Boma & Utumiki kuchokera kuchiyambi cha Chikiristu

1. Chitukuko kuchokera ku mizu yachiyuda

1.1 Chitsanzo Chachiyuda

Khonsolo Yolamulira Yachiyuda panthawi ya Kristu inali Khothi Lalikulu (συνεδριον – kudekha). Izi zidapangidwa ndi ansembe akulu (αρχιερευς – arciree), akulu (πρεσβυτερος – Prespteros) ndi alembi (γραμματευς – galatatsu) (Lk 22:66, Mt 26:3, 57-9, Mk 14:43, 53, 15:1, Acts 4:5(onani Acts 4:23)). Mk 15:1 Zida kuti Sanhedrin wathunthu ukadaphatikizaponso ena. Njira yodziwika bwino yofotokozera mawu onse atatu polankhula za misonkhano ya utsogoleri wachiyuda ikuwonetsa kuti mawuwo sanali ofanana: Koma zonsezi zimasewera kwambiri m'boma.

Mawu akuti 'olamulira’ akuwoneka kuti amafanana ndi ansembe akulu koma osiyana ndi akulu Acts 4. M'mabuku ena omwe timawerenga okha mwa ansembe ndi akulu: Koma kufanizira ndi ndime zina kumawonetsa kuti m'milanduyi kuphatikizidwa kwa alembi kumatha (Mt 26:47(onani Mk 14:43), Mt 27:1(Mk 15:1)). Izi zikusonyeza kuti 'mkulu’ anali pamlingo wina wopukutira bulangeti zomwe zingaphatikizepo omwe amasankhidwa monga alembi. Gamaliyeli, membala wotchuka wa Sanhedrin, imafotokozedwa kuti ndi 'mphunzitsi wa lamulo’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos) mu Acts 5:34) – mawu ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchitonso Lk 5:17-21, Pomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa alembi.

Mwakutero dongosolo lino la Boma limalumikizidwa abusa, oyang'anira, Maumboni ndi Mtumiki Wauneneri (omaliza mwa munthu wa mkulu wa ansembe (Jn 11:49-52). Zofooka zake zofatsa zinali mwa iwo. Adabvala zovomerezeka pagulu ndipo adasiya kukhala antchito (Lk 11:43 & 46); adayika mwambo waumunthu pamaso pa Mawu a Mulungu (Mk 7:6-13) ndipo anali atataya chiphunzitso chenicheni chilichonse (Mk 12:24-7, Jn 3:10-12 & 5:37-44).

1.2 Kusintha kwa magulu achiyuda

Mwa magulu atatu okha, 'Akulu', ananyamula mutu wake patsogolo mu magulu ampingo; ngakhale ngakhale pankhaniyi mutu womwe umadumphira kwakanthawi.

Omwe Alembi a Alembi a Yesu’ tsiku lidawapangitsa kukhala chinthu chodzitama ku mpingo woyamba (1 Cor 1:20), ndi omwe akufuna kukhala 'aphunzitsi a Lamulo’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos – 1 Tim 1:7) adapangidwa. Izi sizinali zokana kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa utumiki wa aphunzitsi, komabe. Alembi’ Kuphunzitsa kunali kopanda tanthauzo, zonena ndi kusala: pomwe chizindikiro cha Yesu’ kuphunzitsa, ndi kwa omwe adamtsata Iye, zinali kuti zinali zatsopano, Wodalirika komanso nkhawa ndi Mzimu osati chilembo cha malamulo (Mt 13:52, 7:28-9, 23:23, Jn 3:10-11, 1 Pet 4:11 (Zolemba zomaliza izi sizikufotokoza ntchito zokha)). Choncho, Ngakhale liwu lidaponyedwa, Ntchito yophunzitsayo idapitilira ndipo idalemekezedwa kwambiri pansi pa mutu wosavuta wa "mphunzitsi’ (διδασκαλος – Dipaskalos).

Unsembe monga bungwe linadziwika kwathunthu ndikuvomereza kuti Yesu ndi mkulu wa ansembe (Heb 7:11-28), ndi a unsembe wa onse okhulupirira (1 Pet 2:9). Udindo wapadera kwambiri komanso ntchito zawo zina zidapangidwanso ndi ena. Atumwi mwina mwina anali pafupi kwambiri n.t. chimozi modzi.

