Mavara ekumadokero eMabasa uye neDare reJerusarema

Zvinyorwa zviviri zveMabasa

Chokwadi chinouya sechishamiso kumaKristu mazhinji, kunyangwe kwete kune avo vanoziva nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zveTestamente Itsva, ndechokuti kune shanduro mbiri dzakasiyana dzeMabasa eVaapostora. Asi munhu asati apinda mune zvekutya pamusoro peizvi, rega nditsanangure…

Mavhezheni ese ari maviri akafanana uye basa remunyori mumwechete. Hakusati kuri kwechienzi kuti misiyano miduku imuke pakati pemakopi ezvinyorwa zvekare, sezvo zvekutanga zvakatanga zvisingaverengeki uye zvakaraswa, kuburikidza nekupfeka, kubvaruka nokuora. Dzimwe nguva vakopi vaikanganisa. Dzimwe nguva ivo, kana vamwe vadzidzi, yaizoita manotsi papeji kugadzirisa zvikanganiso, kujekesa zvinoreva, etc.. Uye dzimwe nguva zvinyorwa zvakadaro zvinogona kutorwa sechikamu chezvinyorwa nemukopi anotevera.

Panyaya yemagwaro eTestamende Itsva makopi akawanda ekare akapona zvokuti tinogona kunyora zviuru zvemisiyano miduku yakadaro toishandisa kugadzira ‘muti wemhuri.’ yezvinyorwa. Izvi zvinobatsira nyanzvi kuona kuti rimwe gwaro rakaitwa kupi uye rini, uye kugumisa nokururama kukuru mashoko chaiwoiwo epakutanga.

Makopi ekare ebhuku reMabasa ane zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando dziri pamusoro apa. Asi zvakajeka, kubva mumagwaro pachawo uye mashoko akatorwa kubva kuvanyori vekereke yekutanga, kuti shanduro mbiri dzeMabasa dzakavapo kubva kare. Aya anowanzo kunzi nenyanzvi se 'Alexandrian’ (‘pfupi’ kana kuti ‘Antiokia’) uye 'Western’ ('refu') shanduro. Mukuita, zvisinei nekutaurwa kwakapararira kwezvinyorwa zvekuMadokero pakati pevanyori vekereke vekutanga, rakanga riri rugwaro rweAlexandria rwakazogamuchirwa zvakafara; uye shanduro zhinji dzeBhaibheri dzazvino uno, kusanganisira neAuthorized Version, kunyanya kutevera chinyorwa cheAlexandria .

Chinhu chinokatyamadza ndechekuti kune misiyano yakati wandei ine chitarisiko chekuchinja nemaune; asi zvizhinji zvacho ndezvoukoshi huduku hwedzidziso kana kuti hwenhau (nemusiyano mumwe wakakosha, izvo zvatichakurukura munguva pfupi).

Nenzira yemuenzaniso, hedzino ndima gumi nerimwe dzokutanga dzaMabasa, akaumbwa sechinyorwa chakaumbwa in 1923 kubudikidza Canon J. M. WILSON, D.D.. Mavara ane mavara matema anobva kushanduro yekuMadokero: zvinyorwa zvakatsikirirwa zvinobva kuAlexandria. Mavara akajeka anowanikwa mune ese ari maviri:

Chinyorwa chekare ndakagadzira, O Teofiro!, pamusoro pezvose Jesu akatanga kuita nokudzidzisa, kusvikira zuva raakakwidzwa naro, shure kwokunge arayira noMweya Mutsvene kuvapostori vaakanga asarudza, uye vakarayira kuti vaparidze vhangeri: vaakazviratidzawo kwavari ari mupenyu shure kwekutambudzika kwake neuchapupu huzhinji, achionekwa kwavari mumazuva makumi mana, uye achitaura zvinhu zvoumambo hwaMwari: uye, akaungana navo, akavarayira kuti varege kubva muJerusarema, asi kumirira chipikirwa chaBaba, zvamakanzwa, anodaro, kubva mumuromo mangu: nekuti Johwani zvirokwazvo wakabhabhatidza nemvura; asi imi muchabhabhatidzwa noMweya Mutsvene, uye izvo zvamuchagamuchira shure kwaizvozvo mazuva mashoma asati apera kusvikira paPendekosti.

