Boma & Utumiki kuchokera kuchiyambi cha Chikiristu

1. Chitukuko kuchokera ku mizu yachiyuda

1.1 Chitsanzo Chachiyuda

Khonsolo Yolamulira Yachiyuda panthawi ya Kristu inali Khothi Lalikulu (συνεδριον – kudekha). Izi zidapangidwa ndi ansembe akulu (αρχιερευς – arciree), akulu (πρεσβυτερος – Prespteros) ndi alembi (γραμματευς – galatatsu) (Lk 22:66, Mt 26:3, 57-9, Mk 14:43, 53, 15:1, Acts 4:5(onani Acts 4:23)). Mk 15:1 Zida kuti Sanhedrin wathunthu ukadaphatikizaponso ena. Njira yodziwika bwino yofotokozera mawu onse atatu polankhula za misonkhano ya utsogoleri wachiyuda ikuwonetsa kuti mawuwo sanali ofanana: Koma zonsezi zimasewera kwambiri m'boma.

Mawu akuti 'olamulira’ akuwoneka kuti amafanana ndi ansembe akulu koma osiyana ndi akulu Acts 4. M'mabuku ena omwe timawerenga okha mwa ansembe ndi akulu: Koma kufanizira ndi ndime zina kumawonetsa kuti m'milanduyi kuphatikizidwa kwa alembi kumatha (Mt 26:47(onani Mk 14:43), Mt 27:1(Mk 15:1)). Izi zikusonyeza kuti 'mkulu’ anali pamlingo wina wopukutira bulangeti zomwe zingaphatikizepo omwe amasankhidwa monga alembi. Gamaliyeli, membala wotchuka wa Sanhedrin, imafotokozedwa kuti ndi 'mphunzitsi wa lamulo’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos) mu Acts 5:34) – mawu ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchitonso Lk 5:17-21, Pomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa alembi.

Mwakutero dongosolo lino la Boma limalumikizidwa abusa, oyang'anira, Maumboni ndi Mtumiki Wauneneri (omaliza mwa munthu wa mkulu wa ansembe (Jn 11:49-52). Zofooka zake zofatsa zinali mwa iwo. Adabvala zovomerezeka pagulu ndipo adasiya kukhala antchito (Lk 11:43 & 46); adayika mwambo waumunthu pamaso pa Mawu a Mulungu (Mk 7:6-13) ndipo anali atataya chiphunzitso chenicheni chilichonse (Mk 12:24-7, Jn 3:10-12 & 5:37-44).

1.2 Kusintha kwa magulu achiyuda

Mwa magulu atatu okha, 'Akulu', ananyamula mutu wake patsogolo mu magulu ampingo; ngakhale ngakhale pankhaniyi mutu womwe umadumphira kwakanthawi.

Omwe Alembi a Alembi a Yesu’ tsiku lidawapangitsa kukhala chinthu chodzitama ku mpingo woyamba (1 Cor 1:20), ndi omwe akufuna kukhala 'aphunzitsi a Lamulo’ (νομοδιδασκαλος – nomodidaskalos – 1 Tim 1:7) adapangidwa. Izi sizinali zokana kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa utumiki wa aphunzitsi, komabe. Alembi’ Kuphunzitsa kunali kopanda tanthauzo, zonena ndi kusala: pomwe chizindikiro cha Yesu’ kuphunzitsa, ndi kwa omwe adamtsata Iye, zinali kuti zinali zatsopano, Wodalirika komanso nkhawa ndi Mzimu osati chilembo cha malamulo (Mt 13:52, 7:28-9, 23:23, Jn 3:10-11, 1 Pet 4:11 (Zolemba zomaliza izi sizikufotokoza ntchito zokha)). Choncho, Ngakhale liwu lidaponyedwa, Ntchito yophunzitsayo idapitilira ndipo idalemekezedwa kwambiri pansi pa mutu wosavuta wa "mphunzitsi’ (διδασκαλος – Dipaskalos).

Unsembe monga bungwe linadziwika kwathunthu ndikuvomereza kuti Yesu ndi mkulu wa ansembe (Heb 7:11-28), ndi a unsembe wa onse okhulupirira (1 Pet 2:9). Udindo wapadera kwambiri komanso ntchito zawo zina zidapangidwanso ndi ena. Atumwi mwina mwina anali pafupi kwambiri n.t. chimozi modzi.

