Nā'ōlelo kiko'ī mai nā palapala i nalowale.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōlelo i loko o nā palapala a nā Makua o ka ʻekalesia mua, aia nā kuhikuhi iā Iesū ma nā hana honua ʻē aʻe i nalowale iā mākou i kēia manawa..

Na hana a Pilato

Justin Martyr, ma kahi o AD 150, Ua kākau ʻo ia no ka pale ʻana i ka manaʻo Karistiano i ka Emepera Roma ʻo Antonius Pius:

A mahope iho o kona kaulia ana ma ke kea, hailona iho la lakou i kona aahu, a o ka poe i kau ia ia ma ke kea, ua puunaue lakou ia mea na lakou. A ua hiki mai keia mau mea, ua hiki ia oukou ke hoomaopopo mai i na hana a Ponetio Pilato.’

A ma kahi ʻē aʻe ʻōlelo ʻo ia:

'O ia i hana i keia mau hana mana e oluolu oe ia oe iho mai ka “Hana” o Ponetio Pilato.’

ʻO kēia mau 'hana’ he mau moʻolelo kūhelu i waiho ʻia i Roma e nā kiaʻāina panalāʻau. He hūpō loa ʻo Justin e kākau i kekahi mea e like me kēia i ka Emepera inā ʻaʻole maopopo ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻoiaʻiʻo: aka, he kanaka naauao loa oia, aole he naaupo. Kaumaha, akā naʻe, ʻAʻole ola kēia mau moʻolelo a hiki i kēia lā (ʻO ka palapala o ke kenekulia 4 o kēia inoa he palapala hoʻopunipuni i ʻae ʻia.)

Ke ho'āʻo nei ka poʻe kūʻē e ʻōlelo ua luku ʻia lākou: akā ʻo ka mea maʻalahi aia aia ʻAʻole nā palapala ola o kēia ʻano mai i kekahi Panalaau Roma ia manawa.

ʻO Thallus a me Phlegon

kofe ʻApelika (c.221 AD) haʻi mai ʻo Thallus ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ke kenekulia mua, ma ka puke ekolu o kana mau Moolelo, hoao e wehewehe i ka pouli i ka wa o Iesu’ make ma ke ʻano o ka pō o ka lā. Ua kuhikuhi pololei ʻo Africanus iā Thallus’ ʻaʻole kūpono ka wehewehe ʻana. ʻŌlelo pū ʻo ia i kēlā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻē aʻe, Pllegon, pili i kahi 'eclipse like’ i ka manawa like. E like me ke ano o ia mau moolelo kahiko, ʻO nā ʻāpana wale nō o Africanus’ original five-volume work survive. His writings on this subject are preserved in a chronology of world history compiled by George Syncellus in about 800AD:

“From Africanus concerning the events associated with the passion of the Saviour and the life-bringing Resurrection

“Concerning each of his deeds and his cures, both of bodies and souls, and the secrets of his knowledge, and his Resurrection from the dead, this has been explained with complete adequacy by his disciples and the apostles before us. A most terrible darkness fell over all the world, the rocks were torn apart by an earthquake, and many places both in Judaea and the rest of the world were thrown down.

“In the third book of his Histories, Thallos dismisses this darkness as a solar eclipse. In my opinion, this is nonsense. No ka mea, malama ka poe Hebera i ka moliaola ma Luna 14, a o ka mea i hanaia i ka Hoola i hanaia i kekahi la mamua o ka moliaola. Akā, e pō ana ka lā i ka wā e hala ai ka mahina ma lalo o ka lā. ʻO ka manawa wale nō e hiki ai ke hana ʻia ma ka waena waena o ka lā mua o ka mahina hou a me ka lā hope o ka mahina kahiko., i ko laua hui pu ana. Pehea lā e hiki ai i kekahi ke manaʻoʻiʻo ua ʻike ʻia kahi eclipse inā kokoke ka mahina e kūʻē i ka lā? Pela no. E hoʻopunipuni ka lehulehu i ka mea i hana ʻia, a e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia hōʻailona maikaʻi i ka honua he ʻālohilohi lā ma o ka optical (hoopunipuni).

“Ua kākau ʻo Phlegon i ka wā e nohoaliʻi ana ʻo Tiberius Kaisara, ua piha ka lā i ka mahina piha mai ke ono a i ka iwa o ka hola.; akaka keia. But what have eclipses to do with an earthquake, rocks breaking apart, resurrection of the dead, and a universal disturbance of this nature?

“Certainly an event of such magnitude has not been recalled for a long time. But it was a darkness created by God, because it happened that the Lord experienced his passion at that time.” (George Syncellus, quoting Africanus, i loko
Excerpts from “The Chronography”.* )

* From “The Chronography of George Synkellos: A Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation”, by William Adler & Paul Tuffin, Oxford University Press (2002).

Some commentators have criticised Africanus for identifying Phlegon’s ‘eclipse’ with that of Thallus. Eia naʻe, if either statement attributed to Phlegon regarding the duration or the state of the moon is correct, he is not describing a solar eclipse. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ka pōʻeleʻele no ka lā eclipse ma kahi o 7.5 MAKANAKAI: ʻaʻole 3 Nā hola hola.

Ua kākau ʻo Phlegon i kāna mau moʻolelo (ʻike ʻia ʻo ka 'Olympiads') e pili ana 140 Kāleʻa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e Origen ma 248 Kāleʻa, penei:

“I kēia manawa ʻo Phlegon, ma ka buke umikumamakolu a umikumamaha, Kuhi wau, o kana moolelo, ʻaʻole wale i hāʻawi ʻia iā Iesu ka ʻike o nā hanana e hiki mai ana (ʻoiai e hāʻule ana i ka huikau no kekahi mau mea e pili ana iā Petero, me he mea la ua kuhikuhi lakou ia Iesu), akā ua hōʻike pū ʻia ua kūlike ka hopena me kāna mau wānana. No laila, ʻo ia kekahi, ma keia mau hooia ana e pili ana i ka ike mua, me he mea la e kue ana i kona makemake, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona manaʻo ʻaʻole nele i ka mana akua nā ʻōlelo aʻo i aʻo ʻia e nā kūpuna o kā mākou ʻōnaehana.” (“Kūʻē iā Celsus” Buke 2, Mokuna 14.)

“A e pili ana i ka eclipse i ka manawa o Tiberius Kaisara, i kona nohoalii ana ua ikeia ua kaulia'i o Iesu ma ke kea, a me na olai nui ia manawa, ʻO Phlegon kekahi, Kuhi wau, ua kakau ma ka buke umikumamakolu a umikumamaha o kana mau Noi.” (“Kūʻē iā Celsus” Buke 2, Mokuna 33.)

“E pili ana i kēia mau mea i loaʻa iā mākou ma nā ʻaoʻao mua i hana i kā mākou pale, e like me ko makou hiki, e hoʻohui ana i ka hōʻike a Phlegon, ka mea i hai mai ua hanaia keia mau mea i ka wa i eha ai ko kakou Hoola.” (“Kūʻē iā Celsus” Buke 2, Mokuna 59.)

Hoʻi i ka ʻatikala nui.