2. Apolisitoli(αποστολος – Atumwi)

2.1 Yesu’ Kuyitanira khumi ndi awiriwo

2.1.1 Ndi ndani?

• Simon ndi Andrew Barjona ('Mwana wa jona’ c.f. John 1:42, 21:15, Mt 16:17). M'modzin ('Bango') anali wolemekezeka cephas (Aramaic) kapena Petro (Chigirikila – onse amatanthauza 'mwala'). Anali asodzi ochokera ku Betsaida, Kumapeto kwa Nyanja ya Galileya (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44).
• James ndi John, Ana a Zebedayo, komanso asodzi ochokera ku Betsaida (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44). Achibale awo anali ochimwa omwe amayenda bwino, Monga anali ndi antchito aganyu (Mk 1:20), Macheke Amphamvu ku Yerusalemu (Jn 18:15-6) ndi mayi wofuna kutchuka (Mt 20:20-1)! Adatchedwa Boanerges ('Ana a Bingu') ndi Yesu (Mk 3:17).
• Cheza, yemwe anali wochokera ku Betsaida (Jn 1:44).
• Bartholomew (Aramaic, 'Mwana wa Tholmai'). Uthenga wa Yohane M'malo mwake umanena za Iye monga Natanayeli ('Mphatso ya Mulungu'), chomwe mwina dzina lake loyamba. Anali mnzake wa Filipo, Kuchokera ku Kana (Jn 1:45-51 & 21:2), za 12 mailosi (3 maola’ kuyenda) W. za Nyanja ya Galileya ndi 8 mailo n. Za Nazareth.
• Thomas (Aramaic) kapena daymus (Chigirikila – Mayina onsewa amatanthauza 'mapasa'). Anali wokayika, koma wokhulupirika (Jn 11:16 & 20:24-9).
• Mateyu ('Mphatso ya Yehova'), amatchedwanso kuti levi ('Analumikizana'), Mwana wa Alifeeus. (c.f. Mt 9:9 (Mateyu) ndi Mk 2:14 & Lk 5:27 (Levi). Anali wocheza misonkho (Mwa 'egan') Kwa Aroma – ntchito yosawoneka bwino! Anali wochokera ku Kapernao (pomwe Yesu adakhalanso c.f. Mt 4:13, 9:1, Mk 2:1). Izi zinali m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Galileya, 3½ mailo s.w. wa Betsaida.
• James mwana wa Alifesuu. Palibe wa zomwe zimapezeka zokhudzana ndi banja lililonse, Awo bambo wake ndi dzina lofanana ndi ndani.
• Lembo la leba, yemwe anali wotchedwa Thadaeus (c.f. Mt 10:3 & Mark 3:18) komanso amatchedwanso kuti 'Yudasi wa James’ mu Luke 6:16 ndi John 14:22. Yesu anali ndi abale awiri otchedwa Yudasi ndi Yakobe (c.f. Mt 13:55): Koma timauzidwa kuti sanakhulupirire iye panthawi ya utumiki wake wapadziko lapansi (Jn 7:5 & Mk 3:21-32), Chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti James anali dzina la abambo ake.
• Simon Zelotes (Chigirikila) kapena kayani (Aramaic) – onse amatanthauza 'Zealot'. A Zelots anali achiyuda a Anti-Roman. A Kanani amatanthauzanso 'wokhala ku Kanani’ (Mawu ophimba gawo lalikulu la Israeli).
• Yudasi Iskarioti, Yesu’ wopereka. Adasamalira ndalamazo; koma mwachinyengo (Jn 12:6).

2.1.2 Kukumana koyamba

Jn 1:35 – 2:25. Yesu’ Misonkhano Yoyamba ndi John (Wophunzira Wosatchulidwa), Andrew, M'modzin, Filipo ndi Natanayeli, Pambuyo poyesedwa m'chipululu, Tipatseni chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali momwe adagwiritsira ntchito utsogoleri wake.

