Chii chinonzi tappuach?

The ‘Tappach‘ (Apuro rechiHebheru) inonongedzerwa kwairi zvakananga somuchero kana kuti muti 6 nguva muTestamende yekare; kubvira panguva yaSoromoni; pamwe 4 mashoko ari muRwiyo rwaSoromoni, mumwe muna Zvirevo uye mumwe muna Joere. Zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwawo kuti kune mazita enzvimbo akati wandei kubva panguva yeEkisodho anogona kunge akabatana nemuchero uyu.: ‘Tappach‘ (Joshua 12:17, 15:34, 16:8 & 17:8), ‘Bheti-Tappuach‘ (Imba ye ‘Tappach', Joshua 15:53) uye ‘En-Tappach‘ (Chitubu che ‘Tappach', Joshua 17:7). Rinowanzo shandurwa kuti 'Apple.’ Asi, sokubvuma kunoita Jewish Encyclopedia, ‘Nezvekurongeka kweshanduro ye “tappuaḦ” pane musiyano mukuru wepfungwa pakati penyanzvi dzezvinomera nenyanzvi dzemitauro.’¹

In 2012 Ndakanyora bhuku, ‘Shanduko nerudo (Nyaya yeRwiyo rwaSoromoni),’ umo ndakabatanidza shanduro yeRwiyo, vachipa zita iri se‘apricot.’ Asi, mukugadzirira kudzokorora kutsva, Ndakanetseka kana ndakanga ndanyengetedzwa zviri nyore uye ndaifanira kungoidaidza kuti 'tappach,’ kuratidza kusava nechokwadi kunoenderera mberi pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwayo kwechokwadi. Pakupedzisira ndakafunga kuti ndaifanira kuongorora zvakare humbowo hwazvino huripo ndisati ndasarudza.

Sei Kwete Apple?

‘Apple’ yanga iri chirevo chinowanzo nzwisiswa che ‘Tappuach‘ muchiHebheru kubvira panguva yeMishnaic (10-220Ad), apo tsika dzakataurwa dzavaFarise kubva panguva yechipiri (uye yekupedzisira) temberi yakanga ichivakwa. Asi zvarinoreva pamberi peizvi zviri kukahadzika zvakanyanya. Matambudziko ekutanga ndeaya:

• Atinoti ‘maapuro’ imhando dzakachengetwa dzakatorwa kubva mukusanganiswa kwemarudzi, Malus Sieversii (iyo yakatanga munzvimbo dzakadzikama dzeCentral Asia) nemarudzi akawanda emusango crabapple. Ndiyo yekutanga, plus its modern, zvakafanana-saizi uye maumbirwo akasiyana, iyo inozivikanwa nhasi se ‘Tappuach.’ Asi izvi hazvina kukodzera kune inopisa yeIsrael, yakaoma mamiriro okunze. Kunyangwe munguva dzemazuva ano zvave zvichikwanisika kubereka marudzi akawanda anoshivirira kupisa, hapana humbowo hwekurima kwakabudirira muIsraeri mukati menguva yeTestamente Yekare. Chokwadi, kunonoka 1867, Canon H.B. Tristram akataura: “Kana iyo 'tappach’ kuva Apple; nekuti kunyange zvibereko izvozvo zvichirimwa zvakanaka panyika dzakakwirira dzeRebhanoni, kubva kumiganhu yeNyika Tsvene, asi haiwaniki munyika chaimo. Pane, zvirokwazvo, miti mishoma mumapindu eJaffa, asi havabudiriri, uye une nhamo, muchero wehuni; uye pamwe pangava nevamwe paAshikeroni. Asi izvo vanyori veChirungu neAmerica vakadana kuti 'Apple’ ndiye Quince chaizvo. Mamiriro ekunze anopisa zvakanyanya kune yedu Apple muti.”²
• Wild crabapples, iyo inogona kuwanikwa muIsrael, idiki uye haina kunaka, nehuni. Asi nyanzvi dzeMishnaic, uyo akanyora tsika dzechiJudha dzaitaurwa nemuromo munguva yeTemberi Yechipiri, vakareva izvi vachishandisa mazita akasiyana; kunyange zvazvo vaibvuma kuti ‘vakafanana,’ mune zvimwe zvinhu, ku ‘Tappuach'.
• Zvisinei, shoko rechiHebheru pacharo rinofungwa kuti rinobva pashoko rinoreva ‘kufuridza kana kuti kunhuhwirira’ kana kuti kubva kune rimwe rinoreva ‘kuzvimba kana kuita denderedzwa.’ Saizvozvo, rinogona kunge riri izwi rinotsanangura kune chero muchero wakaita seapuro. Zvikuru sei, zvinozivikanwa kuti izwi rechiArabic rinofanana, ‘chikuru,’ raishandiswa mupfungwa yakadaro kumichero yakasiyana-siyana.³ Saizvozvowo izwi rechirungu rokuti ‘apple’ (uye yakaenzana nayo mune akati wandei mimwe mitauro) yakashandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechi17 mupfungwa yakajairika yechero muchero kunze kwemabheri.
• Apuro harisati riri iro roga muchero rakatumidzwa muzvinyorwa zvechiJudha zvakazotevera, zvakadai seMishnah, uko kune kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pemazita avo epakutanga eBhaibheri. Zvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera kuvhiringidzika uku zvichakurukurwa gare gare.

Hunhu hweTappuach.