Ivo saka, pavakanga vaungana, vakamubvunza, achiti, Ishe, uchadzosera ushe hwaIsiraeri nenguva ino here?? Iye akati kwavari, Hazvisi zvako kuziva nguva kana mwaka, icho Baba chavakagadza musimba ravo pachavo. Asi muchagamuchira simba, kana Mweya Mutsvene auya pamusoro penyu; uye muchava zvapupu zvangu paJerusarema, nomuJudhea rose nomuSamaria, uye kusvikira kumigumo yenyika. Zvino wakati ataura zvinhu izvi, sezvavakanga vachitarisa, gore rakamugamuchira, akabviswa pamberi pavo. Uye pavakanga vakatarisisa kudenga paakanga achienda, tarirai, varume vaviri vakamira pedyo navo vane nguo chena; iyo yakatiwo, Varume veGarirea, makamirirei makatarira kudenga? Jesu uyu, iyo yakakwidzwa kubva kwamuri kudenga, achauya saizvozvo sezvamunomuona achienda kudenga.

Imwe yeiyi inogona kunge iri kopi yekunyorwa?

Hapana kana imwe yeidzi shanduko inoita mutsauko wakakura kurondedzero – zvirokwazvo zvichiri kuita zvine musoro pasina chimwe chazvo. Kashoma kuti izvi zviitike kana mitsetse kana zvirevo zvikasiiwa netsaona. Uye kugovera kunoshamisa – nemagwaro ekuMadokero ane zvimwe zvimedu mundima yekutanga uye maviri eAlexandria mune yechipiri. Kazhinji, chinyorwa chekuMadokero chine zvimwe zvekuwedzera, kugadzirisa 6.5% kureba uye kuita kuti izivikanwe se 'kureba’ mhando.

Sei munhu angawedzera kana kudzima mazwi aya nemaune asi ane zvaari kuita? Pamwe tsananguro inonzwisisika yakapihwa izvi ndeyekuti imwe yeidzi shanduro inomiririra gwaro rekutanga raRuka.. ndokubva, apo Ruka akanga achigadzira kopi huru yaifanira kuparadzirwa kumakereke, anogona kunge akaita shanduko diki dzekupepeta kuti avandudze zvinyorwa uye kusiya zvisingakoshi ruzivo. Asi pane musiyano mukuru mumwe usingatsananguriki zviri nyore…

Dare reJerusarema

Ini ndichatanga nekutora zvakare kubva kuCanon Wilson's composite text, kutanga namashoko okupedzisira aJakobho’ muchidimbu:

Naizvozvi ndinogura kuti tirege kutambudza pakati pevahedheni vakatendeukira kuna Mwari: asi tinovaraira kuti vabve pazvinosvibisa zvifananidzo, uye kubva paupombwe, uye kubva pane chakadzipwa uye kubva muropa: uye kuti chero zvavasingadi kuti zviitwe kwavari, musaitira vamwe vamwe. Nekuti Mozisi unavo kubva kumazera ekare vanomuparidza paguta rimwe nerimwe, ichiverengwa mumasinagoge sabata rimwe nerimwe.

Ipapo zvakava zvakanaka kuvapostori navakuru, nekereke yose, kuti asarudze varume pakati pavo akavatuma kuAndiyoki naPauro naBhanabhasi, Judas akafona Bharabhasi, naSirasi, varume vakuru pakati pehama. Uye vakanyora tsamba nemaoko avo ine zvinotevera. Vaapostora nevakuru kuhama dzekuvahedheni paAndiyokiya, neSiria, neKirikia, kwaziso: Nekuti takanzwa kuti vamwe vakabva kwatiri vakakutambudzai nemashoko;, vachiparadza mweya yenyu; vatisina kuraira; zvakava zvakanaka kwatiri, vasvika pamwoyo mumwe, kusarudza varume, uye uzvitumire kwauri pamwe chete wako vadikanwa Bhanabhasi naPauro, vanhu vakapira upenyu hwavo nekuda kwezita raIshe wedu Jesu Kristu mukuedza kwose. Naizvozvo tatuma Judhasi naSirasi, ivo vachataurawo zvimwe chete kwamuri neshoko remuromo. Nekuti zvakaonekwa zvakanaka kuMweya Mutsvene nekwatiri, kuti ndirege kuisa pamusoro penyu mutoro mukuru kunze kwezvinhu izvi zvakafanira; kuti murege zvibayiro zvezvifananidzo, uye kubva muropa, uye kubva pazvinhu zvakadzipwa, uye kubva paupombwe uye zvose zvamusingadi, muitirwe imi, musaitira mumwe. kana mukazvidzora pazviri, munoita zvakanaka, uchitsigirwa naMweya Mutsvene. Mufambe zvakanaka.