• Musanayimbire kudzipereka, Yesu adawaitanira kuti asunge (Jn 1:39).
• Anafuna ophunzira omwe adawerengera ndalama (c.f. Lk 14:25-33). (Of the 11, all but John would be martyred!)
• Kuwona kumeneku kunaphimba gawo lililonse la moyo wake – osati ntchito yake yapagulu. Nthawi zambiri, Timalimbikira kwambiri mphatso za anthu muutumiki ndi kunyalanyaza moyo wawo.
• Yesu amawononganso nthawi ndi banja lake; zomwe sizingakhale zophweka, Monga abale ake sanamukhulupirire (Joh 2:12 & 7:5). Ganizirani izi – Kodi zikadakhudza bwanji kuti muwone zonsezi?
• Yesu Sananene Kukana Sonpticism (Jn 1:45-51).
• Adapereka dzina latsopano ndi masomphenya atsopano (Jn 1:42 & 50-1). Ngati tikuyenera kutsogolera bwino, Tiyenera kutenga anthu kupitirira malire awo momwe amadzionera okha komanso tsogolo lawo. Tiyenera kuwawonetsa zomwe angathe mwa Mulungu.
• Adatenga vuto kuti awadziwe (Jn 1:39 nthawi, Jn 1:42 Kumvetsetsa, Jn 1:43 kufunafuna kunja, Jn 1:48 pemphero). Ngati simukuchita izi kwa omwe akukuvomerezani mwachindunji, Ndani winanso adzakhala?
• Anawonetsa zenizeni zomwe amaphunzitsa mu mphamvu komanso zodzipereka payekha (Jn 2:11 & 17).
• Adapewa kudzipereka (Jn 2:23-5). Ena mwa otembenuka ayenera kuti anali owona: koma, M'malo modzifotokozera, ndi kufunafuna kapena kupereka zochuluka kwambiri, posachedwa, Anali wokonzeka kudalira ndikudikirira.

2.1.3 Kuchita Pakale

Jn 3:22-4 & 4:1-3. Zochitika izi zidachitika asanamalize Yohane Mbatizi, and therefore before any of the encounters with the twelve that are described in the other gospels (kuwona Mt 4:12 & Mk 1:14). Although only John, Andrew, M'modzin, Philip and Nathanael have been mentioned by name, Acts 1:21-2 suggests that all twelve encountered Jesus during this period.

Yet Jesus had already started discipling these men, even though, monga tidzawona, they had not yet made a total commitment to Him. And this involved more than just listening. Jesus already had them baptizing others (Jn 4:2)!

Note that this was a baptism of repentance, with no personal commitment to Jesus (first references to that are Mt 28:19 ndi Acts 2:38; which explains why Jesus didn’t baptise anyone). We can’t ask a person to baptise someone in Jesus’ authority if they are not fully submitted themselves: but any sinner can help another to confess their sins. Jesus was keen to involve his disciples as much as possible, as soon as possible.

2.1.4 Nthawi Yosankha

Lk 5:1-11 (Mt 4:18-23). Up to now, the twelve are part-time disciples. After Jesus’ catch of fishes, Peter sees how shallow his repentance and commitment was. Jesus now calls the disciples to give up everything for Him.

Mofananamo, Jesus calls Matthew, who promptly gives up his tax collector’s job Mt 9:9-13, Mk 2:14-7 & Lk 5:27-32. Komabe, what do you think is the crucial difference between Matthew’s farewell party and the would-be disciple who wanted to go and say goodbye to his people at home (Lk 9:61-2)?)

2.1.5 Kusankha khumi ndi awiriwo

Lk 6:12-6. Even though Jesus had now spent quite some time with his disciples, before deciding which to appoint as apostles He spent the entire night in prayer.

This should give us a sense of the importance of being very careful who we appoint to any office in the church.

Zimafotokozanso kufunika kofunafuna malangizo a Mulungu, M'malo mongodalira kumvetsetsa kwathu. Ndikosavuta kusokonekera ndi maonekedwe (1 Sam 16:6-7).

2.1.6 Wopereka mnzake

Yesu mwina amadziwa nthawi yonseyi kuti Yudasi adzam'pereka (Jn 2:25). Koma adamsamalira mopanda pake, ngakhale usiku womaliza, Ophunzira enawo sanadziwe kuti anali wopanduka. Kotero ngati ena akukhumudwitsani, zikomo Mulungu chifukwa chosakuuzani pasadakhale komanso, Mosiyana ndi Yudasi, Pali chiyembekezo.

Onani mbewu za Yudasi’ chiwonongeko Jn 12:4-8. Mwina akuwononga ndalama zowonjezera pomwe palibe amene akuyang'ana; koma amayesetsa kuchepetsa chikumbumtima chake popeputsa ena (pamenepa, Yesu). Zinali zomwe satana amayembekeza (c.f. Matthew 26:6-16 & Luke 22:3-6). Asanadzutse ena, Nthawi zonse dzifunseni, "Kodi ndimachita zinthu monga choncho?"

