hurumende & Ushumiri muna Early Church

1. Kusimudzira kubva mumidzi yechiJudha

1.1 Muenzaniso wechiJudha

Dare raitonga revaJudha panguva yaKristu rakanga riri Sanihedrini (συνεδριον – sunedrion). Izvi zvaiumbwa nevaprista vakuru (αρχιερευς – archereus), vakuru (πρεσβυτερος – presbyters) navanyori (γραμματευς – grammatheus) (Lk 22:66, Mt 26:3, 57-9, Mk 14:43, 53, 15:1, Acts 4:5(cf Acts 4:23)). Mk 15:1 inofungidzira kuti Sanihedrini yakazara inogona kunge yakasanganisira vamwewo. Tsika yekutaura kumapoka matatu ese zviri pachena kana tichitaura nezvemisangano yehutungamiriri hwemaJuda inoratidza kuti mazwi aya akange asina kuenzana.: asi izvozvo zvose zvakaita basa guru muhurumende.

Izwi rokuti 'vatongi’ inoratidzika kunge yakaenzana nevapristi vakuru asi yakasiyana nevakuru mukati Acts 4. Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa tinoverenga chete nezvevaprista nevakuru: asi kuenzanisa nedzimwe ndima kunoratidza kuti muzviitiko izvi kubatanidzwa kwevanyori kunofungirwa (Mt 26:47(cf Mk 14:43), Mt 27:1(Mk 15:1)). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti ‘mukuru’ kusvikira kumwero wakati rakanga riri shoko rakajairika iro ringabatanidza avo vanowanzogadzwa sevanyori. Gamarieri, nhengo yakakurumbira yeSanihedrini, anorondedzerwa so‘mudzidzisi womurayiro’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos) in Acts 5:34) – izwi rinoshandiswa zvishoma rinowanikwawo mukati Lk 5:17-21, uko kunoratidzika kuva kunoshandiswa kuvanyori.

Mumutemo uyu hurongwa hwehurumende hwaive hwehufundisi, administrative, hushumiri hwedzidziso uye kunyange hwechiporofita (wekupedzisira pamunhu wemupristi mukuru (Jn 11:49-52). Utera hwayo hunouraya hwakanga huri muvarume pachavo. Vakashevedzera kuti vazivikanwe neruzhinji uye vakanga varega kuva vashandi (Lk 11:43 & 46); vakaisa tsika dzevanhu pamberi peshoko raMwari (Mk 7:6-13) uye akanga arasikirwa nezivo chaiyoiyo ipi neipi yedzidziso kana kuti yechiporofita (Mk 12:24-7, Jn 3:10-12 & 5:37-44).

1.2 Kugadziridzwa kwezvimiro zvechiJudha

Pamapoka matatu ari pamusoro rimwe chete, 'vakuru', yakaendesa zita rayo mberi muzvimiro zvekereke; kunyangwe muchiitiko ichi zita rakapera kwenguva.

Makakatanwa maduku evanyori vaJesu’ zuva rakanga ravaita chiseko kukereke yekutanga (1 Cor 1:20), uye vaya vanotsvaka kuva ‘vadzidzisi vomurayiro’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos – 1 Tim 1:7) vakagumburwa. Uku kwakanga kuri kure nokurambwa kweushumiri hwomudzidzisi, zvisinei. Vanyori’ kudzidzisa kwave kunonoka, kufungidzira uye kunhonga nit: nepo chiratidzo chaJesu’ kudzidzisa, uye neavo vaimutevera, kwaiva kutsva, ane simba uye ane hanya nemweya kupfuura kunyorwa kwemurairo (Mt 13:52, 7:28-9, 23:23, Jn 3:10-11, 1 Pet 4:11 (iyi nongedzero yokupedzisira haingobatanidzi dzidziso bedzi)). Saizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo izwi rakaderedzwa, basa rekudzidzisa rakaenderera mberi uye rakaremekedzwa zvikuru pasi pezita rakapfava rokuti ‘mudzidzisi’ (διδασκαλος – didaskalos).

Hupirisita sechisimbiso hwakakwirirwa zvakazara nekucherechedzwa kwaJesu semushumiri wedu mukuru mumwe chete (Heb 7:11-28), uye nouprista hwavatendi vose (1 Pet 2:9). Basa ravo repakati rakanga rakanyanyisa uye mamwe mabasa avo akaiswa pane mamwe. Vaapostora zvimwe vakanga vari pedyosa N.T. yakaenzana.

