Pehea nā puke mua i kohoʻia?

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1st Century – Makemake no ka hoike pololei.

ʻO ka Baibala kūhelu o ka ʻekalesia mua, ʻo ia ka Baibala Hebera, i kēia manawa i ʻike ʻia e mākou ʻo ke Kauoha Kahiko. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea kākau o ke Kauoha Hou me ka manaʻo e hana i kahi palapala hemolele hou. ʻO kā lākou hopohopo e mālama i ka moʻolelo o Iesū’ ke ola a me ke ao ana, e hoike i ka hooko ana o keia i na kanawai a me na wanana o ke Kauoha Kahiko, a e hōʻoia i ka mālama pono ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo aʻo a me nā hana o ka ʻekalesia.

Nui loa nā palapala i kākau ʻia a he hana paʻakikī ke hana kope ʻana; no laila ʻaʻole lākou i nui loa i kēia manawa, a ua hoolaha ia ma ke ano ad hoc. I ke koena o ke kenekulia mua, Ua hōʻike ʻia ka makemake no ka lima mua ma mua o ka hōʻike kākau. ʻo kahi laʻana Papias (60-140 Kāleʻa), ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike no ka ʻeuanelio, hōʻike i kahi makemake ikaika no ka 'leo ola a paʻa’ o ka poe i ike pono i na Aposetole a me na alakai o ka ekalesia mua.

ʻAʻole mākou ʻike i kahi hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi e wehewehe i kahi papa inoa o ka 'officially’ palapala ʻae ʻia i kēia wā. Ua mau kēia kūlana a hiki i ke kenekulia ʻelua.

Na Palapala a Paulo

ʻO ka mea kokoke loa i kahi kino kākau i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka palapala a Paulo. ʻEiwa o kēia mau mea i kamaʻilio mua ʻia i nā hale pule; ʻekahi (Kilimahi) he leka pilikino a me nā ʻekolu ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻEpisetole Pastoral, i kona mau kokua, Timoteo a me Tito. Ua kākau nui ʻia lākou ma waena 51 a 61 Kāleʻa, na Episetole Pastoral ma hope iki mai; a ua manaʻo ʻia ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he hōʻiliʻili a puni 80-85 Kāleʻa. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia a ʻōlelo ʻia i ke koena o ke kenekulia mua a me ka hapa mua o ka lua; aka, ua emi iho ka kaulana no kekahi manawa ma ka waena o ke kenekulia elua, ma hope o kā lākou hana ʻino ʻia e Marcion (Eʻike ma lalo nei).

2nd Kenekulia – Papa inoa mua o na palapala i aponoia.

I ka lua o ke kenekulia, ua maʻalahi ke kūlana, me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kekahi mau palapala ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo kānalua a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana, me nā palapala hope a nā alakaʻi o ka ʻekalesia mua. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa aʻoaʻo ma ka ʻekalesia, a ua hoʻomaka nā hui like ʻole e hōʻike i ka makemake i kēlā mau palapala i makemake i ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī.

ʻO Marcion heretic, ka poe i haalele i ka ekalesia e pili ana 150 Kāleʻa, Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā palapala a Paulo me ke ʻano he ʻelua Akua, he ' Akua Pono’ o ke Kauoha Kahiko a me ke Akua maikai’ o ka Hou. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua ʻae nā lunaʻōlelo iā Iesū’ aʻo e hoʻomāinoino a ʻo Paulo wale nō kāna mea wehewehe ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua hōʻole loa ʻo ia i ke Kauoha Kahiko a hoʻopuka i kāna papa inoa o nā palapala i ʻae ʻia, komo i hookahi euanelio (pili paha ia Luka) a me na palapala a Paulo i na ekalesia a me Philemona, ua hoole nae oia i na Episetole Kahunapule.