Mamiriro anotevera etappuach yemubhaibheri anogona kuwanikwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvebhaibheri:

• Joshua Nzvimbo Mazita. Kana aya ari mareferensi eiyo 'tappach,’ zvobva zvaita sezviripo, uye zita iroro raizivikanwa pakati paIsraeri, kubvira nguva yeKubuda isati yasvika. Zvisinei, kushandisa zita kudoma nzvimbo chaidzo, zvinoratidza kuvapo kwavo, panguva iyoyo, zvanga zvisina kujairika.
• Song 2:3. Sezvo Tappuach pakati pemiti yedondo, Ndizvo zvakaita mudiwa wangu pakati pavanakomana. Ndakagara mumumvuri wake nomufaro mukuru, zvibereko zvake zvakanga zvichinaka pamukamwa mangu.
  Inomira seyakasarudzika pakati pemimwe miti. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti, munguva yaSoromoni chakanga chiri chimwe chinhu chisingawaniki: asi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kuenzanisa kunzwisiswe zviri nyore. Inocherechedzwawo nekupa mumvuri wakadzika kubva kuzuva uye kuva nezvibereko zvinonaka.
• Song 2:5. ndisimbisei namazambiringa akaomeswa;, ndivandudzei nazvo tappachs; nekuti ndinoziya norudo;.
  Pakunzwa kupera simba, kudya muchero uyu kunobatsira kuti munhu anzwe kuzorora uye kuti awanezve simba.
• Song 7:8. Ndakadaro, “ndichakwira muchanza. ndichabata muchero wawo.” Mazamu ako ngaave semasumbu omuzambiringa;, kunhuwa kwemweya wako kunge tappachs, Mudikani.
  Muchero wacho une hwema hunokwezva.
• Song 8:5. Ndianiko uyu anokwira achibva kurenje?, achizendamira pamudiwa wake? Pasi pe Tappuach Ndakakumutsa. Ndiko kwawakakumbwa namai vako. Ipapo iye akarwadziwa, akakubereka;.
  Zvinoita kunge zvine kudyidzana kwakakosha nekugadzira rudo, kuzvara kana dzimwe nguva dzakanaka.
• Prov 25:11. Shoko rinotaurwa zvakakodzera rakafanana tappachs nendarama muzviruva zvesirivha.
  Inoratidzika kuva yegoridhe muruvara kana ichigona. Nei ‘settings of silver’?
• Joel 1:12. Muzambiringa waoma, muonde ukasvava; mutamba, muchanza zvakare, uye Tappuach, nemiti yose yokusango yaoma; nekuti mufaro wavanhu wapera.
  Panguva ino (vamwe 200 makore pashure paSoromoni) rinoratidzika sechinhu chikuru uye chinowanzovimbwa nacho chekudya nemafaro.

Kana isiri Apple - Chii?

Kunze kweApple, vamwe vatatu vakanyanya kukwikwidza vakakurudzirwa:

• Citron. ChiHebheru chemazuva ano che citron ndicho etrog ‘etrog.’ Inosiyaniswa kubva kune Tappuach in Mishnah Ma'asrot i.4. Iine kunhuhwirira kwecitrus uye yaishandisa mishonga uye inodzinga zvipembenene: asi haanzi akakodzera kudya mbishi. Chokwadi, imwe yekushandiswa kwayo, kana yasanganiswa newaini, kwaiva kuita kuti munhu arutse kana akamedzwa. Chinhu chinocherechedzwa ndechekuti muti iwoyo unogona kubereka maruva nemichero zviri zviviri mumatanho akasiyana ekukura chero mwaka.. Pakutanga aibva kuIndia, rave richisarudzwa mumarudzi akawanda, kusanganisira marimu, limes uye mazambiringa uye akayambuka nemandarin (chiChinese chechizvarwa chimwechete) kugadzira maranjisi.
  Citron hapana painonyatsotaurwa muBhaibheri; uye yakanzi yakaunzwa munharaunda yeMediterranean naAlexander Mukuru, nezve 6 mazana emakore pashure paSoromoni. Asi macherwa ebindu remuzinda wePezhiya paRamat Rachel, Jerusarema, zvinyorwa zvinowana mukume wecitron wakaiswa mupurasita kubva muzana ramakore rechishanu kusvika rechina BC⁴.
  Kubva panguva yetemberi yechipiri kwave kuchidzidziswa netsika kuti citron waiva ‘muchero (wepa) muti hadar‘ iyo yaizoshandiswa mumhemberero dzeSukkot dze Lev 23:40. MuchiHebheru chekare, ‘hadar‘ zvaireva 'zvakanakisa': kunyangwe mukushandiswa kwemazuva ano inonzwisiswa se 'citrus'. Asi rinhi Neh 8:14-17 inotsanangura kumutsiridzwa kweSukkot (iyo sezviri pachena yakapera pashure porufu rwaMosesi naJoshua), iyo citron inooneka isipo kubva kuaccount. Zvinonziwo ndiwo waive muti wakabereka muchero wakarambidzwa mubindu reEdheni. Asi sezvo pasina humwe humbowo hwechokwadi hwevanoti ma botanist vanowanzove nemafungiro ekuti yakatanga kuunzwa muIsrael serudzi rwechienzi nenhapwa dzemaJuda dzaidzoka kubva kuBabironi., kana kuti vatongi vavo vePezhiya, uye akazogamuchirwa semuenzaniso wakanaka we‘muchero wemuti wakaisvonaka.’ Izvi zvinoita kuti citron ive isina chokwadi nezvikonzero zvemazuva ese uye edible.
• Quince. ChiHebheru chemazuva ano chequince ndicho פריש ‘parish.’ Inosiyaniswa kubva kune Tappuach in Mishna Maasiroti, (inobuda muna i.3 kwete i.4) uye kubva ku crabapple mukati Mishna Oktzin i.6. Zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti quince yaibva kunzvimbo yeMediterranean: asi tsvakiridzo yazvino uno inoratidza kuti yakabva kunzvimbo yeWestern Asia, Azabhaijani, Teki, Jojiya, N. Iran neAfghanistan. Yakanga yakabatanidzwa namwarikadzi wechiGiriki worudo, Aphrodite, vane chinamato chavo chinogona kuteverwa kumashure kuchitendero cheSumerian cheInanna. Zvisinei, kubatana uku kunoratidzika kunge kwakavakirwa padetembo raCallamicus, yakanyorwa muzana remakore rechitatu BC. Nongedzero muMishna ndihwo ufakazi hwapakuvamba zvikurusa hunozivikanwa hwokuvapo kwayo muIsraeri: asi inokura ipapo uye inogona kunge yakave yakasikwa zvakanaka nguva ino isati yasvika.
  Kana yaibva, iyo quince ine ruvara rwegoridhe-yellow uye inonhuhwirira zvikuru. Zvinoonekwa, rakanyanya kufanana neapuro, kunyangwe ichida kuita zvishoma pear-shape, uye vari kure vari vaviri vanovhiringidzika nyore nyore. Asi kuravira kwacho kunovava; uye, sezvinoita citron, haanzi akakodzera kudyiwa mbishi. Nekudaro inogadzira jellies yakanaka uye inochengetedza, uye imwe revo yezita raro inoti ‘kupararira.’ Kunze kwekunaka kwayo kana iri mbishi, quince inoratidzika semumiriri anovimbisa. Mune an 1890 nyaya yaRev. W. Houghton akapikisa izvi zvakasimba, zvichiratidza kuti tsananguro ye ‘Tappuach‘ se‘zvinotapira pakuravira’ zvingangoreva kutapira nenzira yekuMabvazuva, “zvichida kwete chete nekuda kweasidhi muto wemuchero, asi nokuda kwesonganiro dzayo noushamwari norudo.”⁵ Houghton anotaurawo kutaura kwokuti quince ‘yakatangwa kubva kuKrete ichipinda muGreece neItaly panenge pakati pezana ramakore rechinomwe nerechitanhatu B.C.)': asi pasina kutaura kwaakabva. Zvisinei, kunyangwe chokwadi, haritiudzi kana muvi waive muIsraeri panguva yaSoromoni, mazana emakore apfuura.
• Apurikoti. MuchiHebheru chemazuva ano mupurisa unozivikanwa se משמש ‘mishmish‘ - zita rakatorwa kubva kuKadheya; kunyange zvazvo Jewish Encyclopaedia ichiidana ‘appanuth.’ Izvi zvino zvinogamuchirwa sekubva kuCentral Asia, kumuganhu neChina: asi yaimbofungidzirwa kuti yakabva kuArmenia, uko mhodzi dzeapricot dzakawanikwa mukuchera kwakatangira Bronze Age. Dzakawanda muIsraeri yemazuva ano: asi zuva ravo rekutanga harizivikanwe. Zvisinei, Alexander Mukuru (356-323 BC) anorumbidzwa nekuasuma kuGreece se "Armenian Plums"; izvo zvaita kuti vakawanda vafunge kuti havana kusvika kuIsraeri kutozosvikira pashure penguva yaSoromoni. Asi kune vamwe vose, regai nditore zvakare kubva kuCanon Tristram⁶ …
  ‘Apricot inozivikanwa kuva chizvarwa chenyika yakavakidzana yeArmenia, uye saka zvichida yakaunzwa kare seMuzambiringa, iyo yakatanga kubva kumatunhu mamwe chete, uye zvirokwazvo haasi chizvarwa chePalestine. Asi kwose kwose Apricot yakajairika. Zvichida ndizvo, kunze kumwe chete kweFig, chibereko chakawanda kwazvo chenyika … uye inobereka zvibereko zvakawanda kwazvo. Nguva zhinji takadzika matende edu mumumvuri wayo, uye kuwaridza makapeti edu akachengeteka kubva mumwaranzi yezuva… Ikoko hakugone kuve nemuchero unonhuhwirira unonaka kupfuura Apricot; uye ndeupi muchero unogona kunyatsoenderana epithet yaSoromoni, “maapuro endarama mumidziyo yesirivha,” kupfuura muchero wegoridhe uyu, matavi awo paanokotama pasi peuremu pakurongeka kwawo kwekupenya, asi mashizha akacheneruka?’
  Iyo apricot inewo humwe hunhu mukufarira kwayo. Chibereko chakapfuma mune shuga yepanyama, zvichiita kuti zviite kutapira uye chikafu chakanakisa chine simba (Song 2:3,5). Rwiyo rwaSoromoni runoratidzika kuva rwakarongwa muchirimo: uye apricot ndeimwe yemichero yekutanga, kuibva mukupera kwechirimo (zita rechirungu, ‘apricot’ inobva muchiLatin, ‘precocity,’ zvinoreva, “kutanga-kuibva”). Uye kukohwa kweaprikoti hakusi kwekutanga chete - kwaimbove kunozivikanwa kwenguva pfupi; nemaapricots akawanda anoshanduka mushy mukati mezuva rekunhonga. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekutaura kwechiArabic, ‘bukra ine mishmish‘ ('mangwana mumaapricots'); zvinoreva kuti, “Kanganwa nezvazvo! Hazvizoitika!” Saizvozvo, iyo inofananidzira inofananidzira yemaapricots akaibva ndeyemukana unofadza, kwete kupotsa; kukweretesa zvinogona kuwedzera kukosha kune zvinongedzo mu Song 2:3 & 8:5.

Nyaya Iine Minzwa YeDate

Vese vari vaviri veQuince neApricot vanotaridzika sevakanaka. Iyo Apricot zvechokwadi ine mukana mukuonekwa kwakawanda uye kuravira: asi panyaya yekuti vaizivikanwa here muIsraeri panguva yaSoromoni, hatigone kutora humbowo hwechokwadi kune zvimwe; saka tinofanira kuenderera pamusoro pezvingabvira.

Mishna Citations

Nokudzinga ‘apple’ seshanduro yakarongwa ye ‘Tappuach‘ muTestamente Yekare (nepo panguva imwe cheteyo ichibvuma izvi sechirevo charo chechiHebheru chemazuva ano) isu tiri kubvuma mukana wekuti zvinonongedza ‘Tappuach‘ muMishna zvingangoreva kuti ‘apuro’ kana kuti chero muchero watinofunga kuti ungava wakabereka zita iroro pakutanga. Nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa kuti dziongororwe ndiMishna Ma'azrot (Zvegumi), iyo inotaura nezvemitemo ine chokuita nezvegumi zvinofanira kupiwa kuvaRevhi, Mishnah Oktzin (Stems), iyo inokurukura nzira inotsanangura kusachena kwemadzinde nemadzinde uye Mishnah Kilayim (Yemarudzi maviri), iyo inotsanangura dzimwe mhuka, zvirimwa uye zvinhu zvakanga zvisingabvumirwi kusanganiswa, kubatanidzwa kana kusanganiswa. Mishna yakaitwa muchimiro chokutaurirwa mukati menguva yeMishnaic kana kuti yechiTannaitic (pakati 10 uye 220 Ad) kuitira kujekesa nekuchengetedza tsika dzavanarabhi dzinotangira munguva yeTemberi Yechipiri (536 BC - 70 Ad) uye vakazvipira kunyora pakati 190 uye 230 Ad.

Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kumamiriro ezvinhu apo mazita emichero ari kuenzaniswa nemaune, musiyano kana kushandiswa padhuze, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinongedzo pamusoro pechimiro kana chimiro chemuchero uri kukurukurwa. wo, kuoneka kana kusaoneka kwezita panzvimbo iyoyo muMishna kunotiudzei pamusoro pekukosha kwaro munguva iyoyo?

Fresh Quince ‘parish.’

ChiHebheru chemazuva ano ‘parish,’ inodudzwa pachena mukati Mishna Maasiroti, apo yakanyorwa muna i.3 ichinzi inosungirwa kupa chegumi kana ganda rayo ratsvedzerera. (Quince isati yakura kazhinji ine ganda rakatsvuka.) Dambudziko nderekuti Tappuach yakanyorwa mundima inotevera (i.4) semutoro wekubvisa chegumi kunyangwe chaunganidzwa mukutanga kana nguva yekupedzisira yekuibva. Izvi zvinoratidzika kunge zvisingagoneki kana Tappuach uye parish aiva muchero mumwe chete! The parish inotaurwawo mu Mishna Oktzin i.6; uko dzinde rayo rinotaridzirwa zvakafanana kune iro remapeya uye crabapples (iyo yakanyatsoenderana nequince): asi iyo Tappuach haina kunyorwa. Saka kana quince iri kwete a Tappuach zvino zvose zviri pamusoro apa zvinotsanangurwa zviri nyore. Asi cherechedza izvozvo, kana maapuro aive akajairika muIsraeri panguva ino uye Tappuach ndiro raiva zita ravo, zvobva zvanyanya kuoma kupembedza kusaiswa kwayo murunyoro rwemichero ine madzinde akafanana ayo akanyorwa muMishna Oktzin i.6.

Asi Mishnah Kilayim i. 4 inopa chidimbu chepikicha - sezviri pachena ichitsanangura a Tappuach zvakafanana ne crabapple; asi zvaidiwa kuti zvigare zvakaparadzana navo. Muvini unotaridzika kunge hombe, apuro rakaita sepeya zvishoma; saka pane kunyatsofanana pakati pavo uye crabapples: asi yambiro pamusoro pemusanganiswa inogona kuita zviri nani kana ‘Tappuach‘ akashandurwa pano se‘apuro,’ sezvo quinces haisanganisire kana kusanganisa nemaapuro zvakadaro.⁷ saka, tichirangarira kuti maapuro akarimwa angangove ave kuwanikwa mune dzimwe nyika dzakavakidzana panguva ino uye kuti dzimwe shanduko dzemazwi dzinogona kuitika mumamiriro akasiyana., zvingava zvine musoro kupikisa izvozvo ‘Tappuach‘ inofanira kushandurwa kuti ‘apple’ muchiitiko ichi.

Zvatinogona kusimbisa zvisinei, kubva pane zvinyorwa zveanatomical zvakapihwa, ndeyekuti Quince aizivikanwa nevarabhi panguva iyi.

Apricot Apricot ‘mishmish‘

Pane rimwe divi, chinonyanya kukosha paapricot ndechekuti haina kutaurwa nezita rayo remazuva ano re ‘mishmish‘ mune ipi zvayo yeMishnah iri pamusoro apa. Pane 3 tsananguro dzinobvira:

1. Zvaisazivikanwa navaRabhi venguva iyoyo. Kana zvirizvo, haigoni kuva iyo Tappuach.
2. Zvaizivikanwa; asi yaionekwa seyakafukidzwa zvakaringana nemienzaniso chaiyo uye zvirevo zvakajairika mune zvakasara zvezvinyorwa izvi.. Izvi zvinogona kuitika: asi dai waiva chibereko chakajairika pakati paIsraeri, zvinoita sezvinoshamisa.
3. Inotaurwa; asi nezita rayo rekutanga – the the Tappuach. Kana zvakadaro, pane tsananguro inogutsa here pakuonekwa kwezita iri muMishnah Ma’asrot i.4 asi kwete muMishna Oktzin i.6? Ehe, pane: maapricots anogona kuunganidzwa kunyangwe akanyanya kuibva uye akaomeswa nezuva kuitira kuchengetedza kwenguva refu; nokudaro kupembedza 'kutanga kana kunonoka’ stipulation. Uye maapricot haana dzinde kana akohwewa; iyo inotsanangura kusiiwa kwayo kubva kuMishna Oktzin.

Asi zvakare Mishnah Kilayim i. 4 inopa dambudziko - maapricots uye crabapples zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. saka, munyaya iyi taizosungirwa kuti tibvume zvakare izvozvo ‘Tappuach‘ wakanga uri muenzaniso wapakuvamba werevo yaro yazvino uno, kana kuti zvimwe izvo zvinoreva 'crabapple’ iro pacharo rakaturikirwa zvisizvo. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakadaro; kubva izwi rinoshandiswa ku 'crabapple’ haienderani nemashandisirwo echiHebheru chemazuva ano; panzvimbo pacho chichiita sechinoderedza chiAramaic, zvinoreva ‘apuro duku.’