2. Apolisitoli(αποστολος – Atumwi)

2.1 Yesu’ Kuyitanira khumi ndi awiriwo

2.1.1 Ndi ndani?

• Simon ndi Andrew Barjona ('Mwana wa jona’ c.f. John 1:42, 21:15, Mt 16:17). M'modzin ('Bango') anali wolemekezeka cephas (Aramaic) kapena Petro (Chigirikila – onse amatanthauza 'mwala'). Anali asodzi ochokera ku Betsaida, Kumapeto kwa Nyanja ya Galileya (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44).
• James ndi John, Ana a Zebedayo, komanso asodzi ochokera ku Betsaida (Lk 5:10, Jn 1:44). Achibale awo anali ochimwa omwe amayenda bwino, Monga anali ndi antchito aganyu (Mk 1:20), Macheke Amphamvu ku Yerusalemu (Jn 18:15-6) ndi mayi wofuna kutchuka (Mt 20:20-1)! Adatchedwa Boanerges ('Ana a Bingu') ndi Yesu (Mk 3:17).
• Cheza, yemwe anali wochokera ku Betsaida (Jn 1:44).
• Bartholomew (Aramaic, 'Mwana wa Tholmai'). Uthenga wa Yohane M'malo mwake umanena za Iye monga Natanayeli ('Mphatso ya Mulungu'), chomwe mwina dzina lake loyamba. Anali mnzake wa Filipo, Kuchokera ku Kana (Jn 1:45-51 & 21:2), za 12 mailosi (3 maola’ kuyenda) W. za Nyanja ya Galileya ndi 8 mailo n. Za Nazareth.
• Thomas (Aramaic) kapena daymus (Chigirikila – Mayina onsewa amatanthauza 'mapasa'). Anali wokayika, koma wokhulupirika (Jn 11:16 & 20:24-9).
• Mateyu ('Mphatso ya Yehova'), amatchedwanso kuti levi ('Analumikizana'), Mwana wa Alifeeus. (c.f. Mt 9:9 (Mateyu) ndi Mk 2:14 & Lk 5:27 (Levi). Anali wocheza misonkho (Mwa 'egan') Kwa Aroma – ntchito yosawoneka bwino! Anali wochokera ku Kapernao (pomwe Yesu adakhalanso c.f. Mt 4:13, 9:1, Mk 2:1). Izi zinali m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Galileya, 3½ mailo s.w. wa Betsaida.
• James mwana wa Alifesuu. Palibe wa zomwe zimapezeka zokhudzana ndi banja lililonse, Awo bambo wake ndi dzina lofanana ndi ndani.
• Lembo la leba, yemwe anali wotchedwa Thadaeus (c.f. Mt 10:3 & Mark 3:18) komanso amatchedwanso kuti 'Yudasi wa James’ mu Luke 6:16 ndi John 14:22. Yesu anali ndi abale awiri otchedwa Yudasi ndi Yakobe (c.f. Mt 13:55): Koma timauzidwa kuti sanakhulupirire iye panthawi ya utumiki wake wapadziko lapansi (Jn 7:5 & Mk 3:21-32), Chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti James anali dzina la abambo ake.
• Simon Zelotes (Chigirikila) kapena kayani (Aramaic) – onse amatanthauza 'Zealot'. A Zelots anali achiyuda a Anti-Roman. A Kanani amatanthauzanso 'wokhala ku Kanani’ (Mawu ophimba gawo lalikulu la Israeli).
• Yudasi Iskarioti, Yesu’ wopereka. Adasamalira ndalamazo; koma mwachinyengo (Jn 12:6).

2.1.2 Kukumana koyamba

Jn 1:35 – 2:25. Yesu’ Misonkhano Yoyamba ndi John (Wophunzira Wosatchulidwa), Andrew, M'modzin, Filipo ndi Natanayeli, Pambuyo poyesedwa m'chipululu, Tipatseni chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali momwe adagwiritsira ntchito utsogoleri wake.

• Musanayimbire kudzipereka, Yesu adawaitanira kuti asunge (Jn 1:39).
• Anafuna ophunzira omwe adawerengera ndalama (c.f. Lk 14:25-33). (Of the 11, all but John would be martyred!)
• Kuwona kumeneku kunaphimba gawo lililonse la moyo wake – osati ntchito yake yapagulu. Nthawi zambiri, Timalimbikira kwambiri mphatso za anthu muutumiki ndi kunyalanyaza moyo wawo.
• Yesu amawononganso nthawi ndi banja lake; zomwe sizingakhale zophweka, Monga abale ake sanamukhulupirire (Joh 2:12 & 7:5). Ganizirani izi – Kodi zikadakhudza bwanji kuti muwone zonsezi?
• Yesu Sananene Kukana Sonpticism (Jn 1:45-51).
• Adapereka dzina latsopano ndi masomphenya atsopano (Jn 1:42 & 50-1). Ngati tikuyenera kutsogolera bwino, Tiyenera kutenga anthu kupitirira malire awo momwe amadzionera okha komanso tsogolo lawo. Tiyenera kuwawonetsa zomwe angathe mwa Mulungu.
• Adatenga vuto kuti awadziwe (Jn 1:39 nthawi, Jn 1:42 Kumvetsetsa, Jn 1:43 kufunafuna kunja, Jn 1:48 pemphero). Ngati simukuchita izi kwa omwe akukuvomerezani mwachindunji, Ndani winanso adzakhala?
• Anawonetsa zenizeni zomwe amaphunzitsa mu mphamvu komanso zodzipereka payekha (Jn 2:11 & 17).
• Adapewa kudzipereka (Jn 2:23-5). Ena mwa otembenuka ayenera kuti anali owona: koma, M'malo modzifotokozera, ndi kufunafuna kapena kupereka zochuluka kwambiri, posachedwa, Anali wokonzeka kudalira ndikudikirira.