2.2 Phunziro Lalikulu Mu Utsogoleri

2.2.1 Chikhalidwe cha utsogoleri

• Utsogoleri weniweni ndi servicaka. Mt 20:20-9 & Jn 13:1-17. Mosiyana ndi atsogoleri achiyuda (Mt 23:2-12).
• Ulamuliro umachokera pakulamulidwa. Mt 8:9, Lk 9:1-2, Jn 5:19-23, 15:4-17.

2.2.2 Mfundo zazikulu

• Kukhalapo. Simungathe kutsogolera ngati simumvera! Kwa Mulungu, m'mapemphero, komanso kwa iwo omwe ali pansi pa inu (Mk 9:33-7).
• Taganizirani. M'malo moyesa kuphunzitsa aliyense, Yesu anaphunzitsa ochepa, ndipo adawaphunzitsa kuphunzitsa ena Mt 28:19. Mfundo imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito kwa atsogoleri a Tchalitchi masiku ano - ntchito yathu yayikulu ndikukonzekera ena (kuwona Eph 4:11-2).
• Anthu omwe amayesa ndikulephera kukwaniritsa zoposa zomwe sayesa (e.g. Mt 14:25-32).
• Kugawika ndi Kudalira. Analimbikitsa ophunzira kuti azichita zinthu (e.g. Mt 14:16, Lk 10:1-20).

2.2.3 Maphunziro a chinthu

• Utsogoleri sudalira zothandizira zanu. Lk 10:3-4.
• Muyenera kukhala pamtendere kupatsa mtendere. Lk 10:5-6 (Dziwani kuti ndi mtendere wanu womwe umaperekedwa). Timapereka zomwe tili m'malo monena zomwe tikunena.
• Atsogoleri ayenera kupatsa onse kupereka ndi kulandira. Lk 10:7-9. Ndi mwayi waukulu kupereka: Koma tikadzichepetsera kulandila, Titha kukhala njira yodalitsira kwa Wopatsayo (e.g. Jn 4:6-15).

2.3 Kukula kwa Upandu wautumwi

2.3.1 Yudasi’ Kubwezela

Acts 1:15-26. Njira za atumwi ' 12 si okhawo omwe amatsatira Yesu Yesu muutumiki wake. Sitikudziwa kuti panali ena angati; koma awiri abwino kwambiri, Joseph BarAbas Justus ndi Matthias anali oyenereradi; ndipo pamapeto pake adasintha popemphera mozama kuti asankhe pakati pawo.

Onani zochitika zapadera zomwe machitidwe awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, Adaganizira njira za m'Malemba zomwe zimatsogolera chisankho, ndiye kuti osankhidwa, mosakaikira kuphatikiza pazomwe iwonso amadziwa zamakhalidwe a amuna awa. Kenako, Kupeza chilichonse choti musankhe pakati pawo, Kodi adapempha chizindikiro. Osatikumbukire zizindikiro ngati pali zifukwa za m'Malemba komanso zamakhalidwe zomwe muyenera kuchita kapena siziyenera kupanga chisankho.

Akatswiri ena anena kuti atumwi adalakwitsa posankha matias, ndi kuti mtumwi wa 12 wa 12 uyenera kukhala Paulo. Izi ndizokayikitsa pazifukwa ziwiri zazikulu: oyamba, Paulo sanali Mboni ya Utumiki wa Yesu wa Yesu, imfa ndi kuuka (Acts 1:21-2) ndi, kachiwiri, kumangoganiza kuti payenera kukhala 12 atumwi.

Koma bwanji za Yosefe, The Armer? Tonse sitingakhale atumwi: koma yerekezerani kuti muli pamalo ake. Mukadachita, kukwiyira Mulungu chifukwa chosakunkha, kapena anachita nsanje masamu? Kodi mungatani ngati utumiki wa m'bale wayamba chidwi kwambiri kuposa wanu? Ndani ali ndi ufulu wosankha? Mukutumikira ndani?, Ndipo chifukwa chiyani?

2.3.2 Udindo wa Peter

Zindikirani pamwambapa, although Peter begins the process, the decision is made corporately (onani. Acts 1:15,23,24,26).

Mt 16:19 has aroused great debate between Catholics and Protestants, mainly over the issue of whether ‘this rock’ means Peter, his confession of faith in Jesus, or Jesus himself. Jesus’ following words, ‘I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.’ are addressed to Peter individually, confirming Peter’s leading role among the apostles. But it is dangerous to build doctrines on arguable interpretations of a verse. Mu Mt 18:18, Jesus makes a similar promise to all his disciples; showing this authority is not restricted to Peter or even just the apostles (unless you think Mt 18:19 also only applies to them!).

