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1st Century – Kukonda Umboni Wachindunji.

Baibulo lovomerezeka la tchalitchi choyambirira linali Malemba Achihebri, tsopano chodziwika kwa ife monga Chipangano Chakale. Olemba a Chipangano Chatsopano sakuwoneka kuti adalemba ndi cholinga chopanga Malemba atsopano. Cholinga chawo chinali kusunga mbiri ya Yesu’ moyo ndi maphunziro, kusonyeza mmene izi zinakwaniritsira malamulo ndi maulosi a Chipangano Chakale, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti yasungidwa mokhulupirika ndi kukhazikitsidwa m’ziphunzitso ndi machitidwe a mpingo.

Zolemba zolembedwa zinali zochulukira kwambiri ndipo kupanga makope kunali ntchito yotopetsa; kotero pa nthawiyi sakanakhala ochuluka kwambiri, ndipo zikanazungulira munjira yongoyembekezera. M'zaka zotsala za zana loyamba, zokonda zinali kuwonetsedwa koyamba osati umboni wolembedwa. Mwachitsanzo Papias (60-140 AD), popereka zambiri za Mauthenga Abwino, amasonyeza kukonda kwambiri ‘mawu amoyo ndi okhalitsa’ za iwo amene anali ndi chidziwitso chachindunji cha Atumwi ndi atsogoleri a mipingo yoyambirira.

Sitikudziwa kuyesa kwakukulu kufotokozera mndandanda wa 'mwalamulo’ zolemba zovomerezeka panthawiyi. Zimenezi zinapitirira mpaka m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri.

Makalata a Paulo

Zomwe zinali pafupi kwambiri ndi zolemba zodziwika panthawiyi zinali Makalata a Paulo. Zisanu ndi zinayi mwa zimenezi poyamba zinali zopita ku matchalitchi; imodzi (Filemoni) ndi kalata yaumwini ndi zina zitatu, amadziwika kuti Makalata Abusa, amaperekedwa kwa othandizira ake, Timoteyo ndi Tito. Iwo analembedwa makamaka pakati 51 ndi 61 AD, Makalata a Abusa pambuyo pake; ndipo akukhulupirira kuti adasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ngati chopereka mozungulira 80-85 AD. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala ndi kugwidwa mawu m’zaka zotsala za zana loyamba ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri; koma idatsika pakutchuka kwakanthawi mkati mwa zaka za zana lachiwiri, kutsatira kuzunzidwa kwawo ndi Marcion (Onani pansipa).

2nd Century – Mndandanda Woyamba wa Zolemba Zovomerezeka.

Pofika m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri, ndi kufalitsidwa kwa zolemba zina zingapo zokayikitsa zowona kapena chiphunzitso, pamodzi ndi zolembedwa pambuyo pake ndi atsogoleri a mipingo yoyambirira. Panalinso kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ziphunzitso mu mpingo, ndipo magulu osiyanasiyana anayamba kusonyeza zokonda zolembedwa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro awo enieni.

Marcion wonyenga, amene anachoka mu mpingo pafupi 150 AD, anamasulira zolembedwa za Paulo kuti zinalidi Milungu iwiri, a ‘Mulungu basi’ wa Chipangano Chakale ndi ‘Mulungu Wabwino’ wa Chatsopano. Iye ananena kuti atumwi analola Yesu’ kuphunzitsa kuti kuipitsidwe ndipo Paulo anali wodziyimira yekha woona. Iye anakana kotheratu Chipangano Chakale ndi kufalitsa ndandanda yakeyake ya zolembedwa zovomerezedwa, wokhala ndi uthenga wabwino umodzi (mwina akugwirizana ndi Luka) komanso makalata a Paulo opita ku mipingo ndi Filemoni, ngakhale iye anakana Makalata Abusa.