2.1.3 Kuchita Pakale

Jn 3:22-4 & 4:1-3. Zochitika izi zidachitika asanamalize Yohane Mbatizi, ndipo chifukwa chake tisanakumane ndi onse khumi ndi awiri omwe akufotokozedwa mu Mauthenga Abwino ena (kuwona Mt 4:12 & Mk 1:14). Ngakhale ndi Yohane yekha, Andrew, M'modzin, Filipo ndi Natanayeli atchulidwa ndi mayina, Acts 1:21-2 zikusonyeza kuti onse khumi ndi awiri adakumana ndi Yesu panthawiyi.

Komabe Yesu anali atayamba kale kuphunzitsa amuna’wa, ngakhale, monga tidzawona, anali asanadziperekebe kwathunthu kwa Iye. Ndipo zimenezi zinaphatikizapo zambiri osati kungomvetsera chabe. Yesu anali nawo kale kubatiza ena (Jn 4:2)!

Onani kuti uwu unali ubatizo wa kulapa, popanda kudzipereka kwa Yesu (zizindikiro zoyamba za izo Mt 28:19 ndi Acts 2:38; zomwe zimafotokoza chifukwa chake Yesu sanabatize aliyense). Sitingapemphe munthu kubatiza munthu mwa Yesu’ Ulamuliro ngati Sadagonjere mokwanira: koma wochimwa aliyense angathe kuthandiza mnzake kuulula machimo ake. Yesu ankafunitsitsa kuti ophunzira ake azichita zambiri, posachedwa pomwe pangathekele.

2.1.4 Nthawi Yosankha

Lk 5:1-11 (Mt 4:18-23). Mpaka pano, khumi ndi awiriwo ndi ophunzira anthawi yochepa. Pambuyo pa Yesu’ kugwira nsomba, Petro akuwona kuti kulapa kwake ndi kudzipereka kwake kunali kozama. Yesu tsopano aitana ophunzira ake kuti apereke zonse kaamba ka Iye.

Mofananamo, Yesu anatchula Mateyu, amene amasiya msanga ntchito yake ya wokhometsa msonkho Mt 9:9-13, Mk 2:14-7 & Lk 5:27-32. Komabe, mukuganiza kuti pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa phwando lotsazikana ndi Mateyu ndi yemwe adzakhale wophunzira yemwe ankafuna kupita kukasanzikana ndi anthu ake kunyumba (Lk 9:61-2)?)

2.1.5 Kusankha khumi ndi awiriwo

Lk 6:12-6. Ngakhale kuti Yesu anali atakhala nthawi yaitali ndithu ndi ophunzira ake, asanasankhe zoti akhale atumwi, anapemphera usiku wonse.

Izi ziyenera kutithandiza kuzindikira kufunika kokhala osamala kwambiri amene timawaika pa udindo uliwonse mumpingo.

Zimafotokozanso kufunika kofunafuna malangizo a Mulungu, M'malo mongodalira kumvetsetsa kwathu. Ndikosavuta kusokonekera ndi maonekedwe (1 Sam 16:6-7).

2.1.6 Wopereka mnzake

Yesu mwina amadziwa nthawi yonseyi kuti Yudasi adzam'pereka (Jn 2:25). Koma adamsamalira mopanda pake, ngakhale usiku womaliza, Ophunzira enawo sanadziwe kuti anali wopanduka. Kotero ngati ena akukhumudwitsani, zikomo Mulungu chifukwa chosakuuzani pasadakhale komanso, Mosiyana ndi Yudasi, Pali chiyembekezo.

Onani mbewu za Yudasi’ chiwonongeko Jn 12:4-8. Mwina akuwononga ndalama zowonjezera pomwe palibe amene akuyang'ana; koma amayesetsa kuchepetsa chikumbumtima chake popeputsa ena (pamenepa, Yesu). Zinali zomwe satana amayembekeza (c.f. Matthew 26:6-16 & Luke 22:3-6). Asanadzutse ena, Nthawi zonse dzifunseni, "Kodi ndimachita zinthu monga choncho?"