Peter anali mtsogoleri wambiri, Monga momwe Yesu anasonyezera (Lk 22:31-2, Jn 21:15-7). Koma ngati tiyang'ana machitidwe enieni a mpingo woyamba womwe timawona, Monga pamwambapa, Zisankho zimakhazikika pa kuzindikira za kampani za chifuniro cha Mulungu. Peter analibe voti yolipira, kapena ngakhale mawu omaliza (Onani pansipa). Komanso sananene kuti mwalakwitsa kapena kukonza (Gal 2:11-4). Utsogoleri sukunena zotheka, kapena kuloza mtsogoleri kuti asanyalanyaze upangiri wa ena ndikuzindikira zauzimu.

2.3.3 James

Mu Acts 8:1 & 14 Utsogoleri umawonekabe kuti umakhala m'manja mwa atumwi. Mofananamo Acts 9:27, Kufotokoza za ulendo woyamba wa Paulo kutchalitchi ku Yerusalemu sikunenanso za akulu, Koma ndi atumwi okha. Koma Paulo akunena Gal 1:15-19 Zaka zitatu pambuyo pa mayitanidwe ake adapita kwa Peter ku Yerusalemu ndipo, mosangalatsa, kuti Yesu’ Mbale James adawonedwanso kuti mtumwi. Zikuoneka kuti atumwi enawo anali kutali nthawi ino (onani Gal. 1:19), Ndipo James anali gawo la utsogoleri wa ku Yerusalemu.

(Ndizovuta Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10, monga kuphatikiza ndi Acts 9:26-30, 11:29-30&12:1-25, 15:1-30 ndi umboni wa Paulo Acts 22:17-21 imapereka mavuto. Pali malongosoledwe awiri omwe angathe. Choyamba, ndi Acts 9:27 Misonkhano ikuwoneka kuti sinakhalepo chifukwa choti ndisankhe ngati zinali zotetezeka kuti Paul ayanjane ndi mpingo. Kuyambira Gal 1:15 amayamba kuchokera kuitanira kwake kukalalikira pakati pa achikunja, Mwina Paulo sanamve kuti izi zidagwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za Amitundu wake: pamenepa Gal 1:18 ndi Acts 22:17-21 atha kutanthauza kuti abwera Acts 11:29-30&12:1-25, ndi masomphenya omwe amafotokoza akutsogolera zochitikazo Acts 13:1-3. Ulendo womwe wafotokozedwa Gal 2:1-10 ndiye kuti ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa Acts 15:1-30, Pambuyo paulendo wake woyamba waumishonale. Mwina, zitha kungokhala choncho Gal 1:17-8 amafotokoza gawo la zaka zitatu pakati pa kutembenuka mtima kwa Paulo ndikuvomerezedwa ku mpingo wa ku Yerusalemu, mu Acts 9:27; omwe amaikiratu kuzindikiridwa kwa atumwi a James '. Tsopano ndikukondera kufotokoza zomaliza, Monga zimawonekera kuti ulendo wachiwiri wa Paul, zomwe zinali zofunikira pakupereka thandizo kwa akulu (Acts 11:28-30), zinachitika panthawi yozunzidwa kwambiri (Acts 12:1-25); Ngakhale ngakhale atumwi sanalumikizane pang'ono (onani. Acts 12:17). Palibe kutchulidwa pamsonkhano uliwonse wachindunji pakati pa Paulo ndi James kapena atumwi aliwonse omwe ali paulendowu; zomwe zingafotokozere chifukwa chake Paulo samanenanso Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10.)

Malangizo a Peter kutchalitchi kuti anene nkhani ya kuthawa 'kwa Yakobo ndi abale’ mu Acts 12:17 akuwonetsa kuti anali mtsogoleri woyenera wa Tchalitchi omwe alipo kwa Peter. Kuyambitsidwa kwake kumaonekera kwambiri pantchito yake yotsutsana ndi mdulidwe Acts 15:13-22, komwe akuwoneka kuti amapatsidwa mawu omaliza pa nkhaniyi.