2. MuApostora(αποστολος – vaapositori)

2.1 Jesu’ Kudanidzira kweane gumi nevaviri

2.1.1 Vaiva vanaani?

• Simon naAndrew Barjona (‘mwana waJona’ c.f. John 1:42, 21:15, Mt 16:17). Simon ('rutsanga') akatumidzwa zita rokuti Kefasi (Aramaic) kana kuti Petro (ChiGiriki – zvose zvinoreva 'dombo'). Vaiva vabati vehove vaibva kuBhetisaidha, kumucheto wokuchamhembe kweGungwa reGarireya (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44).
• Jakobho naJohani, vanakomana vaZebhedhi, uyewo vabati vehove vaibva kuBhetisaidha (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44). Mhuri yavo sezvingabvira yaiva vatengesi vehove vakabudirira, sezvavakanga vane varanda vairipira (Mk 1:20), vanhu vane simba muJerusarema (Jn 18:15-6) uye amai vane chido (Mt 20:20-1)! Vakanzi Bhoanegesi (‘vanakomana vokutinhira’) naJesu (Mk 3:17).
• Firipi, uyo akanga ari weBhetisaidha (Jn 1:44).
• Barthoromew (Aramaic, 'Mwanakomana waTholmai'). Evhangeri yaJohane panzvimbo pacho inoreva kwaari saNatanieri (‘chipo chaMwari’), iro zvimwe raiva zita rake rokutanga. Aive shamwari yaFiripi, kubva kuKana (Jn 1:45-51 & 21:2), nezve 12 mamaira (3 maawa’ famba) W. yeGungwa reGarireya uye 8 mamaira N. weNazareta.
• Thomas (Aramaic) kana kuti Didymus (ChiGiriki – mazita ese ari maviri anoreva 'mapatya'). Akanga asina chokwadi, asi akavimbika (Jn 11:16 & 20:24-9).
• Matthew (‘chipo chaJehovha’), anonziwo Revhi ('akabatana'), mwanakomana waArifiyosi. (c.f. Mt 9:9 (Matthew) pamwe Mk 2:14 & Lk 5:27 (Revhi). Akanga ari muteresi (NA 'mubhengi') kuvaRoma – basa risingafadzirwe zvakanyanya! aibva kuKapenaume (uko kwaigarawo Jesu c.f. Mt 4:13, 9:1, Mk 2:1). Uku kwaiva pedyo neGungwa reGarireya, 3½ mamaira S.W. weBhetisaidha.
• Jakobho mwanakomana waArifiyosi. Hapana kana imwe yemareferensi inoreva chero kubatana kwemhuri kuna Mateo, baba vake vaiva nezita rimwe chetero.
• Lebbaeus, uyo ainzi Tadheo (c.f. Mt 10:3 & Mark 3:18) asi anonziwo ‘Judhasi waJakobho’ in Luke 6:16 uye John 14:22. Jesu aiva nevanun’una vaviri vainzi Judhasi naJakobho (c.f. Mt 13:55): asi tinoudzwa kuti vakanga vasingatendi maari mukati moushumiri hwake hwapasi (Jn 7:5 & Mk 3:21-32), saka zvinokwanisika kuti James raive zita rababa vake.
• Simon Zelotes (ChiGiriki) kana vaKanani (Aramaic) – zvose zvinoreva kuti 'Zealot'. VaZealot vaive vechiJudha vaipikisa hurumende yeRoma. VaKanani zvinorevawo ‘mugari weKanani’ (izwi rinobata chikamu chikuru cheIsrael yokumadokero).
• Judhasi Iskarioti, Jesu’ mutengesi. Akatarisa mari; asi nokusatendeka (Jn 12:6).

2.1.2 Kutanga kusangana

Jn 1:35 – 2:25. Jesu’ misangano yekutanga naJohani (mudzidzi asina kutaurwa zita), Andrew, Simon, Firipi naNatanieri, achangobva muedzo wake murenje, tipe nzwisiso inokosha yenzira yaakashandisa nayo utungamiriri hwake.

• Usati wadaidzira kuzvipira, Jesu akavakoka kuti vacherechedze (Jn 1:39).
• Aida vadzidzi vakanga vaverenga mutengo (c.f. Lk 14:25-33). (Of the 11, all but John would be martyred!)
• Kuona uku kwakabata chikamu chese chehupenyu Hwake – kwete ushumiri hwake hwapachena chete. Kure kazhinji, tinotarisa pazvipo zvehushumiri hwevanhu uye tichiregeredza hupenyu hwavo hwega.
• Jesu anotovapa nguva yokuva nemhuri yake; izvo zvingave zvisiri nyore, sezvo vanun’una vake vakanga vasingatendi kwaari (Jn 2:12 & 7:5). Funga nezvazvo – Zvingave zvaita sei pauri kuona zvese izvi?
• Jesu haana kutsamwira kusava nechokwadi (Jn 1:45-51).
• Akapa zita idzva nechiono chitsva (Jn 1:42 & 50-1). Kana tichizotungamira zvinobudirira, tinofanira kutora vanhu kupfuura zvavasingakwanisi nenzira yavanozviona nayo uye neramangwana ravo. Tinofanira kuvaratidza kugona kwavo muna Mwari.
• Akatora dambudziko rokuvaziva somunhu oga (Jn 1:39 nguva, Jn 1:42 kunzwisisa kwekutanga, Jn 1:43 kutsvaga, Jn 1:48 munyengetero). Kana iwe usiri kuita izvi kune avo vanopindura zvakananga kwauri, ndiani mumwe achava?
• Akaratidza huchokwadi hwezvaAkadzidzisa muzvose zviri zviviri simba nekuzvipira kwake (Jn 2:11 & 17).
• Aidzivisa kuita zvibvumirano zvokukurumidzira (Jn 2:23-5). Vamwe vevakatendeuka ava vanofanira kunge vaiva vechokwadi: asi, pane kuzvizivisa, uye kutsvaka kana kupa zvakawanda, nekukurumidza, Akanga akagadzirira kuvimba uye kumirira.