Kuyera dzimwe nzira

Kugamuchira chero imwe nzira kunotimanikidza kutarisana nemukana wekuti mazita akajairika emichero aive achichinja panguva iyi. Nekuunzwa kwemichero yaimbozivikanwa uye mitsva mitsva yave kuwanda panguva ino yekuwedzera kutengeserana kwenyika, kushandurwa kwezita kwakadaro kunogoneka. Nekudaro kuve nemazita maviri akasiyana anoshandiswa kureva quince mundima mbiri dzinotevedzana zvinoita sekunge kudiki pane kuva nezvirevo zvekare uye zvitsva zve 'tappach.’ mumabhuku maviri akasiyana. saka, pasinei nekusimbisa kuvapo kwayo munguva iyoyo, nyaya yemuvini inoita seisina simba. Pane rimwe divi, kuti apricot inogona kuitwa yakasimba - Kana zvinogona kuratidzwa kuti pane chikonzero chakanaka chokudavira izvozvo aiva yaizivikanwa muIsraeri panguva yaSoromoni uye yaigona kunge ichiri kuzivikanwa kuna vanarabhi nezita rayo rekutanga.

Sei uye riini Apricot Yakasvika kuIsrael?

Kunyange zvazvo maapricot achizivikanwa kuvapo kare Soromoni asati avapo muArmenia, nezve 800 mamaira kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva, kupinda kwaive kwakaoma. Nzira huru dzekutengesa dzeIsrael dziri munzira Fertile Crescent kubatanidza Egypt neMesopotamia. Asi Armenia yakanga iri mukati medurunhuru dzemakomo kuChamhembe, pakati peGungwa Dzvuku neCaspian. Kuchamhembe kwemakungwa aya nzvimbo dzakafara dzeSteppes dzakatambanudzwa pakati pemhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe-kumadokero kweGungwa Dzvuku nePacific., kuchamhembe kweChina. Ivava vakagarwa nemadzinza aidzungaira uye vakaumba nzira yechisikigo yekutengeserana kweEast-West, anonzi the ‘Steppe Route'. Asi nzvimbo dzine makomo dzeArmenia neCaucuses dzaidzivisa kutengeserana kweNorth-South; zvokuti Armenia inoratidzika kuva yakanga isina ukama hushoma naIsraeri mumazana amakore pamberi kana kuti pashure pokutonga kwaSoromoni.. Sei, ipapo, chero munhu angada kutengesa maapricots neIsrael?

MaApricots Akaomeswa – iyo Nomad's Lunch Box

Sezvakabatwa muchidimbu mukurukurirano yedu yeMishna, maapricot aiva nechinhu chimwe chakakosha chaiita kuti anyatsobatsira vatengesi vaitama-tama; vaigona kuomeswa muzuva zviri nyore, kuderedza uremu hwavo uye kuburitsa yakanyanya kunyura, chikafu chinonaka uye chakasimba chesimba.⁸ Izvi zvakaita kuti vakwanise kutakura semigove yavo parwendo rwupi norwupi rurefu. Ichi chimiro cheapricot chingadai chakawanikwa uye chakashandiswa kare-kare mukurimwa kwayo - kana kunyange zvisati zvaitika.. Sezvambotaurwa, apricot mwaka kutanga uye pfupi. Gluts inowanzoitika; nevhu richifukidzwa nemichero yakawa. Mumumvuri, vanokurumidza kuguma semafasha atsikwa-tsikwa: asi kurutivi rwezuva rwemuti, seyakagadzirirwa-yakagadzirwa apricots akaomeswa. Uye, Ehe saizvozvo, chivako ichi chakanga chisiri cheukoshi kuvafambi chete; zvakaita kuti zvive zvakakosha sezvitoro zvechando. Saka hazvina kuoma kuona kuti mushambadzi anotama-tama anga‘taura zvinotapira sei’ vanhu mukutengesa matombo emaapricot ane chitsama nevimbiso yegoho rakawanda riri kuuya. Saka muchero uyu waigona kunge wakaparadzirwa zviri nyore munzira dzekutengesa dzevanomad - kunyanya munharaunda yenzvimbo dzavanofarira kudiridza.; zvinogona kupa chikonzero che Tappuach-mazita enzvimbo anoenderana ambotaurwa.

Nzira mbiri dzekuparadzira

Mumakore achangopfuura kushandiswa kwakawanda kwakagadzirwa kwekuongorora kweDNA kuitira kuburitsa genetic uye geographic nhoroondo yezvinomera nemhuka.. A May 2020 kudzidza⁹ yekuparadzirwa pasi rose kwemarudzi emaapricot kwakaburitsa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti, zvichitevera kuunzwa kweapricot kune iyo ongororo inodaidzwa kuti 'Irano-Caucasian’ dunhu (iyo inosanganisira Armenia), kupararira kwaro kumadokero kubva ipapo kwakatevera nzira mbiri dzakasiyana. Imwe yeiyi pakutanga yakamhanyira kumaodzanyemba kuEgipita uye ipapo kumadokero, pedyo nemhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweMediterranean yeNorth Africa; mumwe wacho akamhanya akananga kuTurkey, Greece uye kumadokero kwakapoteredza kuchamhembe kweMediterranean mahombekombe eEurope. Iyi nzira yekupedzisira inopindirana nemishumo yenhoroondo yekuunzwa kweapricot kuGreece na Alexander Mukuru uye kufambira mberi kwevaPezhiya ‘Royal Road‘ nzira yekutengesa. Asi zvakadii nezve nzira yekumaodzanyemba-kumavirira yekupararira, iyo yaizopfuura nomuIsraeri? Viewing the kupararira mepu kubva pachidzidzo chiri pamusoro, zvinoita sezvisingabviri kuti kuparadzirwa kuviri uku kwaiva nenzvimbo imwe chete yemabviro munzvimbo nenguva, sezvo genetic make-up yehuwandu hwakasiyana zvakanyanya. Saka riini uye nei kupararira kwekumaodzanyemba-kumadokero kwakaitika?