Ichi chisarudzo chedare chakanga chiri chimwe chezvinjo zvikuru munhau yechechi: asi shanduro yekuMadokero inosiya mazwi, ‘uye kubva pazvinhu zvakadzipwa,’ nepo shanduro yeAlexandria ichisiya, ‘uye zvose zvamusingadi ngazviitirwe kwamuri, musaitira mumwe.’ Zvikamu zviviri izvi zvaigona sei, iyo nekutarisa kwekunze inoita kunge yakasiyana zvakanyanya, rive basa remunyori mumwe chete? Zvinoita serufu rwepfungwa iyi.

Asi kana idzi shanduro dzakanyatsosiyana, zvino isu tichiri kufanira kubvunza kuti ndeipi yakanaka, uye nei?

Zvisinei, tisati taita izvi tinofanirawo kunongedzera kuti, chero shanduro yatinogamuchira, pane imwe inomaly inoda kuziva. Hapana shanduro inopindura zvakananga mubvunzo wekutanga wakaunzwa pamberi pekanzuru; izvo zvaiva, ‘VaKristu vemamwe marudzi vanofanira kudzingiswa here?’ (Ona Mabasa 15:1-2 uye 5-6, pazasi.)

Vamwe varume vakaburuka vachibva kuJudhea vakadzidzisa hama, achiti, kunze kwekuti madzingiswa uye famba maererano netsika yaMozisi, hamugoni kuponeswa. Ipapo Pauro naBhanabhasi vakakava nekupesana kukuru nekukakavadzana navo, nokuti Pauro wakasimbisa kuti vagare savakatenda; asi vaya vakanga vabva kuJerusarema, akavapa mhosva, Pauro naBhanabhasi nevamwe ye ivo, kuti akwire kuJerusarema kuvapostori navakuru kuti vagotongwa pamberi pavo nezvemubvunzo uyu.

… Asi vaya vakanga vavarayira kuti vakwire kuvakuru, kuva vamwe vebato ravaFarisi vaitenda, vakasimuka vachiti, Zvakakodzera kuvadzingisa, uye kuvarayira kuti vachengete murayiro waMozisi.

Vaapositori nevakuru vakuungana pamwe kuti vaongorore shoko iri. …

Zvinogona kuonwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvakaumbwa kuti shanduro mbiri idzi dzinobvumirana kuti kudzingiswa ndiyo yaiva nyaya huru: asi mhinduro yekanzuru haizvidudzi zvakananga, vachitarisa pane yechipiri nyaya yekuti vemamwe marudzi vanofanira kusvika papi mukuchengeta kwavo mitemo yemaJuda.

Sei? Zvakanaka, isu tinofanirwa kufunga kuti aive ani akataura mazwi ekupedzisira echirevo. Akanga asiri Petro, akanga ari munhu wokutanga akasarudzwa naMwari kuti aparidze vhangeri kuvaHedheni: asi Jakobho munun'una waJesu. Jakobho akanga ava de facto leader wekereke yeJerusarema vaapositori vasipo (c.f. Mabasa 12:17) uye akawana ruremekedzo rukuru rwakadaro nokuda kwokubata kwake nounyanzvi ukama hwechiJudha nechiKristu (kunyange kubva kuvasiri vaKristu, vakadai somunyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiJudha Josephus), kuti akazozivikanwa sa‘Jakobho Wakarurama.’