2.1.3 Kutanga vadzidzi

Jn 3:22-4 & 4:1-3. Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika Johane mubhabhatidzi asati asungwa, uye naizvozvo tisati tasangana nevanegumi nevaviri zvinotsanangurwa mune mamwe mavhangeri (ona Mt 4:12 & Mk 1:14). Kunyangwe iye Johane chete, Andrew, Simon, Firipi naNatanieri vataurwa nemazita, Acts 1:21-2 zvinoreva kuti vese gumi nevaviri vakasangana naJesu panguva iyi.

Asi Jesu akanga atotanga kudzidzisa varume ava, kunyangwe, sezvatichaona, vakanga vasati vazvipira zvizere kwaAri. Uye izvi zvaisanganisira zvinopfuura kungoteerera. Jesu akatovaita kuti vabhabhatidze vamwe (Jn 4:2)!

Cherechedza kuti urwu rwaiva rubhabhatidzo rwekutendeuka, pasina kuzvipira kuna Jesu (mareferensi ekutanga kune izvo Mt 28:19 uye Acts 2:38; izvo zvinotsanangura kuti sei Jesu asina kubhabhatidza munhu). Hatigoni kukumbira munhu kuti abhabhatidze munhu muna Jesu’ chiremera kana vasina kuzviisa zvizere ivo pachavo: asi mutadzi upi noupi anogona kubatsira mumwe kuti areurure zvivi zvake. Jesu aida chaizvo kubatanidza vadzidzi vake sezvaaigona, kukurumidza kukuru.

2.1.4 Sarudzo Nguva

Lk 5:1-11 (Mt 4:18-23). Kusvikira zvino, vanegumi nevaviri vadzidzi venguva isina kuzara. Mushure maJesu’ kubata hove, Petro anoona kuti kupfidza kwake nekuzvipira kwaive kusina kudzika. Jesu zvino anodana vadzidzi kuti vasiye zvose nokuda Kwake.

Zvakafanana, Jesu anodana Mateo, uyo anobva angosiya basa romuteresi wake Mt 9:9-13, Mk 2:14-7 & Lk 5:27-32. Sezvineiwo, unofunga kuti musiyano mukuru uripo pakati peparty yekuonekana naMateo neaizove mudzidzi aida kuenda kunoonekana nevanhu vake kumba (Lk 9:61-2)?)

2.1.5 Kusarudza gumi nevaviri

Lk 6:12-6. Kunyange zvazvo Jesu akanga apedza nguva yakati rebei aine vadzidzi vake, asati asarudza kuti ndevapi vaaizogadza sevaapostora Akapedza usiku hwose achinyengetera.

Izvi zvinofanira kutipa pfungwa yekukosha kwekuchenjerera kuti ndiani watinogadza kune chero chinzvimbo mukereke.

Inosimbisawo kukosha kwekutsvaka kutungamirirwa naMwari, pane kuvimba nokunzwisisa kwedu. Zviri nyore kutsauswa nechitarisiko (1 Sam 16:6-7).

2.1.6 Mutengesi weshamwari

Jesu zvimwe aiziva nguva yose iyi kuti Judhasi aizomutengesa (Jn 2:25). Asi Akamuchengeta zvakanyanya zvekuti, kunyangwe manheru ekupedzisira, vamwe vadzidzi havana kuziva kuti ndiye mutengesi. Saka kana vamwe vakakusiya, tenda Mwari nekusakuudza mberi uye izvo, kusiyana naJudhasi, pane tariro kuti vachavandudza.

Cherechedza mbeu dzaJudhasi’ kuparadza mukati Jn 12:4-8. Angangove ari kushandisa mari yekuwedzera paari pasina ari kutarisa; asi anoedza kunyaradza hana yake nokuwana mhosva kune vamwe (munyaya iyi, Jesu). Ndizvo zvanga zvakamirira Satani (c.f. Matthew 26:6-16 & Luke 22:3-6). Usati watsoropodza vamwe, nguva dzose zvibvunze, “Ndinomboita zvinhu zvakadaro here?”