Ua hana ka papa inoa o Marcion i mea hoʻoikaika i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaka e wehewehe i kā lākou papa inoa ponoʻī. Irenaeus ʻO ia ka inoa o ka hapa nui o nā puke i hoʻokumu i kēia lā NT, me na Euanelio, Hana, na palapala a pau a Paulo a me ka Hoikeana. No laila, pū kekahi, hana ka Muratorian Canon (c. 170-210 Kāleʻa, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau i hāʻawi ʻia iā Hippolytus); ʻoiai ke paipai nei kēia i ʻelua mau palapala ʻē aʻe, ka 'Apocalypse o Petero’ a me ka 'Naauao o Solomona', aole i aeia e ka ekalesia.

3rd Century – ʻO ka manaʻo manaʻo e puka mai ana.

Nā papa inoa like a me nā huaʻōlelo, me nā ʻano like ʻole, e hoʻomau i ka loaʻa ʻana ma nā palapala e hoʻonui ana i ke kenekulia 3. Eusebius, he mea kakau moolelo Ekalesia o ke kenekulia 4, hōʻuluʻulu i ke kūlana i kēlā manawa penei:

ʻAe ʻia

Nai, Mahalahi, Luke Aloi, John, Hana, Na palapala a Paulo, 1 PEOUS, 1 John a me (e like me kekahi) Hoikeana a loane.

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, ua ike nae ka hapanui

James, Iuda, 2 PEOUS, 2 John, 3 John.

Hoʻopunipuni

Hana a Paulo (170 Kāleʻa), Kahuhipa o Hermas (115-140 Kāleʻa), Apocalypse o Petero (150 Kāleʻa), Episetole a Barenabus (70-79 Kāleʻa), Didache (100-120 Kāleʻa), Euanelio ma ka poe Hebera (65-100 Kāleʻa) a (e like me kekahi) Hoikeana a loane.

He hewa a he pono ole

Euanelio a Toma, Euanelio a Petero, Euanelio a Matia, Hana a Anederea, Hana a loane.

4ke Keneturia – Wehewehe Kūlana (ka Canon o ka Palapala Hemolele)

Ma ka lala hikina o ka ekalesia, ka 39th Paschal Letter of Athanasius (367 Kāleʻa) hāʻawi i ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī o kēlā mau puke i manaʻo ʻia he mana, a ma ka ekalesia komohana, na Ahaolelo o Hipo (393 Kāleʻa) a me Karetage (397 Kāleʻa). Hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻelua i nā puke like me kā mākou Kauoha Hou.

ʻO ka Canon Syriac

Ua hahai mua nā hale pule ʻōlelo Syriac i kahi ala ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻeuanelio mua i hoʻohana ʻia i waena o lākou ʻo ka 'Euanelio e like me ka poʻe Hebera’ (he euanelio apokrifa o ka mea kakau ike ole ia, pili ana mai waena mai 65 a 100 Kāleʻa). A laila, ua pani ʻia kēia e ka ʻae ʻana o nā ʻEuanelio i hana ʻia e Tatian, ʻike ʻia ʻo Diatessaron, a me na palapala a Paulo a me Acts. Hope, Ua apono na ekalesia Syriac i ka papa inoa o na buke i aponoia e like me ka mea i hoohanaia e na ekalesia hikina a me ke komohana, pani i ka Diatessaron me na euanelio eha.

Nā puke NT i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia

Hōʻike nā ʻāpana ma lalo nei i ke ʻano o kekahi o nā wahi nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i kēlā mau puke i ʻae ʻole ʻia..

Pono e hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi mau mea.

• ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka waiwai o kēia mau palapala, ʻaʻole ia he kumu e hopohopo ai: Pono mākou e hopohopo inā ua ʻae ʻia lākou me ka ʻole ʻole.
• ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻana a me ka nalo ʻana o nā palapala kumu he pilikia i loko o nā kenekulia mua. Eia naʻe, Ua ʻike mākou ua loaʻa i ka poʻe naʻauao o ka ʻekalesia mua ke loaʻa i nā kumu palapala a me nā kumu waha i nalowale iā mākou i kēia manawa.
• ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonaʻauao o kēia wā i ka nui o nā helu a me ka maʻalahi o kāna mau mea hana analytical, ʻO nā manaʻo kumu nui i hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa no kēia mau palapala i ʻike a noʻonoʻo ʻia e ka poʻe naʻauao mua.
• ʻO nā pae hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻae ʻana a i ʻole ka hōʻole ʻana i kēia mau palapala i kau nui ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka mana Apostolic. ʻAʻole ia he mea e pono ai ka mea kākau e lilo i lunaʻōlelo (ʻAʻole ʻo Jude, aole o Mareko, aole hoi o Luka); akā, aia ka hopohopo nui ʻaʻole e hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mea i loaʻa ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana o ka aposetolo.

