ʻO ka palapala i kākauʻiaʻo lākou a pau.

Hōʻikeʻike.

Ma mua o mākou noonoo i ka maʻiʻo, Pono mākou e māʻona i ka'ōlelo a mākou i kēia lā he mea kūpono loa o nā mea hana. ʻO nā hoa kū o ka Christiality pinepine pinepine e koiʻia: akā, i kēia, muli o kona kulana literally, hiki ole e kapa mai i ka oiaio. O nā hana a pau o kēia manawa e lawe ai nā mea kākau e hāʻawiʻia, ʻAʻole hoʻokahi hele mai wahi mamao kokoke i ka hōʻike hou ma keʻano he nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā hōʻike no kāna pololei.

Pehea e mālamaʻia ai nā palapala kahiko?

I kekahi manawa, e kekahi mau fluke, ʻO kahi kope kope kumu a iʻole kahi'āpana o kahi palapala kahiko i ola ai i kēia lā: Akāʻo ka manawa e hiki ai i kēia mea e hiki mai anaʻaʻohe mea nui o kēia mau manawa i mālamaʻia i kēiaʻano. ʻO nā mea kākau kākau o ka lā uaʻikeʻia e wāwahi; aʻoi aku ka nui o lākou, ka wikiwiki e hoʻonui ai lākou, No laila he mea pono no nā palapala e kopeʻia, no ko lākou mālamaʻana e like me keʻano no ka neʻeʻana. Maʻamau ma ka hihia o nāʻatikala, Ua laweʻia kēlā mālama i ke kaʻina hana kope i kahi kope, i hoʻokahi manawa a nānāʻia, ua manaʻoʻia he mana like me ka mana. I ka manawa i hōʻoleʻia ai ka mea mua i kahi kahi i hikiʻole ai ke heluhelu maʻalahi, Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ia, pinepine e puhi. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō, ʻO nā palapala kākau mua a Tischendorf. Catherine ma MT. Sintiai (Ke codex Frederico-Augustanus), aia i loko o kahi hīnaʻi o nā pepa kahiko e hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻomālamalama i ka umu. Ua noʻonoʻo nui nā mikina iā ia e like me ka pīhoihoi nui loa e pili ana i ka haʻaleleʻana o kekahi mau palapala o nā mea kahiko a me nā palapala i hōʻinoʻia! No lailaʻaʻole ia 15 mau makahiki ma hope 1859, I kona hanaʻana iā lākou i kahi makana o kahi kope o ka Septuagent kahiko, ʻO ia ka mea i hoʻoponopono muaʻia ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi o kēia mau mea; a hoike aku ia ia i keia ao kaulana o ka honua, aia nō hoʻi i loko o ke kope piha o ka lua o ka hōʻike hou.

Pehea ka hilinaʻi o ka hilinaʻi o nā kope kahiko?

Maopopo, ʻO ka hemahema o nā palapala mua e hōʻike i nā pilikia no ka mea kākau moʻolelo, Akā e hoʻohanaʻia kahi nui o nā mea nui e loiloi ai i ka loiloi i ka hilinaʻi o kēlā mau kope e ola ai:

• Pehea e kokoke ai i ka mea mua e ola nei i nā kope mua?
• Ehia mau kope kope?
• Eʻae i nā kope o ke ola me kekahi?
• Hiki ke hōʻoiaʻia i ka'ōlelo mai nā'ōlelo a waho?

Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai ka mea hoʻokele hou me nā palapala'ē aʻe'ē aʻe?

Ke hoʻonohonoho nei i ka baile no kahi manawa, Ma ka mamao o ka palapala i loaʻa i ke kiʻi maikaʻi loa o Graeco-Roma. Kākauʻia e pili ana 900 BC, Ua pālahalaha loa ia, a malaila paha 643 ke ola nei i nā kope kākau. Eia naʻe, ka mua o kēia mau lā mai a puni 400 BC, Ke waiho nei i kahi o 500 mau makahiki mai ka mua. ʻO nā hana o Virgil kahi liʻiliʻi loa, ma kahi 350 makahiki: akā, ke kau nei kēia ma luna 7 Nā Komohana Nui. ʻO nā palapala'ē aʻe'ē aʻe e hele mai ana i kēia manawa ma kahi kokoke i kēia, a he nui nā lehulehu, E like me ka papa ma lalo o ka hōʻikeʻana:

		Mau makahiki a:		Nohea ole
ʻO ka weheweheʻana	Kaukua	1ST Ka 'ōlelo	1St Kopi	Nā palapala kākau
Vipgil – AEIID	70-19 BC		350	7
Homer – IliaD	900 BC		500	643
Phalil – Mōʻaukala	61-113 Kāleʻa		750	7
Sauttonius – Ke ola o nā caesears	75-160 Kāleʻa		800	8
Caestar – Nā kaua gallic	100-44 BC	950	950	10
Livy – ʻO ka mōʻaukala Roma *	59 BC-17 AD	200-300	900	25
Tiki – Nā Nānā Houng / Menches *	100 Kāleʻa	900	1,100	20
Paucrettius	?-55 BC		1,100	2
Mea make	383-322 BC		1,300	200**
Aristophalenes	450-385 BC		1,200	10
Pāhuahua – Hanakaula	427-347 BC		1,200	7
Kauʻiʻo – Mōʻaukala	460-400 BC	500	1,300	8
Heolototus – Mōʻaukala	480-425 BC		1,300	8
ArtistEtttle – hana likeʻole	384-322 BC		1,400	49***
Huehue	496-406 BC		1,400	193
Nā Meamaidides	480-406 BC		1,500	9
Kāhea	54 BC		1,600	3

* Ua nalowale nā'āpana nui. ** Nā kope āpau. *** ʻO ka nui no nā hana hoʻokahi.