2.2 Crunch Zvidzidzo muHutungamiri

2.2.1 Chimiro chehutungamiri

• Hutungamiri hwechokwadi Huranda. Mt 20:20-9 & Jn 13:1-17. Zvakasiyana zvachose nevatungamiriri vechiJudha (Mt 23:2-12).
• Chiremera chinobva pakuva pasi pechiremera. Mt 8:9, Lk 9:1-2, Jn 5:19-23, 15:4-17.

2.2.2 Nheyo dzinokosha

• Kuwanikwa. Iwe haugone Kutungamira kana ukasateerera! Kuna Mwari, mumunyengetero, uye nokuna vari pasi pako (Mk 9:33-7).
• Focus. Pane kuedza kudzidzisa munhu wose, Jesu akadzidzisa vashoma, uye akavadzidzisa kudzidzisa vamwe Mt 28:19. Musimboti uyu unoshanda zvakaenzana kuvatungamiriri vemakereke nhasi - basa redu rekutanga kugadzirira vamwe (ona Eph 4:11-2).
• Vanhu vanoedza nekukundikana vanoita zvakawanda kupfuura avo vasingaedze (e.g. Mt 14:25-32).
• Delegation and Trust. Akakurudzira vadzidzi kuita zvinhu (e.g. Mt 14:16, Lk 10:1-20).

2.2.3 Zvidzidzo zvevatengi

• Hutungamiri haubvi pane zviwanikwa zvako. Lk 10:3-4.
• Unofanira kuva norugare kuti upe rugare. Lk 10:5-6 (cherechedza kuti rugare rwako ndirwo runopiwa). Tinopa zvatiri pane zvatinotaura.
• Vatungamiri vanofanira kukwanisa kupa uye kugamuchira. Lk 10:7-9. Iropafadzo kupa: asi patinozvininipisa kuti tigamuchire, tinogonawo kuva nzira yekukomborera kune anopa (e.g. Jn 4:6-15).

2.3 Budiriro yeUshumiri hwevaApostora

2.3.1 Judhasi’ Kutsiva

Acts 1:15-26. Maitiro evaapostora ekutsiva Judhasi anoratidza kuti 12 handivo voga vakatevera Jesu muushumiri hwake hwose. Hatizivi kuti vangani vamwe vaivepo; asi maviri akanakisa, Joseph Bhasabasi Justo naMatiyasi vakanga vakasanokwanirisa zvakaenzana; uye pakupedzisira vakashandisa mumunyengetero kukanda mijenya kuti vasarudze pakati pavo.

Cherechedza mamiriro ezvinhu echienzi umo uyu muitiro wakashandiswa. Kutanga, vakafunga nezvemipimo yeMagwaro inodzora sarudzo, kozouya kukodzera kwevanoda kukwikwidza, pasina panikiro kubatanidza izvo ivo vamene vaiziva pamusoro petsika dzevarume ava. Ipapo chete, kuwana chinhu chekusarudza pakati pavo, vakakumbira chiratidzo here. Usabvunze zviratidzo kana paine zvikonzero zveMagwaro uye zvetsika nei uchifanira kana kusaita imwe sarudzo.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakataura kuti vaapostora vakakanganisa pakugadza Matiyasi, uye kuti muapositori wechigumi nevaviri aifanira kunge ari Pauro. Izvi hazvina mubvunzo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvikuru zviviri: kutanga, Pauro akanga asiri chapupu choushumiri hwaJesu hwapasi, Rufu uye Kumuka (Acts 1:21-2) uye, chechipiri, inofungidzira kuti paifanira kunge paine chete 12 vaapositori.

Asi zvakadini naJosefa, anenge mupostori? Isu tese hatigone kuve vaapositori: asi zvione uri munzvimbo yake. Ungadai wakagumbuka here, wakatsamwira Mwari kuti haana kukusarudza, kana kuitira Matiasi godo? Uchaita sei kana ushumiri hwehama huchiwana ngwariro huru kupfuura yako? Ndiani ane kodzero yekusarudza? Uri kushumira ani, uye nokuda kwechikonzero chipi?

2.3.2 Basa raPetro

Cherechedza pane zviri pamusoro apa, kunyangwe Petro achitanga hurongwa, chisarudzo chinoitwa nekambani (cf. Acts 1:15,23,24,26).

Mt 16:19 yamutsa gakava guru pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi, kunyanya pamusoro penyaya yekuti ‘dombo iri’ rinoreva Petro here, kupupura kwake kutenda muna Jesu, kana kuti Jesu pachake. Mazwi aJesu anotevera, ‘Ndichakupa kiyi dzoumambo hwokudenga, uye chipi nechipi chauchasunga panyika, chichasungwa kudenga, uye chipi nechipi chaunosunungura pasi pano chichasunungurwa kudenga.’ dzinotaurirwa Petro somunhu mumwe nomumwe, achisimbisa basa guru raPetro pakati pevaapostora. Asi zvine ngozi kuvaka dzidziso pamusoro pekuturikira kwevhesi kunopokana. In Mt 18:18, Jesu anoita vimbiso yakafanana kuvadzidzi vake vose; kuratidza chiremera ichi hakuna kuganhurirwa kuna Petro kana kuti kunyange vaapostora chete (kunze kwekunge uchifunga Mt 18:19 zvakare inoshanda kwavari chete!).