Iye zvino tava kuziva kubva mutsamba dzaPauro nezvitsauko zvinotevera zveMabasa kuti nyaya yekudzingiswa yakanga yakadzika midzi mukufunga kwevaJudha uye haina kungoenda.. Mutemo wechiJudha wairambidza vaKristu vasina kudzingiswa kuti vabatane nehama dzavo dzechiJudha muchivanze chomukati chetemberi (ona Mabasa 21:27-9). Uye kunyange Petro naBhanabhasi vakazengurira pamusoro pokuti vaKristu vechiJudha vaifanira kudya here kana kuti kwete pamwe chete neveMamwe Marudzi vasina kudzingiswa. (VaG 2:11-13). saka, kana tichitarisa chirevo pachacho, zvatiri kuona chirevo chekare chezvematongerwo enyika, yaitaurwa nemumwe aive nehunyanzvi hwekubata nyaya dzetsika idzi dzakaoma. Inoita chiziviso chakashinga pane izvo zvikamu zvenhaurirano pane chibvumirano chinogoneka, zvichireva kubvuma pfungwa yokuti vaKristu Vemamwe Marudzi havafaniri kudzingiswa kuti vaponeswe.; asi pasina kuenda kusvika pakutaura zvakajeka kuti havafanirwe kudaro.

Zvino ngatitarisei zvakanyanya pamisiyano pakati peshanduro mbiri idzi:

The Western Version

Shanduro iyi inorava, ‘murege zvinobayirwa zvidhori, uye kubva muropa, uye kubva paupombwe, uye nezvose zvamusingadi, ngazviitirwe kwamuri, musaitira mumwe.’

Izvi zvinotaridzika sekutaura kwakanyatsojeka kwetsika dzetsika. Kunamata zvidhori noufeve zvakanga zviri zvinetso zvakajairika mutsika dzevahedheni uye zvinongofanira kutarisirwa kuti kudziviswa kweizvi., pamwe chete nokuchengeta ‘mutemo wendarama’ (zvichibva pana Jesu’ dzidziso yakajeka muMt 22:39) zvinofanira kuva zvinosungirwa kune chero munhu anozviti muKristu. Asi zvinorehwa nokurega ‘ropa’ zvichida haina kujeka. Kurega kudeura ropa uku (kuuraya, etc.)¹ kana kuti zvinofanira kutorwa kusanganisira kudzivisa kunwa ropa (sezvaiitwa mune dzimwe tsika dzechihedheni) kana kudya nyama iyo ropa rakanga risina kunyatsobuda?

The Alexandrian Version

Izvi zvinoudza VaHedeni Vakristu kuti, ‘murege zvinobayirwa zvidhori, uye kubva muropa, uye kubva pazvinhu zvakadzipwa, uye kubva paupombwe.’

Musiyano uri pachena apa ndiko kusiiwa kwekureva 'mutemo wegoridhe’ kuti ‘zvose zvamusingadi, muitirwe imi, musaitira mumwe.’ Zvamazvirokwazvo ikoko kwaizova chinodikanwa kumunhu upi noupi anozviti muKristu? Ehe, zvirokwazvo: asi vatsigiri veshanduro yeAlexandria vanogona kutaura zviri pamutemo izvozvo, sezvo izvi zvisiri izvo zvaive mubvunzo wekutanga, chaizvoizvo zvakanga zvisingakoshi kuti chirevo chitaure zviri pachena. Asi pasina mubvunzo zvairehwa - uye pamwe zvakasimbiswa - munhaurirano refu dzakaitika.

Zvakadiniko nenongedzero yakajeka ku‘zvinhu zvakadzipwa?’ Izvi zvinonakidza, sezvainokarakadza kuti mitemo yezvokudya yakanga iri imwe yenzvimbo huru dzechinetso uye kuti bato rechiJudha raida kuti zvive pachena kuti murairo wokurega kudya chinhu chipi nechipi usina kutanga wabudisa ropa roupenyu hwaro waifanira kuchengetwa zvizere.. Vamwe vanoona izvi sekuedza kuunza pfungwa yese yekuchengeta mutemo wemhemberero nemusuwo wekuseri: asi kwakanga kunewo rutivi runoshanda zvikuru kwairi. VaKristu vechiJudha vaigona sei kugoverana chirairo choruwadzano nehama dzavo dzechiHedheni kana pakanga pasina vimbiso yokuti zvokudya zvacho zvakanga zviri ‘kosher.?’

Uchapupu hunobva kuMadzibaba eChechi Yokutanga.