2.2 Phunziro Lalikulu Mu Utsogoleri

2.2.1 Chikhalidwe cha utsogoleri

• Utsogoleri weniweni ndi servicaka. Mt 20:20-9 & Jn 13:1-17. Mosiyana ndi atsogoleri achiyuda (Mt 23:2-12).
• Ulamuliro umachokera pakulamulidwa. Mt 8:9, Lk 9:1-2, Jn 5:19-23, 15:4-17.

2.2.2 Mfundo zazikulu

• Kukhalapo. Simungathe kutsogolera ngati simumvera! Kwa Mulungu, m'mapemphero, komanso kwa iwo omwe ali pansi pa inu (Mk 9:33-7).
• Taganizirani. M'malo moyesa kuphunzitsa aliyense, Yesu anaphunzitsa ochepa, ndipo adawaphunzitsa kuphunzitsa ena Mt 28:19. Mfundo imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito kwa atsogoleri a Tchalitchi masiku ano - ntchito yathu yayikulu ndikukonzekera ena (kuwona Eph 4:11-2).
• Anthu omwe amayesa ndikulephera kukwaniritsa zoposa zomwe sayesa (e.g. Mt 14:25-32).
• Kugawika ndi Kudalira. Analimbikitsa ophunzira kuti azichita zinthu (e.g. Mt 14:16, Lk 10:1-20).

2.2.3 Maphunziro a chinthu

• Utsogoleri sudalira zothandizira zanu. Lk 10:3-4.
• Muyenera kukhala pamtendere kupatsa mtendere. Lk 10:5-6 (Dziwani kuti ndi mtendere wanu womwe umaperekedwa). Timapereka zomwe tili m'malo monena zomwe tikunena.
• Atsogoleri ayenera kupatsa onse kupereka ndi kulandira. Lk 10:7-9. Ndi mwayi waukulu kupereka: Koma tikadzichepetsera kulandila, Titha kukhala njira yodalitsira kwa Wopatsayo (e.g. Jn 4:6-15).

2.3 Kukula kwa Upandu wautumwi

2.3.1 Yudasi’ Kubwezela

Acts 1:15-26. Njira za atumwi ' 12 si okhawo omwe amatsatira Yesu Yesu muutumiki wake. Sitikudziwa kuti panali ena angati; koma awiri abwino kwambiri, Joseph BarAbas Justus ndi Matthias anali oyenereradi; ndipo pamapeto pake adasintha popemphera mozama kuti asankhe pakati pawo.

Onani zochitika zapadera zomwe machitidwe awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, Adaganizira njira za m'Malemba zomwe zimatsogolera chisankho, ndiye kuti osankhidwa, mosakaikira kuphatikiza pazomwe iwonso amadziwa zamakhalidwe a amuna awa. Kenako, Kupeza chilichonse choti musankhe pakati pawo, Kodi adapempha chizindikiro. Osatikumbukire zizindikiro ngati pali zifukwa za m'Malemba komanso zamakhalidwe zomwe muyenera kuchita kapena siziyenera kupanga chisankho.

Akatswiri ena anena kuti atumwi adalakwitsa posankha matias, ndi kuti mtumwi wa 12 wa 12 uyenera kukhala Paulo. Izi ndizokayikitsa pazifukwa ziwiri zazikulu: oyamba, Paulo sanali Mboni ya Utumiki wa Yesu wa Yesu, imfa ndi kuuka (Acts 1:21-2) ndi, kachiwiri, kumangoganiza kuti payenera kukhala 12 atumwi.

Koma bwanji za Yosefe, The Armer? Tonse sitingakhale atumwi: koma yerekezerani kuti muli pamalo ake. Mukadachita, kukwiyira Mulungu chifukwa chosakunkha, kapena anachita nsanje masamu? Kodi mungatani ngati utumiki wa m'bale wayamba chidwi kwambiri kuposa wanu? Ndani ali ndi ufulu wosankha? Mukutumikira ndani?, Ndipo chifukwa chiyani?

2.3.2 Udindo wa Peter

Zindikirani pamwambapa, ngakhale Peter akuyamba ntchito, chigamulocho chimapangidwa mogwirizana (onani. Acts 1:15,23,24,26).

Mt 16:19 wadzutsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa Akatolika ndi Apulotesitanti, makamaka pa nkhani yakuti ‘thanthwe ili’ limatanthauza Petro, chivomerezo chake cha chikhulupiriro mwa Yesu, kapena Yesu mwini. Mawu otsatira a Yesu, ‘Ndidzakupatsa makiyi a ufumu wakumwamba, ndipo chimene uchimanga pa dziko lapansi chidzakhala chomangidwa Kumwamba, ndipo chimene uchimasula padziko lapansi chidzakhala chomasulidwa Kumwamba.’ zikunenedwa kwa Petro aliyense payekha, kutsimikizira udindo wa Petro pakati pa atumwi. Koma n’koopsa kumanga ziphunzitso pamatanthauzidwe omveka a vesi. Mu Mt 18:18, Yesu anapereka lonjezo lofananalo kwa ophunzira ake onse; kusonyeza ulamuliro umenewu si kwa Petro kapenanso atumwi okha (pokhapokha ngati mukuganiza Mt 18:19 Zimagwiranso ntchito kwa iwo okha!).