Mndandanda wa a Marcion udakhala ngati chilimbikitso kwa ena kuti ayambe kufotokoza mindandanda yawo yovomerezeka. Irenaeus makamaka amatchula mabuku ambiri omwe amapanga masiku ano NT, kuphatikizapo Mauthenga Abwino, Machitidwe, makalata onse a Paulo ndi Chivumbulutso. Choncho, nawonso, akutero Muratorian Canon (m'ma. 170-210 AD, ndipo nthawi zambiri amati ndi Hippolytus); ngakhale izi zimalimbikitsanso zolemba zina ziwiri, 'Apocalypse ya Peter’ ndi ‘Nzeru za Solomo’, zomwe sizinali zovomerezeka ndi tchalitchi.

3rd Century – Concensus Emerging.

Zolemba zofanana ndi zolemba, ndi kusiyana pang'ono, pitilizani kupezeka m'zolemba mpaka zaka za zana lachitatu. Eusebius, wolemba mbiri ya Tchalitchi cha 4th century, ikufotokoza mwachidule udindo pa nthawiyo motere:

Kuvomereza

Mateyu, Mark, Luka, John, Machitidwe, Makalata a Paulo, 1 Petro, 1 John ndi (malinga ndi ena) Chivumbulutso cha Yohane.

Zotsutsana, komabe amadziwika kwa ambiri

James, Yuda, 2 Petro, 2 John, 3 John.

Wonyenga

Machitidwe a Paulo (170 AD), Mbusa wa Hermas (115-140 AD), Apocalypse wa Peter (150 AD), Kalata ya Barnaba (70-79 AD), Didache (100-120 AD), Uthenga Wabwino molingana ndi Ahebri (65-100 AD) ndi (malinga ndi ena) Chivumbulutso cha Yohane.

Onse oipa ndi oipa

Uthenga Wabwino wa Tomasi, Uthenga Wabwino wa Petro, Uthenga Wabwino wa Matiya, Machitidwe a Andrew, Machitidwe a Yohane.

4th Century – Matanthauzo Ovomerezeka (Canon of Lemba)

Munthambi ya kum'mawa kwa tchalitchi, Kalata ya 39 ya Paskha ya Athanasius (367 AD) limapereka chiganizo chotsimikizirika cha mabuku amene amaonedwa kuti ndi odalirika, ndi mu mpingo wakumadzulo, Mabungwe a Hippo (393 AD) ndi Carthage (397 AD). Onse amatchula mabuku omwe ali m'Chipangano Chatsopano.

The Syriac Canon

Poyamba matchalitchi olankhula Chisiriya ankatsatira njira ina. Uthenga woyamba umene unagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pawo unali ‘Uthenga Wabwino molingana ndi Ahebri’ (Uthenga Wabwino wa apocryphal wa olemba osadziwika, chibwenzi pakati 65 ndi 100 AD). Zimenezi zinaloŵedwa m’malo ndi kugwirizana kwa Mauthenga Abwino opangidwa ndi Tatian, wotchedwa Diatessaron, kumene anawonjezedwako makalata a Paulo ndi Machitidwe. Pamapeto pake, matchalitchi a Chisiriya anatengera mndandanda wa mabuku ovomerezeka mofanana ndi amene ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matchalitchi a kum’mawa ndi kumadzulo, m’malo mwa Diatessaron ndi Mauthenga Abwino anayi.

Mabuku otsutsana a NT

Magawo otsatirawa akupereka maziko a mbali zina zazikulu zotsutsana za mabuku omwe sanavomerezedwe mosavuta.

Mfundo zina ziyenera kukumbukiridwa.

• Mfundo yakuti panali mkangano ponena za zowona ndi kufunika kwa zolembazi siziri chifukwa chodetsa nkhaŵa: tiyenera kukhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ngati adalandiridwa mosatsutsika.
• Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi kutayika kwa zolemba zoyambira kunali vuto ngakhale m'zaka mazana angapo zoyambirira. Komabe, tikudziwa kuti akatswiri a tchalitchi choyambirira anali ndi mwayi wopeza zolemba ndi zolembedwa zomwe tsopano zatayika kwa ife.
• Ngakhale maphunziro amakono ali ndi mwayi paziwerengero zochepa komanso kusinthika kwa zida zake zowunikira, Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zoperekedwa tsopano zosonyeza ndi zotsutsa zolembedwazi zinali zodziŵika ndi kuzilingalira ndi akatswiri oyambirira.
• Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povomereza kapena kukana zolembedwazi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pa nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Utumwi. Sizinali zofunika mtheradi kuti wolemba akhale mtumwi (Yuda sanali, ngakhalenso Marko ndi Luka sanali); koma panali nkhawa yayikulu kuti palibe chomwe chikuyenera kuphatikizidwa chomwe sichinavomerezedwe momveka bwino ndi utumwi.