Ka palapala i ka poe Hebera

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mua ʻana e pili ana i ka Hebera i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mea kākau, me ka manao i maheleia mawaena o Paulo (ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka mana) a i ʻole Barenabus. He inoa ʻole ka leka ponoʻī – he hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika e kūʻē iā Pauline mea kākau, ʻoiai ʻo kāna hana maʻamau ʻo ia ke kau pono ʻana i kāna mau leka a pau (c.f. 2 ʻO Tess. 3:17) – a ʻaʻole like ke ʻano Helene me kāna mau palapala ʻē aʻe. Akā ua kūlike kona theology me Paulo a me ka haʻi ʻana iā Timoteo (kekahi o kana mau haumana kaulana loa) ma Heb 13:23 hōʻike pū i nā pili like. I ka manawa o kona komo ʻana i ka Canon, Ua paʻa ka moʻomeheu o Pauline mea kākau, ma muli o ka maikaʻi o kāna hōʻike. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e Clement o Roma ma 95 Kāleʻa, a aneane maopopo loa ma mua o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka luakini ma 70 Kāleʻa, oiai ua hoike mai ka mea kakau i na mohai luakini me he mea la e mau ana (CF Ka cf. Heb 10:1-11). Ua ʻae ka hapa nui o ka poʻe naʻauao o kēia manawa na kekahi mea kākau ʻē aʻe ma mua o Paulo. ʻO kekahi mea hakakā ikaika ʻo ʻApolo, Ua ikeia kona akamai i ka wehewehe ana i ka Palapala Hebera, ua like ia me ko Paulo (CF Ka cf. Hana 18:24-28 me 1 Core Cor 3:4-6). Akā ʻaʻole pili ʻo wai ka mea kākau kanaka, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa o ke aʻo ʻana o ka hale pule mua.

James

hou, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mua e pili ana i ka mea kākau. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea kākau iā ia iho ʻo 'James, he kauwa na ke Akua …'. ʻEkolu poʻe koʻikoʻi o kēia inoa ma ka hale pule mua. Iakobo ke keiki a Zebedaio (a me ke kaikaina o Ioane) a o Iakobo ke keiki a Alepaio, ua helu pu ia me na lunaolelo he umikumamalua. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mua, he hapa o Iesu’ pōʻai loko, a ʻimi kekahi e hoʻopili iā ia: akā, ua make ʻo ia ma mua o ka hiki ʻana iā ia ke kākau i kahi leka. ʻAʻole i koi ʻia ka mea kākau e James ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo nui i kākau ʻia e James the Just, kekahi o Iesu’ kaikaina, ka mea i lilo i manaoio mahope o ke alahouana a alakai hope i ka ekalesia Ierusalema mamua o ka pepehiia ana 62 Kāleʻa. He mea pale ʻo ia i nā pono Iudaio-Kalikiano, ʻO ia ke kiʻekiʻe me nā hōʻike kikokikona o kahi kamaʻilio Aramaic maoli me kahi Iudaio ikaika.

Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe hoʻohewa hou i kēia leka he homily Iudaio i hoʻololi ʻia no nā kumu Karistiano, a i ʻole kahi palapala hope e ʻimi ana e kūʻē i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke aʻo ʻana a Paulo e pili ana i ka hoapono ʻia ma ka manaʻoʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻAʻohe manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe pono ʻia ma ke kumu o James’ hiki ke hāpai ʻia ka mea kākau a me nā kūʻē kūʻē i ka plausibility o nā koho ʻelua.