Peter anali mtsogoleri wambiri, Monga momwe Yesu anasonyezera (Lk 22:31-2, Jn 21:15-7). Koma ngati tiyang'ana machitidwe enieni a mpingo woyamba womwe timawona, Monga pamwambapa, Zisankho zimakhazikika pa kuzindikira za kampani za chifuniro cha Mulungu. Peter analibe voti yolipira, kapena ngakhale mawu omaliza (Onani pansipa). Komanso sananene kuti mwalakwitsa kapena kukonza (Gal 2:11-4). Utsogoleri sukunena zotheka, kapena kuloza mtsogoleri kuti asanyalanyaze upangiri wa ena ndikuzindikira zauzimu.

2.3.3 James

Mu Acts 8:1 & 14 Utsogoleri umawonekabe kuti umakhala m'manja mwa atumwi. Mofananamo Acts 9:27, Kufotokoza za ulendo woyamba wa Paulo kutchalitchi ku Yerusalemu sikunenanso za akulu, Koma ndi atumwi okha. Koma Paulo akunena Gal 1:15-19 Zaka zitatu pambuyo pa mayitanidwe ake adapita kwa Peter ku Yerusalemu ndipo, mosangalatsa, kuti Yesu’ Mbale James adawonedwanso kuti mtumwi. Zikuoneka kuti atumwi enawo anali kutali nthawi ino (onani Gal. 1:19), Ndipo James anali gawo la utsogoleri wa ku Yerusalemu.

(Ndizovuta Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10, monga kuphatikiza ndi Acts 9:26-30, 11:29-30&12:1-25, 15:1-30 ndi umboni wa Paulo Acts 22:17-21 imapereka mavuto. Pali malongosoledwe awiri omwe angathe. Choyamba, ndi Acts 9:27 Misonkhano ikuwoneka kuti sinakhalepo chifukwa choti ndisankhe ngati zinali zotetezeka kuti Paul ayanjane ndi mpingo. Kuyambira Gal 1:15 amayamba kuchokera kuitanira kwake kukalalikira pakati pa achikunja, Mwina Paulo sanamve kuti izi zidagwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za Amitundu wake: pamenepa Gal 1:18 ndi Acts 22:17-21 atha kutanthauza kuti abwera Acts 11:29-30&12:1-25, ndi masomphenya omwe amafotokoza akutsogolera zochitikazo Acts 13:1-3. Ulendo womwe wafotokozedwa Gal 2:1-10 ndiye kuti ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa Acts 15:1-30, Pambuyo paulendo wake woyamba waumishonale. Mwina, zitha kungokhala choncho Gal 1:17-8 amafotokoza gawo la zaka zitatu pakati pa kutembenuka mtima kwa Paulo ndikuvomerezedwa ku mpingo wa ku Yerusalemu, mu Acts 9:27; omwe amaikiratu kuzindikiridwa kwa atumwi a James '. Tsopano ndikukondera kufotokoza zomaliza, Monga zimawonekera kuti ulendo wachiwiri wa Paul, zomwe zinali zofunikira pakupereka thandizo kwa akulu (Acts 11:28-30), zinachitika panthawi yozunzidwa kwambiri (Acts 12:1-25); Ngakhale ngakhale atumwi sanalumikizane pang'ono (onani. Acts 12:17). Palibe kutchulidwa pamsonkhano uliwonse wachindunji pakati pa Paulo ndi James kapena atumwi aliwonse omwe ali paulendowu; zomwe zingafotokozere chifukwa chake Paulo samanenanso Gal 1:15-24&2:1-10.)

Malangizo a Peter kutchalitchi kuti anene nkhani ya kuthawa 'kwa Yakobo ndi abale’ mu Acts 12:17 akuwonetsa kuti anali mtsogoleri woyenera wa Tchalitchi omwe alipo kwa Peter. Kuyambitsidwa kwake kumaonekera kwambiri pantchito yake yotsutsana ndi mdulidwe Acts 15:13-22, komwe akuwoneka kuti amapatsidwa mawu omaliza pa nkhaniyi.

Pamene Paulo abwerera ku Yerusalemu kwa nthawi yomaliza, Amawonekera pamaso pa James, Pamaso pa akulu (Acts 21:18). Ndi yekhayo amene atchulidwa ndi dzina, kuvomerezera kuti anali mtsogoleri wodziwika: Ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti lingaliro lomwe lidayikidwa kwa Paulo kwa Paulo likuwonetsedwa bwino monga yankho. Palibe kutchulidwa kwa atumwi ena onsewa: mwina anthu awo anali ophatikizidwa ndi akulu kapena, mwina mwina, Amagwira ntchito kumadera akutali.