Irenaeus, achitaura ndima iyi zvakadzama ('Muvengi wevanyengeri,’ Bhuku 3, ch.12.14 – c.130AD) zvinonyatsotevera shanduro yekuMadokero, vasingataure nezve ‘zvinhu zvakadzipwa.’ Tertullian (PaKuzvibata,’ ch. 12 – c.200) rinoratidzika richidudza shanduro yeWestern: asi anosiya mutemo wegoridhe pamwe chete ‘nezvinhu zvakadzipwa.’ Cyprian (“Kuna Kirinosi uchapupu hunopikisa vaJudha,’ Bhuku 3.119 – c.250) inodudza shanduro yokuMadokero. Asi Jerome (‘Kutsinhira pamusoro paVaGaratia’ – c.388) mukukurukura navaGaratia 5 anodaro:

“… vakuru vaiva paJerusarema, navapostori, vari pamwe chete vakaungana, vakagadzwa netsamba dzavo kuti joko remurairo rirege kuiswa pavari, kana zvimwe zvakaonekwa; asi kuti vangozvichengeta pazvinhu zvakabayirwa kuzvifananidzo, kubva muropa, uye kubva paupombwe; kana, sezvazvakanyorwa mune mamwe makopi, kubva ‘zvinhu zvakadzipwa,’ kana kuti ‘chinhu chipi nechipi chakadzipwa.’”

Ndeipi kuverenga kwakanyanya?

Nezve mutemo wegoridhe, zvinoita sezvisingabviri kuti chero munhu angadzime nemaune kubva murugwaro. Uye, sezvo yanga isiri iyo nyaya pane hapana chikonzero chinomanikidza nei yaifanira kunge yakabatanidzwa mumutemo zvachose.. Asi, kuva chikamu chikuru chakadaro chedzidziso yaKristu, uye saka zviri pachena kusapokana, zvinonyanya kushamisa kuti chero munyori angadai akasiya mazwi aya kunze, Kana vaizivikanwa kuva rutivi rwetsamba yokutanga. Uye kana vakanga vasiiwa netsaona, hazvigoneke zvakanyanya kuti chikanganiso chingadai chisina kucherechedzwa uye chisina kugadziriswa mumakopi anotevera. Saka chokwadi chekuti haipo kubva mumakopi akawanda igakava rakasimba rekuti harina kuve chikamu chakakosha chetsamba yekutanga yevaapostora.. Asi zvinogoneka zvakanyanya kuti zvakasimbiswa pachena panguva yenhaurirano mukati mekanzuru; saka mishumo yekutaura nezvechisarudzo chekanzuru chingave chakaita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti chakabatanidzwa mutsamba yacho..

Mubvunzo wakakosha unotariswa nemutemo, ‘Chii, kana ani, zvimwe zvinodiwa zvemutemo wechiJudha ndeveMamwe Marudzi vanotarisirwawo kuchengeta?’ Kune izvi mhinduro ndeyekuti, ‘murege zvinobayirwa zvidhori, uye kubva muropa, [uye kubva pazvinhu zvakadzipwa?] uye kubva paupombwe.’ Sei izvi? Nekuti inzvimbo dzinokosha dzetsika umo tsika dzevaHedeni dzakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuchiJudha. Kunamata vanamwari venhema nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana erezinesi revatano kwakapararira. Uye hupenyu hwakachipa. KumuJudha, kunyange upenyu hwemhuka hwaiva chipo chinokosha chaMwari uye hunofanira kuremekedzwa; nepo marudzidziso mazhinji echihedheni aifarira kuteurwa kweropa sechiratidzo chokuzviisa pasi pohumwe upenyu kune hwomunhu amene..

Asi kana ‘zvinhu zvakadzipwa’ rakanyorwa zviri pamutemo muchirevo chepakutanga kana kuti chisina kunyorwa, asi akabvuma kuva akajeka mumurayiro wokurega ropa, - kana zvimwe kuwedzera kwepashure - kune fungidziro.

Zvaita nharo, zvichibva pana Amosi 9:11-12 (inodudzwa naJakobho pakupfupikisa kwake muna Mabasa 15:16-17), pamwe chete nezvitsauko zvaRevhitiko 17-18, kuti zvose zvina zveizvi zvinodiwa pakutanga zvaisangoshanda kuvanhu vechiJudha chete, asiwo kuvatorwa vaigara pakati pavo (ona ‘Bhuku raMabasa muMamiriro aro ePalestine (Bhuku reMabasa muMagadzirirwo aro omuzana remakore rokutanga, Vol 4),’ ed. Richard Baukham, ISBN: 978-0802847898, pp. 450 &ff.)