Kalata yopita kwa Ahebri

Kukangana koyambirira kokhudza Ahebri kunakhazikika pa kulembedwa kwake, ndi maganizo makamaka ogawanika pakati pa Paulo (zomwe zikanawapatsa ulamuliro wochuluka) kapena Barnaba. Kalata yokhayo sidziwika – mtsutso wamphamvu wotsutsa kulembera kwa Pauline, popeza mchitidwe wake unali kusaina makalata ake onse payekha (c.f. 2 Thess. 3:17) – ndipo kalembedwe kachigiriki sikufanana ndi zolemba zake zina. Koma zamulungu zake zimagwirizana ndi zomwe Paulo ananena komanso kutchula Timoteo (mmodzi wa ophunzira ake odziwika kwambiri) mu Aheb 13:23 limaperekanso kugwirizana koteroko. Pofika nthawi yomwe idaphatikizidwa mu Canon, mwambo wa ulembi wa Pauline unakula, makamaka chifukwa cha khalidwe lachiwonetsero chake. Amatchulidwa ndi Clement waku Roma mu 95 AD, ndipo pafupifupi chisanachitike chiwonongeko cha kachisi 70 AD, popeza wolembayo akufotokoza za nsembe zapakachisi ngati kuti zikupitirirabe (onani. Aheb 10:1-11). Akatswiri ambiri amakono amavomereza kuti linalembedwa ndi wolemba wina osati Paulo. Mdani wina wamphamvu angakhale Apolo, amene luso lawo lofotokoza Malemba Achihebri linali lofanana ndi la Paulo (onani. Machitidwe 18:24-28 ndi 1 Akor 3:4-6). Koma ziribe kanthu yemwe wolemba waumunthu, chimazindikiridwa monga chitsanzo chapadera cha chiphunzitso cha tchalitchi choyambirira.

James

Apanso, mkangano woyamba unakhazikika pa nkhani ya wolemba. Wolembayo amadzitcha yekha kuti ‘Yakobo, mtumiki wa Mulungu …'. Pali anthu atatu otchuka a dzinali mu mpingo woyamba. Yakobo mwana wa Zebedayo (ndi mbale wake wa Yohane) ndi Yakobo mwana wa Alifeyo onse anawerengedwa mwa Atumwi khumi ndi awiri. Yoyamba inali yotchuka kwambiri, kukhala gawo la Yesu’ bwalo lamkati, ndipo ena adafuna kufotokoza kwa Iye: koma iye anaphedwa iye asanalembe moyenerera kalata yoteroyo. Palibe chomwe chinanenedwa kuti ndi wolemba ndi James wina. Chigwirizano cha anthu onse chinali chakuti linalembedwa ndi Yakobo Wolungama, mmodzi wa Yesu’ abale, amene anakhala wokhulupirira pambuyo pa chiukiriro ndipo pomalizira pake anatsogolera mpingo wa Yerusalemu asanaphedwe 62 AD. Iye anali wotetezera zofuna za Chiyuda ndi Chikristu, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi umboni wa m’malemba wonena za mbadwa ya mbadwa ya Chiaramu wokhala ndi mbiri yamphamvu ya Chiyuda.

Otsutsa ena amakono alingalira kuti kalatayo mwina inali banja lachiyuda lolinganizidwa kaamba ka zifuno Zachikristu, kapena cholembera chamtsogolo chofuna kutsutsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa chiphunzitso cha Paulo cha kulungamitsidwa mwa chikhulupiriro. Komabe, palibe mfundo zoperekedwa zomwe sizingafotokozedwe mokwanira pamaziko a Yakobo’ wolemba ndi zotsutsa zitha kuperekedwa motsutsana ndi kuthekera kwa njira zonse ziwirizi.