Pamene Paulo abwerera ku Yerusalemu kwa nthawi yomaliza, Amawonekera pamaso pa James, Pamaso pa akulu (Acts 21:18). Ndi yekhayo amene atchulidwa ndi dzina, kuvomerezera kuti anali mtsogoleri wodziwika: Ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti lingaliro lomwe lidayikidwa kwa Paulo kwa Paulo likuwonetsedwa bwino monga yankho. Palibe kutchulidwa kwa atumwi ena onsewa: mwina anthu awo anali ophatikizidwa ndi akulu kapena, mwina mwina, Amagwira ntchito kumadera akutali.

2.3.4 Atumwi Ena

Sitikudziwa ndendende kuti ndi amuna ena a mu Chipangano Chatsopano omwe adapatsidwa dzina la 'mtumwi'. Paulo, mu 1 Cor 15:5-7 akuti Yesu adawona ndi Petro, ndiye khumi ndi awiriwo, ndiye 500 abale nthawi yomweyo, Kenako ndi James, Kenako ndi 'onse atumwi', Ndipo pamapeto pake ndi Paulo mwini. Mawu oti 'atumwi onse’ Titha kungotchula za James khumi ndi ziwiri; Kapenanso zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale asanakonzekere kutembenuka kwa Paulo panali ena omwe adadziwika kuti a atumwi.

Mu Acts 14:4 & 14 Tapeza Paulo ndi Barnabus onse omwe adziwika kukhala atumwi, kubweretsa chiwerengero cha atumwi odziwika kuti 15. Paul nthawi zonse amadzilongosola kuti ali m'makalata ake.

Andronicus ndi Junia (Rom 16:7) nthawi zina amatchulidwanso: Koma ndizotheka ngati mawuwo, 'Zolemba pakati pa atumwi,’ zikutanthauza kuti iwonso anali atumwi kapena kuti anali kulingalira za atumwi.

'MTUMUTSO’ anali liwu lachi Greek wamba (kutanthaza, 'Yemwe Amatumizidwa', kapena 'mthenga') zomwe zidasungidwa ngati mutu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pali maumboni ena atatu a NT, osamasuliridwa ngati 'mtumwi', zomwe zimagwiritsanso ntchito: John 13:15, 2 Cor 8:23 (re. Nala) ndi Phil 2:25 (E'froditus). Munjira iliyonse mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda cholembedwa; ndipo pakalibe thandizo limodzi’ M'nthawi izi. Kumapeto kwina kwa, Yesu amadziwika kuti ndi, 'Mtumwi,’ mu Heb 3:1.

2.3.5 Udindo Wapadera?

Chofunikira choyambirira kwa "khumi ndi awiri’ Kodi kuti ayenera kuti anali ophunzira kuyambira nthawi yaubatizo wa Yohane mpaka kukwera, Kuti akhale mboni za Yesu’ kuuka (Acts 1:21-2). Ngakhale chitsimikiziro ichi sichikugwira ntchito kwa James, ZAMBIRI KWA DANU, ena amati 1 Cor 15:5-8, kuphatikiza ndi 1 Cor 9:1, Zikuwonetsa kuti tawonani kuti Yesu anali woukitsidwayo chinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa atumwi. Kuchokera pamenepa akuti atumwi anali a mpingo woyamba. Komabe, Mapeto oterewa ndi osavuta kwenikweni. Ngakhale zitsanzo za anthu omwe amatchedwa atumwi kumapeto kwa NT Era mwachilengedwe sichimapezeka m'Malemba, Kupenda mwachidule kwa izi ndi magawo ena kumapereka zifukwa zomveka zopezera pomaliza mawu otere.

Choyamba, Tiyeni tionenso 1 Cor 15:7-8: 'Kenako anaonekera ku James, Kenako kwa atumwi onse, ndipo pomaliza pake adawonekeranso kwa ine, Ponena za kubadwa mwankhanza.’ Pamene Paulo anena, 'Atumwi Onse Onse,’ Samatanthauzanso, 'Onse Omwe Ali Atumwi,’ ndisiye, 'Onse Omwe Adzakhala;’ Popeza mawu ake otsatira akuonekeratu kuti sanali wofanana naye. Chifukwa chake titha kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mwa iwo omwe anali atumwi pa nthawi ya Yesu’ kaonekedwe. Ndipo ngati Paulo akudzipatula sitingaganize kuti amaphatikizapo Baranaba, Yemwe adayamba kutchedwa mtumwi nthawi yomweyo monga Paulo (Acts 14:4). Chifukwa chake ku Baranaba tili ndi mtumwi amene palibe umboni woonekeratu kuti adawona Khristu wouka.