N.B. '1 pā'ālua’ a '' kope kope’ ʻO nā lā i loko o ka papa i hōʻikeʻia ma luna wale nō, E like me ka '' kope kope’ ʻAʻole lawa pinepine nā palapala kākau, a me '1st feegment’ paʻakikī pinepine nā lā e loaʻa. ʻO nāʻikepili hou aʻe ma kēia kumuhana e hoʻokipaʻia. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻAʻole wale ka Interval ma waena o ka lā o ke kākauʻana i nā palapala hōʻike hou, ʻO kā lākou mau kīwī mau loa a me nā pōkole piha piha o nā mea kākau piha ma mua o kekahi o nā mea i luna aʻe, ʻO ka helu o nā mea ola e ola nei ma mua o ka nui o nā mea āpau ma luna o nā mea āpau ma luna o ka iwakālua, E like me ka hōʻikeʻia ma lalo nei:

		Mau makahiki a:		Nohea ole
ʻO ka weheweheʻana	Kaukua	1ST Ka 'ōlelo	1St Kopi	Nā palapala kākau
Hale Waihona Mea Hou	40-100 Kāleʻa		300	24,300 *
Nai	50-65 Kāleʻa	150
Mahalahi	50-60 Kāleʻa	175
Luke Aloi	59-70 Kāleʻa	140
John	90 Kāleʻa	35-85
Paul	50-65 Kāleʻa	150

* 5,000 I ka Helene, 10,000 Nā unuhi Latin a 9,300 Ma nā'ōlelo'ē aʻe.

ʻO nā lā o luna aʻe e kauʻia ma luna o Nā hiʻohiʻona kula hou, ʻO ka mea maʻamau e makemake ai ma mua o nā lā ma mua o kēia manawa i kēia mau makahiki 1900. ʻae nō hoʻi, Inā i hoʻokumuʻia nā palapala ma hope, A laila e holo ka manawa i nā'āpana iʻike muaʻia eʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.

Eʻae i nā kope o ke ola?

Me nā mea e hiki mai ana e ola ana, ʻO nāʻano likeʻole e pili ana i nā kope’ a me na translars’ ʻO nā hewa wale nō e manaʻoʻia. Eia naʻe, mailoko mai o ka 20,000 laina i loko o ka nt, e pili ana 40 he kanalua. Ma ke ala e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka Iliad Homer's Iliad, ʻo ia ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kākau'ē aʻe, ai 15,600 Nā LESE, o ka mea 764 (5 pakeneka) he kanalua. ʻO nāʻano likeʻole e noho nei, ua loaʻa iā ia ka nui o nā mea nui o nā mea nui o keʻano, hua'ōlelo, etc.. ʻO kēlā mau mea i loko o kekahi 'nui’ E hoʻohālikelike i kahi mea i ke kauoha o hoʻokahi kaukani o ka'ōlelo holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā mea hou aku paha he nui loa o nāʻano hana maoliʻole maoli. I nā'ōlelo o nā mea hoʻoponopono o nā mea hoʻoponopono i hoʻoponoponoʻia:

“E maopopo iā ia i ka mea heluhelu e pono ai i loko 1946, e like me 1881 a 1901, ʻAʻohe mea hana o ka hilinaʻi o ka manaʻo Kristiano i hoʻopilikiaʻia e ka hoʻoponopono, No ke kumu maʻalahi, Ma waho o nā kaukani o nā mea heluhelu'ē aʻe i nā leka uila, ʻAʻohe mea i huli i ka manawa e pono ai e hoʻoponopono i kahi hoʻoponopono o Christian Dolcrine.”

Hiki ke hōʻoiaʻia i ka'ōlelo mai nā'ōlelo a waho?

ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ka hōʻike hou o ka Tenset. Nā hana a Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement of alexandria, Mea hōʻike, Keikaha, Hippollytus a me ka eusebius ma waena o lākou 36,000 Nā hua'ōlelo. He huina o luna 86,000 Ua kākauʻia nā'ōlelo kiko'ī, ʻOiaiʻaʻole kēia o kēia mau'ōlelo maoli. ʻO keʻano o kēia mau'ōlelo he nui loa ia e manaʻoʻia ua manaʻoʻiaʻo ia ka ʻO ka hōʻike hou holoʻokoʻa, ʻO nā'āpana heʻumikumamākahi, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hua'ōlelo mai nā kumuwaiwai o ka hale pule o ka lua a me ke kolu o nā kenekulia!

Hōʻaʻakeʻa

Ma kela mōʻaukala ana, ʻO keʻano o ka'ōlelo o ka hōʻike hou he mea maikaʻi loa i kākauʻia a hoʻopaʻaʻia ma mua o nā palapala'ē aʻe o kēia mau manawa. Ma ka olelo a Sir Frederick Kenyon, kau wela a me na hale waihona puke o ka Beritania Museum:

“ʻO ka Interval a laila ma waena o nā lā o nā papa mua a me nā hōʻike hōʻike mua loa e lilo i mea liʻiliʻi e lilo i meaʻole, a me ke kumu hope loa no kēlā me kēia kānalua ua kū i lalo o mākou he nui e like me ka mea i kākauʻia. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo a me kaʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kūpaʻa maʻamau o nā puke o nā puke hou e manaʻoʻia e like me ka hope.”

Hoʻi i ka ʻatikala nui.