The Horse Trade

Bhiza rinofungidzirwa kuti rakatanga kuchengetwa paSteppes yeCentral Asia. Asi zvinonyanya kukurudzirwa kuti Hyksos, uyo akava vatongi veEgipita panguva inozivikanwa senguva Yechipiri Yepakati, yakabva kuna Levant (Siriya) vakauya ne bhiza nengoro kuIjipiti senhumbi dzokurwa. Panguva yeKubuda kwemaJuda kubva kuEgipita, Bhaibheri rinotaura nezvengoro dzeIjipiti dzaidhonzwa nemabhiza dzichivharirwa uye dzakazara nemvura padzaidzingirira vaIsraeri. (Exodus 15:1-4); uyewo kune mamwe madzinza evaKenani ainyanya kukurira vaIsraeri nokuti vaiva ‘nengoro dzesimbi’ (Joshua 17:16-18; Judges 1:19).

Kunyangwe panguva yekutanga, nhamba yemabhiza anobatanidzwa mumauto akasiyana-siyana aikwikwidza yakanga yakakura. (In Judges 4:3 tinoudzwa kuti hondo yamambo weKenani yaisanganisira 900 ngoro.) Asi izvi zvaitorwa kubva kupi? A 2012 genetic study¹⁰ inogumisa kuti panogona kunge paine zviitiko zvakawanda zvekugara munharaunda yeSteppe: asiwo kuti mabhiza anopfuyiwa aigara achibatwa nemhara dzomusango. Vanyori vezvidzidzo vanoratidza kuti tsika yekupedzisira iyi inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekutadza kubata pamuviri kwemhare dzinopfuyiwa. Saizvozvo, pane mukana mukuru wekuti, panguva iyi, paigona kuve paine kutengeserana kazhinji kwemabhiza kubva kuSteppes kumaodzanyemba, kuburikidza neArmenia neKenani, kuEgipita.

Zvisinei, panguva yaSoromoni, tinoverenga:

Mabhiza aSoromoni akauyiswa achibva Egipita; uye vatengesi vamambo vakaagamuchira ari mapoka-mapoka, mumwe nomumwe aityaira nomutengo. Ngoro imwe neimwe yaikwira ichibva Egipita ikatengwa namashekeri esirivha ana mazana matanhatu, bhiza rimwe nerimwe zana namakumi mashanu; saizvozvowo kumadzimambo ose avaHiti, nokumadzimambo eSiria, vakaabudisa nemaoko avo here. (1Kings 10:28-29)

Saka panguva ino Soromoni sezviri pachena akanga achiita kutengeserana kunopa mari kwamabhiza nengoro zvaibva Egipita zvichipinda muSiria.. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kubudirira, muitiro wokuzviraramisa wokubereka nawo wakanga wava kushanda muEgypt. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kuti kuyerera kwemabhiza kuenda kumaodzanyemba kubva kuSteppes kungadai kwakadzikira; uye pamwe nayo kukurudzira kweNorth-South kutengeserana neArmenia. Saizvozvo, nguva inogoneka kwazvo yekutanga kwekupararira kweapurikoti kumaodzanyemba kwaizove kweKubuda kwemaJuda kubva kuEgipita.. Maererano nenguva, izvi zvinobatana zvakanaka nekutaurwa kwe ‘Tappuach‘ mumazita enzvimbo kubva mubhuku raJoshua.

Zvinonakidza, Ndakazoona kuti Rev. Houghton, uku vachiitirana nharo zvakasimba nekuda kweQuince, zvisinei akabvuma kuti Apricot aivewo akasimba anogona kukwikwidza; uye kuti yaigona kunge yakaunzwa nevatengesi vemabhiza kubva kuTogarma, mu‘kure kuchamhembe’ (Ezekiel 27:14 & 38:6).¹¹ Zvisinei, anoratidzika kunge akakwezvwa achifarira Quince nokutaura kuti yakanga iri chizvarwa cheMediterranean uye yakanga ‘yakasumwa kubva kuKrete kupinda muGreece neItaly munenge pakati pezana ramakore rechinomwe nerechitanhatu B.C.)’

Zita Ringachinja Sei Uye Rini?

Zita rechiHebheru chemazuva ano, Apricot 'mishmish', rakada kufanana neshoko rechiKadheya, ‘mɨʃmɨʃʃa‘ (IPA zviperengo)¹². Nokudaro, chinja kubva ‘Tappuach‘ kuti ‘mishmish‘ inotsanangurwa zviri nyore. Apo kurwisa kweBhabhironi kwakaguma kwaguma umambo hweJudhiya, kwaiva nenhapwa dzakawanda dzechiJudha dzichiendeswa kuKadheya; kwavakagara 70 makore asati abvumirwa kudzoka. Saizvozvo, kwezvizvarwa zviviri zvizere vanhu vaizofanira kutenga nokutengesa pamisika yomunzvimbomo vachishandisa zita rechiKadheya, ‘mishmish'; saka panguva yokudzokera kuIsraeri paizova nevashomanana vakanga vamboshandisa zita rechiHebheru repakutanga. Nokudaro idi rokuti iri zvino rava zita rinogamuchirwa rechiHebheru harishamisi chose chose.

Chinoda tsananguro yakati kuti sei zita racho ‘mishmish‘ haiwaniki muMishna nerevo yepakutanga ye ‘Tappuach‘ zvinoita kunge zvakanganwika. Here, tine dzvinyiriro mbiri dzinorwisana. Mumwe angafunga izvozvo, apo vanaRabhi vakanga vachitsanangura mitemo yezvokudya mukati menguva yetembere yechipiri, vangadai vakada, nokuda kwekujekesa, kushandisa mazwi akajairika ezuva ravo. Asi nerumwe rutivi, avo vechizvarwa chevakuru vaishingairira kuchengetedza kutenda nemagwaro emadzibaba avo vangadai vachiri kurangarira chirevo chepakutanga chezvinyorwa zvemagwaro ku ‘Tappuach‘ uye angade kukurudzira kudzokera kune yechinyakare nomenclature.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mumwe angave akatarisira izvozvo, nekufamba kwenguva ndangariro dzaipera, chimwe chinhu chingadai chakataurwa kujekesa mutsauko. Asi makore ari pakati pokudzoka kwenhapwa netembere yaHerodhi dzakanga dziri nguva dzenyongano; kusanganisira kukunda kwaAlexander, kutambudzwa kwaAntiochus Epiphanes, kumukira kweMakabhii nekumuka kweRoma, kutaura mashoma mashoma. wo, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kushandiswa kweshoko rokuti 'apuro’ kutsanangura zvinoita semaapuriko zvakonzera matambudziko mashoma munguva yapfuura 2 millenia. Kunyangwe tisingazivi kuti chii chaizvo a ‘Tappuach‘ ndizvo, zvichiri nyore kunzwisisa misimboti yechegumi uye kusachena kwezvinobva mumienzaniso yakapihwa. Saka pamwe kukanganwa uku kunoregererwa mushure mezvose.