Petro aive mutungamiri mukuru, sezvakaratidzwa naJesu (Lk 22:31-2, Jn 21:15-7). Asi kana tikatarisa maitiro chaiwo ekereke yekutanga tinoona izvozvo, sepamusoro, zvisarudzo zvinobva pakunzwisisa kwesangano kwekuda kwaMwari. Peter haana kuvhota, kana kuti kunyange shoko rekupedzisira (Ona pazasi). Uyewo akanga asina kukanganisa kana kururamiswa (Gal 2:11-4). Hutungamiri haupi kutadza, kana kupa mutungamiri kodzero yekuzvidza rairo yevamwe nekunzwisisa kwemweya.

2.3.3 James

In Acts 8:1 & 14 hutungamiriri huchiri kuratidzika kunge huri mumaoko evaapostora chete. Zvakafanana Acts 9:27, kutsanangura kushanya kwekutanga kwaPauro kukereke yeJerusarema hakutauri nezvevakuru, asi vapostori chete. Asi Pauro anoti Gal 1:15-19 kuti makore matatu mushure mekudana kwake akashanyira Petro kuJerusarema uye, zvimwe zvinonakidza, kuti Jesu’ mukoma Jakobho aionekwawo somupostori. Sezviri pachena vamwe vaapostora vakanga vasipo panguva iyi (cf Gal. 1:19), uye Jakobho akanga zvino akanga ari rutivi rwoutungamiriri hweJerusarema.

(Zvakaoma kufambidzana Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10, sekuwirirana ne Acts 9:26-30, 11:29-30&12:1-25, 15:1-30 uye uchapupu hwaPauro muna Acts 22:17-21 inopa mamwe matambudziko. Pane tsanangudzo mbiri dzinogona kuitika. Kutanga, the the Acts 9:27 musangano unoratidzika kunge waive usiri kungonzwa kuti pasarudzwe kana zvaive zvakakotsekana kutendera Pauro kuwadzana nekereke. Kubva Gal 1:15 kunotanga kubva pakudaidzwa kwake kuti aparidze pakati pevahedheni, Pauro angave asina kunzwa kuti izvi zvaiva nechokuita nedzidziso kuushumiri hwake hweVemamwe Marudzi: munyaya iyi Gal 1:18 uye Acts 22:17-21 inogona kureva kushanya kwake mukati Acts 11:29-30&12:1-25, nechiono chaanorondedzera chinotungamira kuzviitiko zvirimo Acts 13:1-3. Kushanya kunotsanangurwa mu Gal 2:1-10 zvinozove izvo zvinotsanangurwa mukati Acts 15:1-30, pashure perwendo rwake rwokutanga rwoumishinari. Neimwe nzira, zvingangove zvakadaro Gal 1:17-8 inotsanangura nguva yemakore matatu pakati pekutendeuka kwaPauro nekupinzwa kwake kukereke yeJerusarema, in Acts 9:27; izvo zvinoisa kuzivikanwa kwoupostori hwaJakobho pakuvamba zvikuru. Ndava kufarira tsananguro yekupedzisira, sezvazvingaita sokuti kushanya kwechipiri kwaPauro, iyo yakanga iri bedzi nechinangwa chokuendesa ruyamuro kuvakuru (Acts 11:28-30), kwakaitika munguva yechitambudzo chakakomba (Acts 12:1-25); apo kunyange vaapostora vakanga vasingabatanidzwi (cf. Acts 12:17). Hapana kududzwa kwomusangano upi noupi wakananga pakati paPauro naJakobho kana kuti upi noupi wavaapostora mukati meiyi shanyo; izvo zvingatsanangura kuti sei Pauro asingazvidudzi mukati Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10.)

Murayiro waPetro kuchechi wokuzivisa mashoko okupukunyuka kwake ‘kuna Jakobho nehama’ in Acts 12:17 inoratidza kuti ndiye aive mutungamiri anobudirira wekereke Petro asipo. Hukuru hwake hunotonyanya kuoneka mubasa rake mugakava pamusoro pekudzingiswa mu Acts 15:13-22, kwaanoita seanopihwa shoko rekupedzisira panyaya iyi.