Ndemanga ya Paul 1 Cor 9:1, 'Sindine mfulu? Sindine mtumwi? Kodi sindinamuone Yesu Khristu Ambuye wathu?’ amapanga mndandanda wa mafunso angapo, Iliyonse yazomanga kulemera kumodzi; ndi, 'Uyenera kuti uyenera kundiweruza?’ (kuwona 1 Cor 9:3 odalira). Palibe chilichonse pano kuti akuwonetsa kuti akufuna kutanthauzira zofunikira za utumwi. Chifukwa, Kodi tanthauzo la funso lake ndi lotani, 'Sindine mfulu?'; Ndi gawo liti la gawo lomweli?

Komanso, Zomwe zidachitikira Paulo zinali zosiyana ndi khumi ndi khumi ndi awiriwo ndi Yakobe pakuwona masomphenya a Yesu pambuyo pokwera. Anthu amadzinenera kuti ali ndi masomphenya a Yesu lero; Chifukwa chake ngakhale atakumana ndi zoterezi ndi zofunika kuuza atumwi kumeneko kukhalabe osowa. Koma kodi zonena zoterezi zingaweruzidwe bwanji?

Inali nkhani yosavuta yokhazikitsa amene adakhalako ndi Yesu, Ndipo malembo akuonekeratu kuti kufunsa kunapangidwa mukasankha matias. Komabe, Pankhani ya Paulo ndi Baranaba, omwe amangotchedwa atumwi atatumizidwa ku Antiokeya (onani. Acts 13:1-3 & 14:4), Palibe lingaliro lililonse lofunsa ngati kuti sanamuone Yesu. Ngakhale kwa wina yemwe anakwaniritsa Acts 1:21-2 chitsimikiziro, becoming an apostle was ultimately a matter of God’s choice (Acts 1:23-6). In the case of Paul and Barnabus the emphasis was on appointment by the Holy Spirit to a specific task.

It is particularly significant that, whereas the primary requirement for the twelve was that they must be witnesses of Jesus’ kuuka (Acts 1:22), mu Acts 13:31 Paul and Barnabus pointedly avoid describing themselves in these terms; reserving that role for those who ‘came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem.’ Thus we have a clear indication that the function of the later apostles was perceived to be significantly different from that of the twelve in this particular respect.

From this it appears that, whilst the twelve (and to a lesser extent, James) occupied a unique place as eye-witnesses to Jesus’ life and resurrection, it was recognised in New Testament times that there were others whose ministry and function within the church entitled them to be called ‘apostles.’ We may be wary of using this title today for fear of spiritual conceit: but that is not to say that there may not be those who have similar ministries to those of the later apostles.

2.3.6 General Characteristics of an Apostle

Apostles were seen as a ministry gift given to the church by Christ (1 Cor 12:28-9 & Eph 4:11-2). They were church builders. Mu 1 Cor 9:2 Paul comments, ‘Even though I may not be an apostle to others, surely I am to you! For you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord.’ N'zoonekeratu, he saw the church which he had established as a sign of his qualification as an apostle.

The twelve clearly had a supernatural ministry (onani. Acts 5:12). Zikuwonekeratu kuti Paulo adaona kuti uwu ndi umboni wofunikira woti utumwi; mu 2 Cor 12:12 akunena, 'Zinthu Zomwe Zili Mtumwi Mtumwi – Zizindikiro, Zodabwitsa ndi Zozizwitsa – zidachitidwa pakati panu ndi kupirira kwambiri.’

Komabe, Zinthu izi zokha sizipanga mtumwi! Filipo adalosa ntchito ku tchalitchi ku Samariya ndipo anali ndi zizindikiro zotsatila (Acts 8:5-13): Koma sanatchulidwepo monga mtumwi; monga mlaliki (Acts 21:8). Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake, Tiyenera kudziwa zinthu zina ziwiri za atumwi.

