“Kalekale ndiye pakati pa masiku a kulembedwa koyambirira ndi umboni wakale kwambiri umakhala waung'ono kwambiri kotero kuti ungakhale wosafunikira kwenikweni., ndipo maziko omalizira a kukaikira kulikonse kuti Malemba afika kwa ife mokulira monga momwe analembedwera tsopano achotsedwa. Zonse ziŵiri zowona ndi kukhulupirika kwa onse kwa mabuku a Chipangano Chatsopano kungalingaliridwe kukhala kotsimikizirika pomalizira pake.” (Sir Frederick Kenyon, wotsogolera komanso woyang'anira laibulale wamkulu ku British Museum, ‘Baibulo ndi Archaeology’)

Dr. John A.T. Robinson, wa ‘Wokhulupirika kwa Mulungu’ kutchuka, m’buku lake, ‘Kubwerezabwereza Chipangano Chatsopano’ akumalizanso kuti umboni womwe ulipo tsopano ukuonetsa kuti Chipangano Chatsopano chonse chinalembedwa Yerusalemu asanagwe mu AD 70.

Mgwirizano waposachedwa wa Chibwenzi

Mpaka posachedwa, kuvomerezana kwamaphunziro kukanayika Mark patsogolo pa AD 64-70, Matthew ku AD 70-80, Luka c. AD 80, ndi Machitidwe patapita nthawi, ndi Yohane c. AD 90. Zibwenzi izi zidakhazikitsidwa makamaka, monga tafotokozera kale, pa mkangano wosayenerera wonena za kuwonongedwa kwa kachisi ndi nthanthi za kusuliza kwapamwamba.

Zofalitsa zaposachedwa tsopano zikusonyeza kuti Mark ayenera kukhala ndi deti c. AD 50, Mateyu c. AD 55, Luka c. AD 59 ndi Machitidwe c. AD 63. Si akatswiri onse amaphunziro amene atsatira mfundo imeneyi, kumene. Pakadali pano, Kugwirizana kwa anthu onse kukuwoneka ngati AD 63-70 kwa Luka ndi AD 60-ish kwa Mark. Zibwenzi za pafupi AD 60 chifukwa Mauthenga Abwino Oyambirira amagwirizana bwino ndi NT ndi umboni wina wa mbiri yakale. Madeti onsewa amaika bwino lomwe Mauthenga Abwino m'nthawi ya moyo wa Akhristu a m'badwo woyamba ndi mboni zowona ndi maso za Yesu’ moyo ndi utumiki.

The Encylopaedia Britannica idalemba za Marko asanawononge Kachisi ndi ena onse pambuyo pake.

John adakalipo nthawi zambiri chakumapeto kwa AD 90; ngakhale akatswiri ena, kuphatikizapo J.A.T. Robinson ndi Thiering tsopano akutsutsa kuti zitha kukhalapo kale Mark.

Ngati Yohane adalembedwa kale Mauthenga Abwino Oyambirira ndizodabwitsa kuti sanatsatire zomwe Yohane adalemba.…

Awa sindiwo magwero a Chipangano Chatsopano okha omwe amavomerezedwa kuti amalembedwa nthawi imodzi ndi atumwi; tiri nawonso akalatawo.

Makamaka, makalata otsatirawa a Paulo ambiri amavomerezedwa kukhala owona ngakhale ndi akatswiri okayikira, ndipo malingaliro pamasiku awo nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi zaka zingapo zotsatirazi:

AD 51 I Atesalonika

AD 52 II Atesalonika

AD 53 Agalatiya

AD 55 I Akorinto, II Akorinto

AD 57 Aroma

AD 60 Akolose, Aefeso, Filemoni

AD 61 Afilipi

Malinga ndi Pulofesa Mack, Makalata a Paulo anakhudza nyengo ya C.E 55 ku 85.

Madeti onsewa amayika Mauthenga Abwino ndi makalata a Pauline mkati mwa moyo wa Atumwi ndi mboni zina zowona ndi maso za zochitika izi.: kotero kuti palibe maziko omveka a mbiri yakale okayikira kudalirika kwawo. Mwachidziwikire, ngati malingaliro a akalata ena ali olondola, ndiye izi ziyeneranso kukhala zofanana. Ine ndatero, komabe, anapewa kuwatchula n'cholinga choti kuunika umboni wa kuuka kwa akufa kupitirire pazifukwa zotsimikizira akatswiri onse..

Zamakono? Pali kusiyana kwa zaka makumi atatu!

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