Paul paanodzokera kuJerusarema kwenguva yekupedzisira, anomira pamberi paJakobho, pamberi pavakuru (Acts 21:18). Ndiye ega anotaurwa nezita, zvichireva kuti ndiye mutungamiri anozivikanwa: kunyange zvazvo zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti chikumbiro chakaiswa kuna Pauro chinonyatso kuratidzwa semhinduro yemubatanidzwa. Hapana panotaurwa nezvevamwe vaapostora: zvimwe kuzivikanwa kwavo kwakanga kwabatanidzwa kuva kwevakuru kana kuti, zvimwe zvichida, vakanga vachishanda munzvimbo dziri kure zvikuru.

2.3.4 Vamwe vaapositori

Hatinyatsozivi kuti vangani vamwe varume muTestamente Itsva vakapihwa zita rekuti 'muapostora'. Paul, in 1 Cor 15:5-7 anoti Jesu akaonekwa naPetro, tevere vanegumi navaviri, ipapo by 500 hama pakarepo, tevere naJames, tevere ne‘vaapostora vose’, uye pakupedzisira naPauro pachake. Mashoko okuti ‘vaapostora vose’ inogona kungoreva kune gumi nevaviri pamwe naJakobho; kana kuti zvingaratidza kuti kunyange Pauro asati atendeuka pakanga pane vamwe vakanga vazivikanwa savaapostora.

In Acts 14:4 & 14 tinowana Pauro naBhanabhasi vose vachiziviswa savaapostora, kuunza nhamba yevaapostora vanozivikanwa 15. Pauro anogara achizvirondedzera seakadaro mutsamba dzake.

Androniko naJunia (Rom 16:7) dzimwe nguva dzinotaurwa zvakare: asi zvinopokana kana kutaura, ‘yaizivikanwa pakati pevaapostora,’ zvinoreva kuti ivo pachavo vaiva vaapostora kana kuti vainyatsofungwa nezvavo nevaapostora.

‘Mupostori’ rakanga riri shokowo zvaro rechiGiriki (zvinoreva, ‘munhu anotumwa’, kana kuti 'mutumwa') iyo yakabva yagamuchirwa sezita. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune mamwe matatu mareferensi etestamende itsva, hazviwanzo shandurwa kuti 'muapostora', iyo inoishandisa zvakare: John 13:15, 2 Cor 8:23 (re. Tito) uye Phil 2:25 (Epafrodhito). Mune imwe neimwe yezvinoitika izvi shoko rinoshandiswa pasina chivakashure; uye kana pasina imwe tsigiro yemamiriro ezvinhu hatigone kuve nechokwadi kuti inoitirwa sezita pane kungoreva 'nhume.’ muzviitiko izvi. Kune rumwe rutivi rwechiyero, Jesu anotsanangurwawo kuti, ‘Mupostori,’ in Heb 3:1.

2.3.5 Basa reNguva?

Chinodiwa chepakutanga che‘gumi nevaviri’ kuti vaifanira kuva vadzidzi kubva panguva yerubhabhatidzo rwaJohani kusvikira pakukwira kudenga, kuitira kuti vave zvapupu zvaJesu’ Kumuka (Acts 1:21-2). Kunyangwe chirevo ichi chisingashande kuna James, ndoda kuna Pauro, vamwe vanokakavara kuti 1 Cor 15:5-8, pamwe chete 1 Cor 9:1, zvinoratidza kuti kuona Jesu akamutswa chaidiwa kuti munhu ave muapostora. Kubva pane izvi zvinonzi vaapostora vaive vekereke yekutanga chete. Zvisinei, mhedziso yakadaro ndeyechokwadi. Kunyangwe mienzaniso yevanhu vanodaidzwa kunzi vaapositori mushure mekupera kwetestamende itsva haizoitike mumagwaro, kunyatsoongororwa kweidzi ndima nedzimwe kunopa zvikonzero zvakanaka zvokusava nechokwadi nemhedziso yakadaro.

Kutanga, ngatitarisei zvakare 1 Cor 15:7-8: ‘Ipapo akazviratidza kuna James, ipapo kuvapostori vose, uye pakupedzisira akazviratidza kwandiriwo, sokune akaberekwa zvisina kufanira.’ Apo Pauro anoti, ‘vaapostora vose,’ zvakajeka haatomborevi, ‘vose vava vaapostora zvino,’ ndoda, ‘vose vachange varipo;’ sezvo mashoko ake anotevera achijekesa kuti akanga asiri kuzvibatanidza iye. Naizvozvo tinogona kushandisa zvakavimbika mutsara uyu kune avo chete vaive vaapostora panguva yaJesu’ chitarisiko. Uye kana Pauro aizvibvisa isu hatigone kufunga kuti aisanganisira Bhanabhasi, uyo anotanga kunzi mupostori panguva imwe cheteyo naPauro (Acts 14:4). Saka muna Bhanabhasi tine mupostori asina uchapupu hwakajeka kuti akaona Kristu akamutswa.