Uyezve, zvakaitwa naAlexander nevaRoma zvakaita kuti kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kuwedzere; nemichero yekune dzimwe nyika uye mhando itsva dzichiwedzera kuwanda. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, izvi zvingadai zvakakonzera kumanikidzwa kune kuenzanisa kwemazita, kwete chete yemichero ichangobva kuwanikwa uye marudzi, asiwo iripo iri kutsanangurwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana. Takatoona kufanana kwe entymological pakati pechiArabic ‘chikuru‘ uye ‘Tappuach'; plus chokwadi chekuti ‘chikuru‘ pakutanga rakashandiswa sezwi rinotsanangura kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemichero yakasiyana-siyana isati yanyanya kushandiswa zvakanyanya kune apuro. MaArabu aizivikanwa sevatengesi: saka zvinokwanisika kuti chirevo chakafanana che ‘Tappuach‘ ingadai yakachinja pamwe chete neya ‘chikuru‘ panguva iyi.

Akaita 'mishmish’ Zvinoreva 'Maapricots Akaomeswa'?

Pakupedzisira, Ndiri kuda kufungidzira kuti panogona kunge paine chimwe chikonzero nei ‘mishmish‘ haitsivi ‘Tappuach‘ muMishnas: chirevo chayo chepakutanga chinogona kunge chaive izwi rehunyanzvi, kureva zvakananga kuibva kana kuomeswa maapricots. Kana iyi hypothesis yakaratidza kuti ndeyechokwadi, hapangavi nechikonzero chokutsiva ‘Tappuach‘ pamwe ‘mishmish.’

Ndinonyatsoyeuka imwe yeshanyo dzangu dzokutanga kuEastern Europe, makore mazhinji apfuura. Handichayeuki kana yaive kuRussia kana kuUkraine: asi yaive nguva yemaapricot. Migwagwa yandaifamba nayo yakanga yakadururwa nemiti yemaapricot kuitira mimvuri: asi migwagwa nemigwagwa yakanga yakazara ne mush of squashed, maapricots akadonha zvekuti ndaifanira kugara ndakatarisa pasi kuti ndisawane tsvina pashangu dzangu! Kare, maapricots aiwanzokohwewa muhuwandu nekungozunza matavi uye kuunganidza mhepo. Takaona kuti maapricot matsva aiwanzotanga kuita mushy mukati mezuva rekunhonga; saka zvakanakisa zvakadyiwa nekukurumidza, pedyo nepavakanga vakurira. Asi vamwe vose - vashoma vasati vaibva, asi mazhinji akakuvara uye akaibva zvakanyanya - akaunganidzwa nekuomeswa kuti achengetedzwe kana kuendeswa kumusika. Nzira yekugadzirira idzi kuomeswa inosiyana. Mienzaniso midiki inogona kutanga yakaomeswa, uye ‘kupopota’ (de-stoned) pashure. Mienzaniso mikuru yaiwanzochekwa ichivhurika yoiswa makomba isati yaoma. Dzakasvinwa pamwe dzakaomeswa zvakadaro; uye mune zvimwe zviitiko angave akasvinwa kuita zvidimbu zvitete kana makeke kuti zvive nyore kubata. Angadai ari maapurikosi akadai seaya angangodaro aiva mari inodiwa pamusika yevagari vomuguta vaiva varombo; nepo mitemo iri muMishna iine chekuita nemhosva yekupa chegumi apo maapricot anotanga kuunganidzwa kubva pamuti..

Mumutauro wechiArabic maivepo mazwi maviri emaapricots: ‘mushamash‘ uye ‘al-barquq.’ Zita rekupedzisira rakazotorwa pave paya, kutanga nechiLatin ‘precocity‘ uye kubva ipapo vakapfuura nomuGirisi vakaenda kuIjipiti, Kuchamhembe kweAfrica, Spain neFrance (mataurirwo uye zviperengo zvichichinja nguva dzese), isati yatorwa sezita rechirungu, ‘apricot.’ Munguva iyi apricot yaionekwa semuchero unoshamisa kwete chikafu chakakosha: saka zvinogoneka kuti ‘al-barquq‘ kureva muchero mutsva, pane dzakaomeswa. (The Jewish Encyclopaedia inotaurawo nezverimwe zita reapricot: ‘appanuth;’ kunyangwe mabviro nemashandisirwo ayo asina kutsanangurwa.)

Zvinogona zvakare kuitika kuti pane etymological kubatana pakati ‘mishmish‘ kana ‘mushamash‘ uye mazwi edu, 'mishmash', ‘mash’ uye 'mush.’ Maererano ne Merriam-Webster duramazwi kushandiswa kwekutanga kwe mishmash mupfungwa yemazuva ano kwaiva muzana remakore rechi15. Etymology yayo inotsanangurwa se “Sravana Sameeralu Serial 4th Middle English & Yiddish; Middle English mysse musono, pamwe kudzikisira kwemash mash; Yiddish mish-mash, pamwe kuderedzwa kwe mishn kusanganisa.” Izwi iri rinogona kunge rakauya kuburikidza nevanhu vanofananidza mushy musanganiswa neiyo yakagadzirwa nemaapricots akadonha?