Iuda

Iuda (a o Iuda paha) ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ke kauā a Iesu Kristo, a me ke kaikaina o Iakobo. ʻO James wale nō i ʻike ʻia i hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo James the Just, e hoolilo ana ia Iuda i kekahi o Iesu’ nā kaikaina, i oleloia ma Mt. 13:55 a mk 6:3. Me he mea lā ua kākau ʻia ma hope 70 Kāleʻa, e like me na lunaolelo i oleloia i ka wa i hala (vv. 17-18). Eia naʻe, Ua lohi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻae ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ʻo Iuda he mana ʻapostole.

2 PEOUS

2 Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Petero ʻo Simona Petero; no laila he mea maoli a he hoʻopunipuni paha. He mea kēia i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma mua o kona ʻae ʻia ʻana, me Origen a me Ierome e ae ana, akā ʻaʻole maopopo iā Eusebius.

He nui ka poʻe naʻauao hou i nīnau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO nā kumu kikoʻī i ʻōlelo ʻia:

• 2 PEOUS 2:1-3:3 a ua pili maopopo loa ia Iuda. Ua paio ia, ina 2 Ua ʻaiʻē ʻo Petero i ka Iuda pōkole, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoiaʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe kumu kūpono e haʻi ʻole ai kekahi mea kākau i kekahi; ʻaʻole ia he hana akamai no ka mea hoʻopunipuni e hoʻolilo i kahi leka e kū nei a Iuda ma ke ʻano he hana a Petero.. Eia hou, Ua like paha me Iuda i olelo mai ai ia Petero; ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻoi aku paha ia, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai ua ʻōlelo ʻo Iuda i nā lunaʻōlelo i ka wā i hala.
• Aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena 1 a 2 PEOUS. Mua, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano Helene: aka, e like me ka Ierome i kuhikuhi ai, ʻO nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole e wehewehe maʻalahi ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana o Peter i kahi unuhi ʻokoʻa. ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi ka manaʻo kumu: aka, no ka mea, ua haiia kekahi i na Kristiano e alo ana i ka hoomaau, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoweliweli o ke aʻo wahaheʻe, ʻaʻole kēia he mea kupanaha.
• Hoʻopaʻapaʻa pū ʻia aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i kahi lā ma hope. ʻo kahi laʻana, ka manaʻo o ka honua i luku ʻia e ke ahi, he manaʻo Karistiano kūikawā, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka leo a hiki i ke kenekulia ʻelua. Akā, no hea mai ka manaʻo? ʻO kēia leka, ina he oiaio, hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe kūpono loa. ʻO kekahi, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā palapala a Paulo ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā palapala hemolele ʻē aʻe’ i loko 3:15-16 hōʻike i kahi pilina ma hope. Akā ke manaʻo nei ʻo Peter ke kau nei i nā palapala a Paulo (ka manaʻo maoli o ka 'palapala') ma kahi like me nā mea kākau o ke Kauoha Kahiko, ma mua o ka kuhikuhi wale ʻana e wili kekahi poʻe i kekahi mea e kūpono iā lākou iho. Ma waho aʻe, ʻO kēia mau paukū e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i ka lokahi pono o Paulo a me Petero, he ala kū'ē loa me ka hana a nā mea kākau schismatic o ka manawa nāna, e like me Marcion, hoʻohana e pāʻani i kekahi me kekahi.

2 a 3 John

ʻOiai ʻaʻohe leka i kapa ʻia ʻo John ka mea kākau, ʻO nā hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hale pule mua e pili ana i ko lākou pili, oiai ua pokole loa lakou, a he ʻuʻuku ka manaʻo aʻo.

Mai kahi ʻano kikokikona, ʻaneʻane ʻae ka poʻe naʻauao he hana like lākou me ka mea kākau 1 John, a ʻo ka hapa nui e ʻae i kēlā 1 Ua kākau ʻia ʻo Ioane e ka mea kākau o ka ʻeuanelio a Ioane. Eia naʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa nui o ke ʻano ma waena o kēia a me Revelation (ua pili pū ʻia iā Ioane). No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka kākau maoli ʻana o ka ʻeuanelio a me nā episetole i hana ʻia e kekahi o nā haumāna a Ioane.. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia manaʻo e John mokuna 21, he epilogue ia no ka euanelio, e kuhikuhi ana i ka haumana a Iesu i aloha ai’ e like me ke kumu mua, akā, e hōʻike maopopo ana i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kōkua i kāna hōʻuluʻulu ʻana (vv. 20-24).

