The Best-zalembedwa choyenera onsewo.

Mawu Oyamba.

Tisanakambirane zili, Tiyenera kukhuta kuti malemba omwe tili nawo lero ndi osangalatsidwa ndi zoyambira. Otsutsa Chikristu nthawi zambiri amati ndi osadalirika: koma izi, ndithu kwenikweni, sakanakhoza kukhala patsogolo pa choonadi. Za ntchito zonse zakale za nthawi imeneyi omwe olemba mbiri amanyalanyaza, Palibe amabwera choncho pafupi ndi Chipangano Chatsopano mu kuchuluka kwake ndi umboni wa umboni chifukwa chake.

Kodi zolemba zakale zidasungidwa bwanji??

Nthawi zina, ndi ena, Kope loyambirira kapena chidutswa cha chikalata chakale chapulumuka lero: Koma mwayiwu ukuchitika ndi akutali kotero kuti palibe mabuku akulu a nthawi izi adasungidwa motere. Zinthu zolembedwa za tsikulo zinali zowola; Ndipo zochulukirapo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, Kuthamanga komwe kumamusokoneza, Chifukwa chake kunali kofunikira zikalata zoti zilembedwe, Kuteteza kwawo komanso kufalikira. Makamaka pankhani ya malembawo, chisamaliro choterechi chidatengedwa pokopera kuti buku, Kamodzi adamaliza ndikufufuza, amadziwika kuti ndi ofanana ndi choyambirira. Koyambirira ukadakhala wowonongeka mpaka pomwe sakanatha kuwerenga mosavuta, Nthawi zambiri amatayidwa, nthawi zambiri amawotchedwa. Poyeneradi, Zolemba zoyambirira za Tischendorf. Catherine pa Mt. Sionai (Codex Frederico-Augustanus), anali mu mtanga wa mapepala akale akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika uvuni. Amonke mwachionekere amaganiza kuti ndi wachilendo kwambiri chifukwa chosangalatsidwa ndi zomwe mwakhala nazo zochepa komanso zowonongeka! Zotsatira zake sizinali mpaka 15 zaka pambuyo pake 1859, Pomwe adawapangira mphatso ya chipangano cha Septuagint, kuti woyang'anirayo adanenanso kuti ali ndi imodzi mwa izi; ndipo adamuwonetsa a Conmex Inaiticus, zomwe zilinso ndi buku lachikale kwambiri la Chipangano Chatsopano.

Kodi kudalirika kwa makope akale kumayesedwa bwanji?

Mwachidziwikire, Kuperewera kwa zikalata zoyambirira kumabweretsa mavuto kwa wolemba mbiri, Koma zinthu zingapo zazikulu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kudalirika kwa makope omwe akupulumuka:

• Pafupi ndi choyambirira chomwe chili choyambirira kwambiri?
• Kodi ndi makope angati omwe apulumuka??
• Kodi makope otsala amagwirizana?
• Kodi lembalo lingathe kutsimikiziridwa kuchokera kuzomwe zili kunja?

Kodi Chipangano Chatsopano chikufanana bwanji ndi zikalata zina zamakono?

Kukhazikitsa Baibulo pambali kwakanthawi, Pofika nthawi yotsimikizika yotsimikizika ya ma graeco-Roma. Zolemba za 900 B zina, idafalikira kwambiri, ndipo alipo 643 Kupulumuka Makope Olondola. Komabe, woyamba madeti awa kuyambira pamenepo 400 B zina, kusiya kusiyana kwa 500 Zaka kuchokera koyambirira. Ntchito za Virgil zimakhala ndi malire ang'ono kwambiri, pafupi 350 zaka: Koma izi ndizokhazikika 7 Makodi Akuluakulu. Zikalata zina zakale sizimapezeka paliponse, ndipo ambiri sasangalala, Pamene tebulo lomwe likuwonetsa:

		Palibe zaka:		Ayi
Kaonekeswe	Chiyambi	1chidutswa	1st popp	Zolemba pamanja
Nyongolozo – Amiyedi	70-19 B zina		350	7
Homer – Iliad	900 B zina		500	643
Maphunziro – Mbiri yazakale	61-113 AD		750	7
Suetonius – Pa moyo wa Caisars	75-160 AD		800	8
Kaisara – Nkhondo za gallic	100-44 B zina	950	950	10
Wofunisitsa – Mbiri yakale *	59 BC-17 AD	200-300	900	25
Tanthauzes – Mbiri / Annals *	100 AD	900	1,100	20
Lucretius	?-55 B zina		1,100	2
Kamwere	383-322 B zina		1,300	200**
Aristofanes	450-385 B zina		1,200	10
Plato – Ma tetralogues	427-347 B zina		1,200	7
Thumydides – Mbiri yazakale	460-400 B zina	500	1,300	8
Herodotus – Mbiri yazakale	480-425 B zina		1,300	8
Aristotle – Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana	384-322 B zina		1,400	49***
Ma saphocles	496-406 B zina		1,400	193
Europu	480-406 B zina		1,500	9
Chombo	54 B zina		1,600	3

* Magawo olemera otayika. ** Onse kuchokera ku buku limodzi. *** Zambiri pa ntchito iliyonse.