Yuda

Yuda (kapena Yudasi) akuzindikiritsidwa kukhala ‘mtumiki wa Yesu Kristu, ndi mbale wake wa Yakobo. Yakobo yekha wodziwika amene izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi James Wolungama, kupanga Yuda wina wa Yesu’ abale aang'ono, otchulidwa ku Mt. 13:55 ndi Mk 6:3. Zikuwoneka kuti zidalembedwa pambuyo pake 70 AD, monga atumwi akunenedwa mu nthawi yapitayi (vv. 17-18). Komabe, unali wochedwa kulandiridwa makamaka chifukwa chakuti Yuda sanali kuzindikiridwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro wautumwi.

2 Petro

2 Petro akunena mosabisa kuti ndi Simoni Petro; choncho ziyenera kukhala zenizeni kapena zabodza. Iyi inali nkhani yotsutsana isanavomerezedwe komaliza, ndi Origen ndi Jerome akuvomereza, koma Eusebius sakudziwa.

Akatswiri ambiri amakono amakayikiranso kudalirika kwake. Zifukwa zenizeni zomwe zatchulidwa ndi:

• 2 Petro 2:1-3:3 ndipo Yuda ali pachibale. Amatsutsa kuti, ngati 2 Petro adabwereka kwa Yuda wamfupi, sichingakhale chenicheni. Komabe, palibe chifukwa chenicheni chimene wolemba wina sayenera kutchula wina; ndipo sikuli njira yochenjera kuti munthu wonyenga apereke kalata yomwe inalipo kale ndi Yuda monga ntchito ya Petro.. Komanso, n’kuthekanso kuti Yuda anali kunena za Petro; kwenikweni zikuwoneka zotheka, monga tangoona kumene kuti Yuda amalankhula za atumwi mu nthawi yapitayi.
• Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati 1 ndi 2 Petro. Choyamba, kalembedwe kachi Greek kumasiyana: koma, monga ananenera Jerome, kusiyana koteroko komwe kulipo kumafotokozedwa mosavuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Petro womasulira wina. Kugogomezera kwa chiphunzitso kulinso kosiyana kwambiri: koma popeza umodzi umapita kwa Akhristu omwe akuzunzidwa, ndipo winayo akulimbana ndi chiwopsezo cha chiphunzitso chonyenga, izi sizodabwitsanso.
• Zimatsutsidwanso kuti pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimasonyeza tsiku lamtsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la dziko lapansi kuwonongedwa ndi moto, malingaliro achikhristu, sanakhale wotchuka mpaka m'zaka za zana lachiŵiri. Koma ganizoli linachokera kuti? Kalata iyi, ngati zowona, imapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino. Chinanso ndicho kutchulidwa kwa zolemba za Paulo pamodzi ndi ‘malemba ena’ mu 3:15-16 zimasonyeza chibwenzi pambuyo pake. Koma izi zikutanthauza kuti Petro akuyika zolemba za Paulo mwachidwi (tanthauzo lenileni la 'malemba') mofanana ndi olemba Chipangano Chakale, m’malo mongonena kuti anthu ena apotoza chilichonse kuti chiwakomere okha. Komanso, mavesi amenewa akutsindika za umodzi wofunikira wa Paulo ndi Petro, njira yotsutsana kwambiri ndi mchitidwe wa olemba schismatic a nthawiyo omwe, monga ndi Marcion, ankakonda kusewera wina ndi mzake.

2 ndi 3 John

Ngakhale kuti palibe kalata yomwe imatchula Yohane kuti ndi wolemba, kusungika m'mipingo yoyambirira makamaka kunali kokhudza kufunika kwawo, popeza ali achidule kwambiri, ndi kukhala ndi tanthauzo lochepa la chiphunzitso.