Choyamba, Atumwi anali anthu omwe anali ndi ulamuliro wauzimu pankhani za boma la tchalitchi ndi chiphunzitso (Acts 2:42, 15:2-6, 16:4, 1 Cor 5:3-5, 2 Cor 10:2-11 & Gal 1:8-9). (Udindo waukulu unali wofunikira kwambiri malembedwe a NT adalembedwa kuti ndi njira yosungira chiyero cha uthenga wabwino ndikuwunika momwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito pazinthu zatsopano, monga kutembenuka kwa Amitundu. Zindikirani pamenepo, monga tsopano, mayeso a asidi anali momwe chiphunzitso chilichonse chimafotokozeredwa ku ziphunzitso za Yesu ndi Thupi lomwe lilipo la m'Malemba; Ndipo zitangoyambira ku ziphunzitso za khumi ndi awiriwo ndipo pambuyo pake (onani. Mk 8:38, Acts 15:7-21, Gal 1:8, 2:2 & 2:14).)

M'malamulo a Filipo adapatsa anthu uthenga wabwino: Koma panali mseu pomwe adabwera kudzawabweretsa kumalo komwe angalandire mphamvu ya Mzimu Woyera. Izi sizinachotsedwe kufikira mpingo wachiyuda ubwera pansi pa utumiki wa atumwi (Acts 8:14-25).

Monga tanena kale, mtumwi amatanthauza 'mthenga,’ kapena, 'Wotumizidwa.’ Ngakhale palibe funso kuti Mzimu Woyera anali ndi Filipo, Sanalandire ulamuliro wapadera kuchokera kutchalitchi kuti akalalikire uthenga wabwino ku Samariya. Motero, anali ndi kudzoza; Koma osati ulamuliro wofunikira kukhazikitsa mpingo.

A second key distinctive betwen one who simply plants a church and an apostle appears to be a specific commissioning by the Holy Spirit to perform this function. Like Philip, those who planted the church at Antioch (Acts 11:19-21) are nowhere referred to as apostles. Although the church was brought under the authority of the apostles by sending Barnabus as their representative (Acts 11:22-4), neither here nor previously does Luke describe Barnabus as an apostle; simply as ‘a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and faith’. Even as late as Acts 13:1 he merely classes him amongst the ‘prophets and teachers.’ But after Paul and Barnabus are sent out by the Antioch church at the bidding of the Holy Spirit he begins to call them both apostles (Acts 14:4).

Dziwani kuti palibe nkhani ya atumwi ku Jesus atatsogolera mpingo ku Antiokeya kuti udziwe motere; Ndipo palibe umboni uliwonse wonena kuti amene wazindikiridwa kale ngati mtumwi. Izi zinali zotheka ndi Mzimu Woyera (Acts 13:2 & 4) zomwe zidazindikiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi mpingo wakomweko (Acts 13:3 & 14:26-7). Ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wauzimu umadalira gawo lokhalapo kwa maubwenzi oyenera kwa olamulira ena odzozedwa mkati mwatchalitchi: Kuyimbira kwa utumwi ndiko kuyitanidwa kwa Mulungu, Monga Paul iye akupsinjika ku Gal 1:1.

Zitha kutchulidwanso kuti atumwi onse anali ndi mautumiki am'manja; Kudera nkhawa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kapena kuyang'anira kwa mpingo wopitilira umodzi. Izi sizinatanthauze kuti adayenda kwambiri: Timauzidwa kuti ndi omwe anali okhulupirira wamba, osati atumwi, omwe adayang'anira kuphulika koyambirira kwa tchalitchi kuchokera ku Yerusalemu (Acts 8:1-4). James akuwoneka kuti wagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake ku Yerusalemu: Koma mlembi wake amaonetsa nkhawa yake pa mapiko achiyuda onse (Jas 1:1).

Ndemanga ya Paul 1 Cor 9:2 , ‘Even though I may not be an apostle to others, surely I am to you!’ ndizosangalatsa, Monga zikusonyezera kuti Paulo adawona alongo molunjika. Mwamuna sangawone ngati mtumwi wolemba mpingo wonse; Koma musakhale mtumwi mbali ina yake. Tikuwona lingaliro ili Gal 2:6-9 Komwe Paulo Akuwona, 'Kwa Mulungu, Yemwe anali kuntchito muutumiki wa Petulo monga mtumwi kwa Ayuda, Ankagwiranso ntchito mu utumiki wanga monga mtumwi kwa Amitundu.’ Zikuwoneka kuti pali madigiri, kuyambira komwe kumaloko ku tchalitchi cha padziko lonse lapansi. Ngati ndi choncho, tikufuna kuti tisachite bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti, Malingana ngati tikusamala kuti tifotokozere malire a mautumiki otere ndipo osalola dzina kukhala njira yophunzitsira?

(Bwererani ku Zamkatimu / Pitilizani kuwerenga)