N.B. '1st’ ndi 'kope loyamba’ Madeti patebulo pamwambapa ndiyabwino, Monga 'kope loyamba’ Zolemba pamanja zimakonda kwambiri, ndi '1st’ Madeti nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kupeza. Zambiri zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kulandiridwa. Mosiyana, osati kokha pakati pa tsiku lolemba za Chipangano Chatsopano, Zidutswa zawo zoyambirira komanso zolembedwa zonse zimafupikirana kuposa chilichonse pamwambapa, Chiwerengero cha zolembedwa pamanja zomwe zaposachedwa zimapitilira zonse zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi chinthu makumi awiri, Monga taonera pansipa:

		Palibe zaka:		Ayi
Kaonekeswe	Chiyambi	1chidutswa	1st popp	Zolemba pamanja
Chipangano Chatsopano	40-100 AD		300	24,300 *
Mateyu	50-65 AD	150
Mark	50-60 AD	175
Luka	59-70 AD	140
John	90 AD	35-85
Paulo	50-65 AD	150

* 5,000 M'Chi Greek, 10,000 Matembenuzidwe a Chilatini ndipo 9,300 M'zilankhulo Zina.

Zomwe zidali pamwambapa zachokera zochitika zaposachedwa, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri kuposa zomwe zidachitika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1900s. Kumene, Ngati zolembedwazo zidachokera pambuyo pake, Kenako nthawi ikutha kupita ku zidutswa zodziwika zodziwika bwino zimakhala zocheperako.

Chitani zotsalazo?

Ndi zolembedwa zambiri zopulumuka, Zosasinthika zosintha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti opera’ ndi omasulira’ zolakwika zimangoyembekezeredwa. Komabe, Kuchokera mwankhanza 20,000 mizere mu NT, basi 40 akukayikira. Mwa kufananiza Iliad, omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chotsatira chachikulu cha zolemba pamanja, watero 15,600 mivi, amene 764 (5 peresembala) akukayikira. Ngakhale kusiyanasiyana komwe kumakhalapo, Zimapezeka kuti ambiri ndi zinthu zazing'ono za matchulidwe, dongosolo la mawu, ndi zina.. Zomwe zili munjira iliyonse '’ equate ku china chake mu dongosolo la chikwi chimodzi mwa mawu onse. Ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kochuluka sikutanthauza tanthauzo lenileni. M'mawu a osintha a Revised Standard Version:

“Zikhala zodziwikiratu kwa owerenga mosamala omwe adalowabe 1946, monga 1881 ndi 1901, Palibe chiphunzitso cha chikhulupiriro cha chikhristu chakhudzidwa ndi kukonzanso, chifukwa chophweka, mwa zikwizikwi za zowerengera zosintha mu zolemba pamanja, Palibe amene anasintha pano kumeneku zimafunikira kukonzanso kwa chiphunzitso cha Chikristu.”

Kodi lembalo lingathe kutsimikiziridwa kuchokera kuzomwe zili kunja?

Chinthu china chodabwitsa kwambiri cha Chipangano Chatsopano ndi chomwe chimatchulidwa m'mabuku achikristu oyambirira. Ntchito za Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Sirgen, N tertullian, Hippolytus ndi eusebius pakati pawo muli 36,000 mawu. Okwanira 86,000 Zizindikiro zalembedwa, Ngakhale si onse awa ndi mawu enieni. Kukula kwa zolembedwazi ndizambiri kotero kuti zawerengedwa kuti Chipangano chonse chatsopano, Barring SERESTE, imatha kupezeka m'mawu ochokera kumatchalitchi azaka za zana lachiwiri ndi lachitatu!

Chidule

Pa aliyense muyeso mbiri, Zolemba za Chipangano Chatsopano ndizabwino kwambiri komanso zovomerezeka kuposa chikalata china chilichonse cha izi. Mawu a Sir Frederick Kenyon, wotsogolera ndi olemekezeka mabuku a British Museum:

“Kalekale ndiye pakati pa masiku a kulembedwa koyambirira ndi umboni wakale kwambiri umakhala waung'ono kwambiri kotero kuti ungakhale wosafunikira kwenikweni., ndipo maziko omalizira a kukaikira kulikonse kuti Malemba afika kwa ife mokulira monga momwe analembedwera tsopano achotsedwa. Zonse ziŵiri zowona ndi kukhulupirika kwa onse kwa mabuku a Chipangano Chatsopano kungalingaliridwe kukhala kotsimikizirika pomalizira pake.”

Back nkhani yaikulu.