2.3.4 Atumwi Ena

Sitikudziwa ndendende kuti ndi amuna ena a mu Chipangano Chatsopano omwe adapatsidwa dzina la 'mtumwi'. Paulo, mu 1 Cor 15:5-7 akuti Yesu adawona ndi Petro, ndiye khumi ndi awiriwo, ndiye 500 abale nthawi yomweyo, Kenako ndi James, Kenako ndi 'onse atumwi', Ndipo pamapeto pake ndi Paulo mwini. Mawu oti 'atumwi onse’ Titha kungotchula za James khumi ndi ziwiri; Kapenanso zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale asanakonzekere kutembenuka kwa Paulo panali ena omwe adadziwika kuti a atumwi.

Mu Acts 14:4 & 14 Tapeza Paulo ndi Barnabus onse omwe adziwika kukhala atumwi, kubweretsa chiwerengero cha atumwi odziwika kuti 15. Paul nthawi zonse amadzilongosola kuti ali m'makalata ake.

Andronicus ndi Junia (Rom 16:7) nthawi zina amatchulidwanso: Koma ndizotheka ngati mawuwo, 'Zolemba pakati pa atumwi,’ zikutanthauza kuti iwonso anali atumwi kapena kuti anali kulingalira za atumwi.

'MTUMUTSO’ anali liwu lachi Greek wamba (kutanthaza, 'Yemwe Amatumizidwa', kapena 'mthenga') zomwe zidasungidwa ngati mutu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pali maumboni ena atatu a NT, osamasuliridwa ngati 'mtumwi', zomwe zimagwiritsanso ntchito: John 13:15, 2 Cor 8:23 (re. Nala) ndi Phil 2:25 (E'froditus). Munjira iliyonse mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda cholembedwa; ndipo pakalibe thandizo limodzi’ M'nthawi izi. Kumapeto kwina kwa, Yesu amadziwika kuti ndi, 'Mtumwi,’ mu Heb 3:1.

2.3.5 Udindo Wapadera?

Chofunikira choyambirira kwa "khumi ndi awiri’ Kodi kuti ayenera kuti anali ophunzira kuyambira nthawi yaubatizo wa Yohane mpaka kukwera, Kuti akhale mboni za Yesu’ kuuka (Acts 1:21-2). Ngakhale chitsimikiziro ichi sichikugwira ntchito kwa James, ZAMBIRI KWA DANU, ena amati 1 Cor 15:5-8, kuphatikiza ndi 1 Cor 9:1, Zikuwonetsa kuti tawonani kuti Yesu anali woukitsidwayo chinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa atumwi. Kuchokera pamenepa akuti atumwi anali a mpingo woyamba. Komabe, Mapeto oterewa ndi osavuta kwenikweni. Ngakhale zitsanzo za anthu omwe amatchedwa atumwi kumapeto kwa NT Era mwachilengedwe sichimapezeka m'Malemba, Kupenda mwachidule kwa izi ndi magawo ena kumapereka zifukwa zomveka zopezera pomaliza mawu otere.

Choyamba, Tiyeni tionenso 1 Cor 15:7-8: 'Kenako anaonekera ku James, Kenako kwa atumwi onse, ndipo pomaliza pake adawonekeranso kwa ine, Ponena za kubadwa mwankhanza.’ Pamene Paulo anena, 'Atumwi Onse Onse,’ Samatanthauzanso, 'Onse Omwe Ali Atumwi,’ ndisiye, 'Onse Omwe Adzakhala;’ Popeza mawu ake otsatira akuonekeratu kuti sanali wofanana naye. Chifukwa chake titha kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mwa iwo omwe anali atumwi pa nthawi ya Yesu’ kaonekedwe. Ndipo ngati Paulo akudzipatula sitingaganize kuti amaphatikizapo Baranaba, Yemwe adayamba kutchedwa mtumwi nthawi yomweyo monga Paulo (Acts 14:4). Chifukwa chake ku Baranaba tili ndi mtumwi amene palibe umboni woonekeratu kuti adawona Khristu wouka.

Ndemanga ya Paul 1 Cor 9:1, 'Sindine mfulu? Sindine mtumwi? Kodi sindinamuone Yesu Khristu Ambuye wathu?’ amapanga mndandanda wa mafunso angapo, Iliyonse yazomanga kulemera kumodzi; ndi, 'Uyenera kuti uyenera kundiweruza?’ (kuwona 1 Cor 9:3 odalira). Palibe chilichonse pano kuti akuwonetsa kuti akufuna kutanthauzira zofunikira za utumwi. Chifukwa, Kodi tanthauzo la funso lake ndi lotani, 'Sindine mfulu?'; Ndi gawo liti la gawo lomweli?