Saizvozvo, Revhitiko 17:8-13 inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo wokusadya ropa unofanira kushanda kwete kuvaJudha chete; uyewo kumutorwa upi noupi agere pakati pavo. Sezvambotaurwa, iyoyi yaizova nhau nenzira isingadzivisiki apo vaKristu vechiJudha naVamarudzi vaigoverana chidyo choruwadzano pamwe chete. wo, chikonzero chikuru chechiitiko ichi, yakapiwa muna Revh 17:11, ndechokuti ropa rinomiririra upenyu hwemhuka huri kupiwa sechibayiro chokuyananisa; uye yananiso yakadaro yaigona bedzi kuitwa nenzira yakarongwa naMwari amene. Saka, dai izvi zvaisaita, ipapo ropa raifanira kudururirwa pasi uye risadyiwa (Revhitiko 17:12-13).

Uyezve, hapana muTestamende Yekare panorambidzwa kudzipwa zvakajeka; panzvimbo, ipfungwa ine musoro kubva pane zviri pamusoro, sezvo ichidzivirira kubuda ropa zvakanaka. Kana mutemo weTestamente Yekare pachawo waisada murairo wakanangana nekudzipwa, nei zvingaonekwa zvakakosha kuisa imwe mumutemo weKanzuru? Kunyange zvazvo tichiziva kuti kwakanga kune idzi shanduro mbiri dzenhoroondo yaRuka dzaiparadzirwa, zvinocherechedzwa kuti hapana humbowo hwekukakavadzana kwakakomba pamusoro pezvakanaka kana kuipa kwekudzipa. (Asi, mukupesana ne, pane ufakazi hwakawanda hwekurukurirano pamusoro pokuti vaKristu Vemamwe Marudzi vanofanira kusvika kure zvakadini mukudzivisa nyama yakabayirwa kuzvidhori.!)

Ona zvakare kuti hapana zano muna Revhitiko rekuti ichi chinodiwa chinofanira kushandiswa kune Vemamwe Marudzi vaisagara munzvimbo inodzorwa nevaJudha.. Uyewo hazviratidzike kuti vaJudha vaJesu’ zuva raitarisira kuti mutemo uyu waifanira kushanda kuvaHedheni mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Panzvimbo, sokuoneka kunoita manyuko aRabhi mumakore anotevera kuparadzwa kweJerusarema, tinowana humbowo huchiri kubuda hwekubvumirana kuti mutemo wega wechikafu unoshanda kune vasiri maJuda ndiyo 'Noahide’ mutemo unorambidza kudya nhengo yakabvamburwa pamhuka mhenyu.² Kunzwira tsitsi uku kuvaHedheni vanogara kune imwe nzvimbo kunobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei kurambidzwa kweropa uye kudzipa kwakakonzera kukakavara kuduku kana kunetseka mumachechi eVemamwe Marudzi.. Kunze kwaIsraeri, chaingova nechokuita nokudzivisa kugumbura hama dzavo dzechiJudha.

Nokudaro, Ndinofunga zvakanaka kutaura izvozvo, kupiwa murayiro wokurega ‘ropa,’ kudzivisa ‘zvinhu zvakadzipwa’ zvaizoonekwa sechinodikanwa chakajeka, uye saka zvakanyanya kusapokana. Zvisinei, dzidziso dzevanarabhi dzaJesu’ zuva rakataura nezve izvi; uye, sezvatotaurwa, apo vaJudha neVemamwe Marudzi vakaungana kuti vadye kwaizova kunokosha kuti vatori vechikamu vechiJudha vave nechivimbo chokuti zvokudya zvavo zvakanga zviri ‘kosher.’ Naizvozvo zvinogoneka kuti iyi yakawedzerwa secodicil, nokuda kwokunzvenga kukahadzika.

Irini uye sei shanduko idzi dzinonyanya kuitika?