Mharidzo yaPauro mu 1 Cor 9:1, ‘Handina kusununguka here? Handizi mupostori here?? Handina kuona Jesu Kristu Ishe wedu here??’ inoumba nhevedzano yemibvunzo yenhando, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinopa huremu kune chimwe chinhu chinokosha; kureva, ‘Une kodzero yei yokunditonga?’ (ona 1 Cor 9:3 zvichienda mberi). Hapana pano kuratidza kuti ari kuyedza kutsanangura zvinodikanwa zvehuapositori. Neimwe nzira, chii chakakosha mubvunzo wake, ‘Handina kusununguka here?'; inova chikamu chakakosha chenhevedzano imwe chete?

Uyezve, ruzivo rwaPauro rwakanga rwakasiyana zvikuru nerwevane gumi navaviri naJakobho pakuti akaona chiratidzo chaJesu pashure pokukwira kudenga.. Vanhu vachiri kutaura kuti vane zviratidzo zvaJesu nhasi; saka kunyangwe chiitiko chakadaro chiri chinodikanwa pauapositori paigona kuve nevanoda kukwikwidza. Asi chokwadi chekutaura kwakadaro kwaizotongwa sei?

Yaiva nyaya iri nyore kuziva kuti ndiani akanga ambova naJesu, uye rugwaro rwakajeka kuti kubvunza kwakafanira kwakaitwa pakugadza Matiyasi. Zvisinei, muchiitiko chaPauro naBhanabhasi, vanongonzi vaapositori shure kwekunge vatumwa kubva kuAndiyokiya (cf. Acts 13:1-3 & 14:4), hapana pfungwa yekubvunza kuti vainge vaona Jesu here kana kuti kwete. Kunyange kune munhu akanyatsogutsikana Acts 1:21-2 criterion, kuva muapostora pakupedzisira yakanga iri nhau yechisarudzo chaMwari (Acts 1:23-6). Panyaya yaPauro naBhanabhasi simbiso yaive pakugadzwa neMweya Mutsvene kune rimwe basa.

Zvinonyanya kukosha izvozvo, nepo chinhu chikuru chinodiwa kuvane gumi nevaviri chaiva chokuti vanofanira kuva zvapupu zvaJesu’ Kumuka (Acts 1:22), in Acts 13:31 Pauro naBhanabhasi vanodzivisa zvakananga kuzvirondedzera vamene naaya mashoko; achichengetera basa iroro vaya ‘vakabva naye kuJerusarema vachibva kuGarireya.’ Nokudaro tine chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti basa revaapostora vakazotevera rakaonekwa kuti rakasiyana zvikuru nerevanegumi nevaviri panyaya iyi..

Kubva pane izvi zvinoratidzika kuti, nepo vanegumi navaviri (uye pamwero muduku, James) aiva nenzvimbo yakasiyana nevamwe sezvapupu zvakaona Jesu’ upenyu nekumuka, kwakazivikanwa munguva dzeTestamente Itsva kuti kwaiva nevamwe vane ushumiri nebasa mukati mechechi zvakavapa kodzero yokunzi ‘vaapostora.’ Tinogona kungwarira kushandisa zita iri nhasi tichitya kuzvitutumadza pakunamata: asi hazvireve kuti panogona kunge pasina avo vane hushumiri hwakafanana nehwevaapostora vapashure.

2.3.6 Hunhu HwomuApostora

Vaapostora vaionekwa sechipo chehushumiri chakapihwa kukereke naKristu (1 Cor 12:28-9 & Eph 4:11-2). Vaive vavaki vemakereke. In 1 Cor 9:2 Pauro anotsinhira, ‘Kunyange zvazvo ndisiri muapostora kune vamwe, zvirokwazvo ndiri kwamuri! Nokuti imi muri chisimbiso chovupostori hwangu muna She.’ zvakajeka, akaona kereke yaakanga atanga sechiratidzo chekukodzera kwake semuapostora.

Vanegumi nevaviri vaive nehushumiri hwepamusoro-soro (cf. Acts 5:12). Kuri pachena kuti Pauro akarangarira ikoku soufakazi hunodiwa hwomuapostora; zve mu 2 Cor 12:12 anodaro, ‘Zvinhu zvinocherekedza muapostora – zviratidzo, zvishamiso nezvishamiso – zvakaitwa pakati penyu nokutsungirira kukuru.’

Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvoga hazviiti mupostori! Firipi akatanga kereke yeSamaria uye akava nezviratidzo zvinotevera hushumiri (Acts 8:5-13): asi haana kumbonzi muapostora; chete somuevhangeri (Acts 21:8). Kuti unzwisise kuti sei, tinofanira kuona mamwe maitiro maviri evaapostora.