Komanso, Zomwe zidachitikira Paulo zinali zosiyana ndi khumi ndi khumi ndi awiriwo ndi Yakobe pakuwona masomphenya a Yesu pambuyo pokwera. Anthu amadzinenera kuti ali ndi masomphenya a Yesu lero; Chifukwa chake ngakhale atakumana ndi zoterezi ndi zofunika kuuza atumwi kumeneko kukhalabe osowa. Koma kodi zonena zoterezi zingaweruzidwe bwanji?

Inali nkhani yosavuta yokhazikitsa amene adakhalako ndi Yesu, Ndipo malembo akuonekeratu kuti kufunsa kunapangidwa mukasankha matias. Komabe, Pankhani ya Paulo ndi Baranaba, omwe amangotchedwa atumwi atatumizidwa ku Antiokeya (onani. Acts 13:1-3 & 14:4), Palibe lingaliro lililonse lofunsa ngati kuti sanamuone Yesu. Ngakhale kwa wina yemwe anakwaniritsa Acts 1:21-2 chitsimikiziro, kukhala mtumwi pamapeto pake inali nkhani ya kusankha kwa Mulungu (Acts 1:23-6). Pankhani ya Paulo ndi Barnaba kutsindika kunali pa kusankhidwa ndi Mzimu Woyera ku ntchito yapadera.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti, pamene chofunikira chachikulu kwa khumi ndi awiri chinali chakuti iwo akhale mboni za Yesu’ kuuka (Acts 1:22), mu Acts 13:31 Paulo ndi Barnaba amapewa mosapita m’mbali kudzifotokoza motere; kusungilira ntchito imeneyo kwa awo ‘amene anakwera naye kuchokera ku Galileya kumka ku Yerusalemu.’ Chotero tili ndi chisonyezero chowonekera bwino chakuti ntchito ya atumwi apatsogolo pake inawonedwa kukhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya khumi ndi aŵiriwo pankhani imeneyi..

Kuchokera apa zikuwoneka kuti, pamene khumi ndi awiriwo (ndi kumlingo wocheperako, James) anali ndi malo apadera monga mboni zochitira umboni ndi maso za Yesu’ moyo ndi kuuka, zinazindikirika m’nthaŵi za Chipangano Chatsopano kuti panali ena amene utumiki wawo ndi ntchito zawo mkati mwa mpingo zinawayeneretsa kutchedwa ‘atumwi.’ Tikhoza kukhala osamala kugwiritsa ntchito dzinali lero chifukwa choopa kudzikuza mwauzimu: koma sizikutanthauza kuti pangakhale palibe amene ali ndi mautumiki ofanana ndi a atumwi amtsogolo.

2.3.6 Makhalidwe Aatumwi Onse

Atumwi ankaonedwa ngati mphatso ya utumiki yoperekedwa kwa mpingo ndi Khristu (1 Cor 12:28-9 & Eph 4:11-2). Iwo anali omanga matchalitchi. Mu 1 Cor 9:2 Paulo akufotokoza, ‘Ngakhale sindingakhale mtumwi kwa ena, Ndithu, ine ndili kwa inu! Pakuti inu ndinu chisindikizo cha utumwi wanga mwa Ambuye.’ N'zoonekeratu, adawona mpingo umene adaukhazikitsa ngati chizindikiro cha kuyenera kwake kukhala mtumwi.

khumi ndi awiriwo momveka bwino anali ndi utumiki wauzimu (onani. Acts 5:12). Zikuwonekeratu kuti Paulo adaona kuti uwu ndi umboni wofunikira woti utumwi; mu 2 Cor 12:12 akunena, 'Zinthu Zomwe Zili Mtumwi Mtumwi – Zizindikiro, Zodabwitsa ndi Zozizwitsa – zidachitidwa pakati panu ndi kupirira kwambiri.’

Komabe, Zinthu izi zokha sizipanga mtumwi! Filipo adalosa ntchito ku tchalitchi ku Samariya ndipo anali ndi zizindikiro zotsatila (Acts 8:5-13): Koma sanatchulidwepo monga mtumwi; monga mlaliki (Acts 21:8). Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake, Tiyenera kudziwa zinthu zina ziwiri za atumwi.

Choyamba, Atumwi anali anthu omwe anali ndi ulamuliro wauzimu pankhani za boma la tchalitchi ndi chiphunzitso (Acts 2:42, 15:2-6, 16:4, 1 Cor 5:3-5, 2 Cor 10:2-11 & Gal 1:8-9). (Udindo waukulu unali wofunikira kwambiri malembedwe a NT adalembedwa kuti ndi njira yosungira chiyero cha uthenga wabwino ndikuwunika momwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito pazinthu zatsopano, monga kutembenuka kwa Amitundu. Zindikirani pamenepo, monga tsopano, mayeso a asidi anali momwe chiphunzitso chilichonse chimafotokozeredwa ku ziphunzitso za Yesu ndi Thupi lomwe lilipo la m'Malemba; Ndipo zitangoyambira ku ziphunzitso za khumi ndi awiriwo ndipo pambuyo pake (onani. Mk 8:38, Acts 15:7-21, Gal 1:8, 2:2 & 2:14).)