Hoikeana

Ua olelo mai ka Revelation na Ioane i kakau, oiai i lawe pio ia ma Patamo: Pela, e like me 2 PEOUS, he mea maoli a he hoʻopunipuni paha; ke ole, e like me ka manao o kekahi poe, na kekahi loane ia. ʻAʻole like ka ʻōlelo Helene me ka ʻeuanelio a i ʻole nā ​​leka ma nā huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano (ʻilihune loa kāna ʻōlelo). Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa no kāna mea kākau, ʻoiai ua hōʻoia ʻia e Justin Martyr (c. 140 Kāleʻa), Irenaeus (Kāleʻa 120-190, he haumana na Polycarp, kekahi o na haumana a Ioane) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Akā ma ka ʻehā o ke kenekulia, ua ʻae ʻia ka mea kākau a Ioane; a me Eusebius, ʻoiai e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā kānalua mua, ʻae ʻo ia iā ia iho, e olelo ana ua kakau ia i ka wa o ka Emepera Domitian (81-96 Kāleʻa).

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe naʻauao o kēia manawa ke nīnau nei i ke kumu o ka Revelation no nā kumu i hōʻike ʻia ma luna; aka, ua maalahi keia. ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Ioane ʻo Aramaic a, e like me ka mea i hoikeia maluna, aia nā hōʻike ua kōkua ʻo ia ma ke kākau ʻana i kāna ʻeuanelio. He mea hiki ole ia, i ka noho pio ana, ua loaʻa iā ia nā lawelawe o nā kōkua like. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō, Ua koi ʻia paha ʻo ia e kākau ma ka ʻōlelo Helene iā ia iho me ke kōkua ʻole a i ʻole ua kākau ʻo ia i ka palapala kumu ma ka ʻōlelo Aramaic, e like me ka manao o kekahi poe naauao. Eia hou, ʻokoʻa pinepine nā ʻōlelo wānana mai ka ʻōlelo maʻamau ma ke ʻano a me ka ʻōlelo. (Pono ʻoe e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻōlelo a kekahi poʻe ma ka hale pule me kā lākou kamaʻilio ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā e ʻike i ke ʻano nui o ia ʻokoʻa!) ʻO ka Hōʻikeʻike kekahi o nā wānana hihiʻo loa i hāʻawi ʻia; ʻAʻole like ia me nā ʻeuanelio a me nā leka a Ioane ma ka ʻike a me ke kumu. ʻO ia mau mea e ʻike koke i nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia mai nā leka a me ka ʻEuanelio.

Hōʻaʻakeʻa

I ka wa mua o ka ekalesia, o ke Kauoha Kahiko ka Baibala o ka ekalesia, a ʻaʻohe hoʻoikaika noʻonoʻo e hana i hui hou o nā Palapala Hemolele i ʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā puke i manaʻo ʻia a hiki i ke kenekulia ʻelua; ma ia manawa ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano palapala hope, ʻO kekahi poʻe hoʻopunipuni a heretical a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i mamao loa aku mai nā kumu kumu aposetolo, hoʻomaka e koi i kēlā hana.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia nā puke o ka NT a hiki i ke kenekulia ʻehā, ua maopopo, ʻoiai ke ʻano haʻahaʻa loa o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēlā manawa, ua loaʻa mua ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka hapa nui o kēia mau puke ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻelua. ʻO nā mea a pau i hoʻokomoʻia uaʻaeʻia ma keʻano he kumu i loko o ke kaiāulu o nā Karistiano mua. Hoʻohālikelike kēia me kēlā mau palapala i haʻalele ʻia mai ka NT, ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka lua o ke kenekulia, a i ʻole he kānalua ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Hoʻi i ka ʻatikala nui.