Kutanga, vaapostora vakanga vari varume vane simba romudzimu munhau dzehurumende yechechi nedzidziso (Acts 2:42, 15:2-6, 16:4, 1 Cor 5:3-5, 2 Cor 10:2-11 & Gal 1:8-9). (Basa redzidziso rainyanya kukosha magwaro etestamende itsva asati anyorwa senzira yekuchengetedza kuchena kwevhangeri uye kuona mashandisirwo ainofanira kuitwa kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva., sokutendeuka kwavaHedheni. Cherechedza zvisinei kuti ipapo, sezvazvino, bvunzo yeasidhi yaive yekuti chero dzidziso yakabatana sei nedzidziso dzaJesu uye neboka riripo reRugwaro; uye chete mushure maizvozvo kune dzidziso dzevanegumi nevaviri nevaapositori vepashure (cf. Mk 8:38, Acts 15:7-21, Gal 1:8, 2:2 & 2:14).)

Panyaya yaFiripi akapa vanhu evhangeri: asi pakanga pane chidzitiro pavakasvika pakuvapinza munzvimbo mavaizogamuchira simba roMweya Mutsvene. Izvi hazvina kubviswa kusvikira kereke yeSamaria yava pasi pehushumiri hwevapostora (Acts 8:14-25).

Sezvambotaurwa, mupostori zvinoreva ‘mutumwa,’ kana, ‘munhu anotumwa.’ Kunyangwe pasina mubvunzo kuti Mweya Mutsvene waive naFiripi, akanga asina kuwana simba chairo kubva kuchechi kuti aparidze evhangeri muSamaria. Saizvozvo, akanga ane chizoro; asi kwete simba raidiwa kuti kereke itange.

Chinhu chechipiri chinosiyanisa pakati pemunhu anongodyara kereke nemupostora anoita sekunge kutumwa neMweya Mutsvene kuita basa iri.. SaFiripi, vaya vakasima kereke paAndioki (Acts 11:19-21) hapana kwavanombonzi vaapostora. Kunyangwe kereke yakaunzwa pasi pesimba revaapostora nekutumira Bharnabhasi somumiririri wavo (Acts 11:22-4), pano kana kuti kare Ruka haatsananguri Bhanabhasi somuapostora; kungoti ‘munhu akanaka, vazere noMweya Mutsvene nokutenda’. Kunyangwe kunonoka Acts 13:1 anongomuisa pakati ‘pevaporofita nevadzidzisi.’ Asi mushure mekunge Pauro naBhanabhasi vatumwa nekereke yeAntiokia pakurairwa kweMweya Mutsvene anotanga kuvadaidza vari vaviri vaapositori. (Acts 14:4).

Cherechedza kuti haisi nyaya yokuti vaapostora muJerusarema vakarayira kereke yeAntiokia kuti isvike nenzira iyi.; uyewo hapana ufakazi hupi nohupi hwokuvapo kwomunhu upi noupi akanga achitozivikanwa somuapostora. Iri raive danho raMweya Mutsvene (Acts 13:2 & 4) iyo yakagamuchirwa uye yakatsigirwa nechechi yeko (Acts 13:3 & 14:26-7). Kunyangwe chiremera chemweya chinotsamira pane chikamu pakuvapo kwehukama hwakarurama kune zvimwe zviremera zvakagadzwa naMwari mukati mekereke: kudanwa kwevapostora kunotova kudanwa kwaMwari, sokusimbisa kunoita Pauro pachake muna VaG 1:1.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwawo kuti vaapostora vese vaive nehushumiri hwepanzvimbo; kuva nehanya nekugadzwa kana kutariswa kweinopfuura kereke imwe. Izvi zvaisareva hazvo kuti vaifamba zvakanyanya: tinoudzwa kuti vaiva vatendiwo zvavo, kwete vaapositori, avo vaive nemhosva yekutanga kuputika kwekunze kwekereke kubva kuJerusarema (Acts 8:1-4). Zvinoita sokuti Jakobho akanga apedza yakawanda yenguva yake ari muJerusarema: asi tsamba yake inoratidza kuva nehanya kwake neboka rose rechiJudha rechechi (Jas 1:1).

Mhinduro yaPauro mu 1 Cor 9:2 , ‘Kunyange zvazvo ndisiri muapostora kune vamwe, zvirokwazvo ndiri kwamuri!’ zvinonakidza, sezvazvinoratidza kuti Pauro aiona huapostora zvine mwero. Murume anogona kusaonekwa semuapostora nekereke yese; asi zvakadaro uve muapositori kune chimwe chikamu chayo. Tinoona pfungwa iyi zvakare Gal 2:6-9 uko Pauro anocherekedza, ‘Kuna Mwari, uyo akanga achishanda muushumiri hwaPetro somuapostora kuvaJudha, akanga achishandawo muushumiri hwangu somupostori kuvaHedheni.’ Zvinoita sekuti kune madhigirii ehuapositori, kubva kukereke yepasi rose. Kana zvakadaro, tinofanirwa kungwarira kushandisa izwi iri nhasi, chero isu takangwarira kutsanangura zvipimo zvehushumiri hwakadai uye tirege kuti zita rive nzira yekuzvikudza.?

(Dzokera kune zviri mukati / Enderera kuverenga)