M'malamulo a Filipo adapatsa anthu uthenga wabwino: Koma panali mseu pomwe adabwera kudzawabweretsa kumalo komwe angalandire mphamvu ya Mzimu Woyera. Izi sizinachotsedwe kufikira mpingo wachiyuda ubwera pansi pa utumiki wa atumwi (Acts 8:14-25).

Monga tanena kale, mtumwi amatanthauza 'mthenga,’ kapena, 'Wotumizidwa.’ Ngakhale palibe funso kuti Mzimu Woyera anali ndi Filipo, Sanalandire ulamuliro wapadera kuchokera kutchalitchi kuti akalalikire uthenga wabwino ku Samariya. Motero, anali ndi kudzoza; Koma osati ulamuliro wofunikira kukhazikitsa mpingo.

Mfundo yachiwiri yosiyanitsa pakati pa munthu amene amangobzala mpingo ndi mtumwi akuwoneka ngati kutumidwa mwapadera ndi Mzimu Woyera kuti agwire ntchito imeneyi.. Monga Filipo, iwo amene anabzala mpingo wa ku Antiokeya (Acts 11:19-21) satchulidwa konse atumwi. Ngakhale kuti mpingo unabweretsedwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa atumwi potumiza Barnaba monga woimira wawo (Acts 11:22-4), palibe pano kapena m'mbuyomo Luka sanafotokoze Barnaba monga mtumwi; monga ‘munthu wabwino, wodzala ndi Mzimu Woyera ndi chikhulupiriro’. Ngakhale mochedwa ngati Acts 13:1 amangomuika pakati pa ‘aneneri ndi aphunzitsi.’ Koma Paulo ndi Barnaba atatumizidwa ndi mpingo wa ku Antiokeya mwa lamulo la Mzimu Woyera anayamba kuwatcha onse atumwi. (Acts 14:4).

Dziwani kuti palibe nkhani ya atumwi ku Jesus atatsogolera mpingo ku Antiokeya kuti udziwe motere; Ndipo palibe umboni uliwonse wonena kuti amene wazindikiridwa kale ngati mtumwi. Izi zinali zotheka ndi Mzimu Woyera (Acts 13:2 & 4) zomwe zidazindikiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi mpingo wakomweko (Acts 13:3 & 14:26-7). Ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wauzimu umadalira gawo lokhalapo kwa maubwenzi oyenera kwa olamulira ena odzozedwa mkati mwatchalitchi: Kuyimbira kwa utumwi ndiko kuyitanidwa kwa Mulungu, Monga Paul iye akupsinjika ku Gal 1:1.

Zitha kutchulidwanso kuti atumwi onse anali ndi mautumiki am'manja; Kudera nkhawa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kapena kuyang'anira kwa mpingo wopitilira umodzi. Izi sizinatanthauze kuti adayenda kwambiri: Timauzidwa kuti ndi omwe anali okhulupirira wamba, osati atumwi, omwe adayang'anira kuphulika koyambirira kwa tchalitchi kuchokera ku Yerusalemu (Acts 8:1-4). James akuwoneka kuti wagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake ku Yerusalemu: Koma mlembi wake amaonetsa nkhawa yake pa mapiko achiyuda onse (Jas 1:1).

Ndemanga ya Paul 1 Cor 9:2 , ‘Ngakhale sindingakhale mtumwi kwa ena, Ndithu, ine ndili kwa inu!’ ndizosangalatsa, Monga zikusonyezera kuti Paulo adawona alongo molunjika. Mwamuna sangawone ngati mtumwi wolemba mpingo wonse; Koma musakhale mtumwi mbali ina yake. Tikuwona lingaliro ili Gal 2:6-9 Komwe Paulo Akuwona, 'Kwa Mulungu, Yemwe anali kuntchito muutumiki wa Petulo monga mtumwi kwa Ayuda, Ankagwiranso ntchito mu utumiki wanga monga mtumwi kwa Amitundu.’ Zikuwoneka kuti pali madigiri, kuyambira komwe kumaloko ku tchalitchi cha padziko lonse lapansi. Ngati ndi choncho, tikufuna kuti tisachite bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti, Malingana ngati tikusamala kuti tifotokozere malire a mautumiki otere ndipo osalola dzina kukhala njira yophunzitsira?

(Bwererani ku Zamkatimu / Pitilizani kuwerenga)