Mhedziso

Kana zvibereko zvese zviri zvina zvichifananidzwa nezvinyorwa zvebhaibheri maererano nehunhu hwavo hwepanyama uye hukama hwetsika, iyo apricot inobuda seyaive pedyo-yakakwana. Maapuro anoita zvakaipa mumamiriro ekunze iwayo. Zvose citron uye quince zvinokundikana kuedza kuravira uye hazvina kunaka kudya mbishi. Kuongororwa kwemanongedzero muMishna kunoisawo kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvinorehwa nequince.

Nezvekufambidzana humbowo, hapana ufakazi husingarambiki hwokuti chipi nechipi cheizvi zvibereko chakanga chiri muna Israeri panguva yaSoromoni; kunyangwe paine humbowo hwakanaka kwazvo hwekuti citron, quince nemaapricot zvese zvaivepo kubva panguva yakadzoka nhapwa dzechiJudha kubva kuBhabhironi. Zvisinei, Kuongororwa kwemajini kuchangobva kuitwa kunopa zvikonzero zvakanaka zvokufunga kuti maapricot angadai akaunzwa kuIsrael achibva kuArmenia nguva yaSoromoni isati yasvika., sechikafu chevatengesi vemabhiza vanobva kuSteppes.

Imwe tsvakiridzo yesainzi neyekuchera matongo inogona kupa humwe humbowo, kunyanya kusimbisa mazuva ekutanga esumo: asi zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvakanyanya kuoma kuratidza kuti muchero wakanga usipo pane imwe nguva pane kuti. Pane matekiniki ekufungidzira misi ingangove yekubuda kwezvimwe zvakasiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuchinja kwechisikigo.: asi izvi zvakanyanya kuoma kuita kana kusarudzwa kwevanhu kuchibatanidzwa. Nokudaro, hazvizovi nyore kubvisa nharo dzapfuura, kunyange mamwe mashoko (kunyanya tsanangudzo ye 'mishmish’ semaapricots akaomeswa) inogona kubvunzwa mubvunzo.

Saizvozvo, Ini ndaizokurudzira kuti izwi rekuti 'tappach,’ kunyange mazuva ano inoshandiswa kune apuro, pakutanga rakanga riri zita rechiHebheru reapricot. Uye, for now at least, Ndinozorora zvangu.

Kevin King, 16/7/2020

Mashoko omuzasi

1. 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Vol.2 p.23. Chinyorwa pa'Apple’ naMorris Jastrow, Mwana, Merchant Kohler, Frank H. Knowlton. (Public domain). Unedited full-text online version ©2002-2011, JewishEncyclopedia.com. Kodzero dzese dzakachengetwa)
2. ‘The Natural History of the Bible,’ naH.B. Tristram M.A., 1883 7th edn. p.334. (Public domain).
3. 'Izwi rinoenderana rechiArabic, chikuru, hairevi maapuro chete, asiwo kazhinji michero yese yakafanana, semaranjisi, marimu, quinces, mapichisi, maapricots, nezvimwewo. uye kuenzanisa kwakajairika kutaura chero chinhu, “unonhuwira semhunga.” Izwi rechiHebheru rinogona, zvichida, akashandiswa nenzira yakafanana.’ ‘Duramazwi raCalmett reBhaibheri Dzvene,’ Augustin Calmet, Crocker uye Brewster, 1837, Pg. 83.(Public domain).
4. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 52(6) CHIKUMI 2017 p.817. ‘Nzira yeCitrus Yakazarurwa: Kubva kuSoutheast Asia kuenda kuMediterranean’ naDaphne Short PDF vhezheni inodhaunirodha kubva kuAcademia.Edu
5. ‘Muti Nemuchero Zvinomiririrwa neTappuach yeMagwaro Matsvene’ naRev W. Houghton, Zvinyorwa zveSosaiti yeBiblical Archaeology,” vol.12 pp.42-48
6. Ibid. 2, p.335. (Public domain).
7. “Natural, fertile intergeneric hybrids anowanikwa pakati pemazhinji ePomoidea asi kwete musanganiswa Malus; rimwe genera rinogonawo kubatanidzwa zvinobudirira pane rimwe nerimwe asi Malus hazvienderani nezvimwe. Semuyenzaniso, muti wequince unogona kubatanidzwa nyore nyore ne scions of pear, hawthorn, ... asi zvaramba kubatanidza zvachose apuro pamuti wakadaro.” 'Kuberekera Miti muNew Zealand’ na G.S. Wratt, H.C. Smith. 1983, Pg. 83. pub. Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0409701378 (©1983 Dept. yeSainzi & Industrial Research, Wellington, N.Z.)
8. Maapricots akaomeswa nemhepo anoderera nezera, kutsvuka, zvino zvakasviba uye kurasikirwa nezvimwe zveukoshi hwavo hwekudya: asi zvakadaro ramba uchidyiwa kwemwedzi yakawanda, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekuchengetedza. Maapricots emazuva ano akaomeswa anobatwa nesarufa dioxide kuchengetedza ruvara uye ari pasi pekuomesera kwesherufu-hupenyu mutemo..
9. Frontiers muPlant Sayenzi, Chivabvu 2020 Vol. 11, Article 638. 'Genetic Chimiro cheNyika Yese Germplasm Kuunganidzwa kwePrunus ameniaca L. Inoburitsa Nzira nhatu Dzakakura dzeDiffusion dzeMhando dzinouya kubva kuSpecies 'Centre of Origin’ naBourguiba et al. Vhura Access. Unogona kudhawunirodha kubva frontiersin.org
10. PNAS, Chivabvu 22nd 2012, Vol. 109, No.21. 'Kuvakazve mavambo uye kupararira kwekuchengetwa kwebhiza muEurasian steppe’ by Warmuth et al. Copyright ©2020 National Academy yeScience. Online ISSN 1091-6490. Dhawunirodha kubva pnas.org
11. Ibid. 5, pp 48.
12. ‘Tsanangudzo YevaKadheya Yemazuva Ano’ naSoromoni I. Sara, ©1974, Mouton, Pg 55. Vol. 213 yeMusuwo weMitauro, Series minor.