Kuchokera pamawu, pafupifupi akatswiri onse amavomereza kuti zinalembedwa ndi wolemba yemweyo 1 John, ndipo ambiri angavomereze zimenezo 1 Yohane analembedwa ndi mlembi wa Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kalembedwe pakati pa izi ndi Chivumbulutso (zinanenedwanso ndi Yohane). Chotero zikunenedwa kuti kulembedwa kwenikweni kwa uthenga wabwino ndi makalata kunachitidwa ndi mmodzi wa ophunzira a Yohane. Lingaliro limeneli likuchirikizidwa ndi mutu wa Yohane 21, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chiyambi cha uthenga wabwino, akusonya kwa ‘wophunzira amene Yesu anamkonda’ monga gwero loyamba, koma kusonyeza bwino lomwe kuti ena anathandiza pakukonza kwake (vv. 20-24).

Chibvumbulutso

Chivumbulutso chimati chinalembedwa ndi Yohane, pamene anatengedwa ukapolo ku Patmo: choncho, monga ndi 2 Petro, ziyenera kukhala zenizeni kapena zabodza; pokhapokha, monga ena amanenera, kwenikweni ndi Yohane wina. Mawu achigiriki amasiyana kwambiri ndi uthenga wabwino kapena zilembo m'mawu ndi kalembedwe (galamala yake ndi yosauka kwambiri). Izi zinayambitsa mkangano pa nkhani yolemba, ngakhale adatsimikiziridwa ndi Justin Martyr (m'ma. 140 AD), Irenaeus (AD 120-190, wophunzira wa Polycarp, mmodzi wa ophunzira a Yohane) ndi ena. Koma podzafika m’zaka za zana lachinayi ulembi wa Yohane unavomerezedwa; ndi Eusebius, polemba zokayikitsa zakale, mwiniwake akuvomereza, kunena kuti linalembedwa mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Domitian (81-96 AD).

Akatswiri ambiri amakono amakayikiranso mlembi wa buku la Chivumbulutso pazifukwa zimene tafotokozazi; koma izi zimayankhidwa mosavuta. Chilankhulo cha Yohane chinali Chiaramu ndi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pali umboni kuti adathandizidwa polemba uthenga wake. Ndizosatheka kwambiri kuti, ali mu ukapolo, akadakhala ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo cha othandizira omwewo. Poyeneradi, ayenera kuti anakakamizika kulemba m’Chigiriki iye mwini popanda kuthandizidwa kapena kuti analemba choyambirira m’Chiaramu, monga mmene akatswiri ena amakhulupirira. Komanso, mawu aulosi nthawi zambiri amasiyana kwambiri ndi malankhulidwe wamba m'malembedwe ndi chilankhulo. (Mungofanizira chinenero chimene anthu ena amachigwiritsa ntchito kutchalitchi ndi zolankhula zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku kuti muone mmene kusiyana kumeneku kungakhalire kochititsa chidwi!) Chivumbulutso ndi limodzi mwa maulosi a m’masomphenya amene anaperekedwapo; nzosiyana kwambiri ndi Mauthenga Abwino a Yohane ndi makalata ake onse ndi cholinga. Zinthu ngati zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana koonekeratu kwa makalata ndi Mauthenga Abwino.

Chidule

M’masiku oyambirira a tchalitchi Chipangano Chakale chinali Baibulo lovomerezeka la mpingo, ndipo panalibe zoyesayesa zalinga zopanga gulu latsopano la Malemba ovomerezedwa mwalamulo. Njira yofotokozera mabuku omwe ankadziwika kuti ndi ovomerezeka sinayambe mpaka m'zaka za zana lachiŵiri; pa nthawi imene kutulukira kwa zolemba zosiyanasiyana zapambuyo pake, ena abodza ndi ampatuko ndipo ena amangochoka kutali ndi magwero oyambilira autumwi, anayamba kufunikira kuchitapo kanthu.

Ngakhale kuti mabuku a NT sanatchulidwe mwalamulo mpaka zaka za zana lachinayi, zikuwonekeratu kuti, mosasamala kanthu za njira zotsika kwambiri zofalitsira panthaŵiyo, Panali kale kuvomerezana kwaunyinji wa mabuku ameneŵa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri. Onse omwe akuphatikizidwa amavomerezedwa kuti amachokera m'gulu la Akhristu a m'badwo woyamba. Izi zikusiyana ndi zolemba zomwe zidasiyidwa mu NT, zomwe makamaka zidachokera m'zaka za zana lachiwiri, kapena zili zokayikitsa zowona.

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