Paizove paine chidimbu chidiki chekuwedzera 'zvinhu zvakadzipwa’ ndima pashure pokunge makopi etsamba atoparadzirwa kumativi emachechi eVemamwe Marudzi. Saka nguva inobvira zvikuru yeiyi yaizova apo tsamba yacho pachayo yakanga ichinyorwa, kana pakarepo mushure, kupera kwemusangano. Vatobvuma kurega ropa, izvi zvingadai zvisina kuunza dambudziko.

Pane rimwe divi, nekure tsanangudzo inonzwisisika yekusabatanidzwa kwemutemo wegoridhe ndeyekuti haina kunzi inofanirwa.. Kana usina kutevera Jesu’ dzidziso dzekutanga, haungagoni kuva muKristu zvakadaro!

Luke akatadza here?

Tsananguro inobvira yekusiyana uku iri mumubvunzo, ‘Panguva ipi Ruka akatanga kuwana kopi chaiyo yevaapostora’ tsamba?’ Chinyorwa cheAlexandria chinowanzoita sechipfupi, yakakwenenzverwa, mhando, zvichitungamira kumhedziso yekuti iyi yaive chinyorwa chaRuka chakapedzwa uye zvinyorwa zvekuMadokero zvinogona kunge zviri zvekutanga kunyorwa kwaRuka..

Mune shanduro yeAlexandria, Ruka pachake anotanga kuuya murondedzero iri muna Mabasa 16:4-10, kwaanova mumwe weboka raPauro paTroasi. Izvi zvakaitika pashure pokunge Pauro naSirasi vapedza kuendesa zvirevo kukereke uye nguva pfupi vasati vagamuchira kudanwa kwaShe kunzvimbo yakanga isati yambova evhangeri yeMasedhonia.. Zvino zvinoita sokuti Ruka akasara kuFiripi pashure pokusungwa nokusunungurwa kwaPauro naSirasi (cf. Mabasa 16:16-17:1), pakupedzisira akabatana naPauro kupfuura 4 makore akati gare gare sezvaakadzokera kuFiripi (c.f. Mabasa 18:11, 19:8-10 & 20:3-6) .

Zvisinei, shanduro yokuMadokero yaMabasa 11:27-28 anoverenga, “Zvino nemazuva iwayo, vaporofita vakaburukira kuAndiyokiya vachibva kuJerusarema. Uye mufaro wakava mukuru; uye patakanga takaungana pamwe chete mumwe wavo ainzi Agabhusi akasimuka akataura, …” Izvi zvinoreva kuti Ruka akanga aripo pachake panguva yaAgabhasi’ visit; kunyange Ruka akasvika naAgabhusi, kana kuti akanga atova mukereke yomuAndioki, kana kuti akagara ikoko nguvai nenguva iyo hazvizivikanwi.³ Asi pane chimwezve chinhu chisingakoshi mushanduro yekuMadokero yaMabasa 12:10 izvo zvinofadza. Petro paakabudiswa mujeri nemutumwa, Ruka anowedzera kuti, vachipfuura napasuo resimbi rokunze, ivo ‘wakadzika nhanho nomwe.’ Ruzivo urwu rwunoita serusina maturo kune wekunze uye nekudaro rwakadzimwa mushanduro yeAlexandria; asi kubatanidzwa kwayo mune zvinoita sekunge zvakanyorwa naRuka kunoratidza kuti iye pachake ainyatsoziva migwagwa yeJerusarema..

Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti mumwe wemanyuko makuru aRuka eruzivo rwezvitsauko zvekutanga zveevhangeri yake aive Maria., uyo Johani akanga atora kubva panzvimbo yokurovererwa akamuendesa kune imwe imba muJerusarema (c.f. Jn 19:27; 20:2; Mabasa 1:14; 8:1). Saka zvinogoneka kuti Ruka aive muJerusarema panguva yedare: kunyange zvazvo zvisingaiti kuti akanga aripo pamusangano wekanzuru pachawo. Zvinoitawo kufunga kuti angave aiva muAndiyoki Pauro naBhanabhasi pavakadzoka vachibva kuJerusarema nemakopi emirayiro.; asi kushandiswa kwomunhu wechitatu munhoroondo yose yaRuka yenguva iyoyo, kusvikira makopi okupedzisira echirevo apiwa, inoita kuti izvi zvisanyanya kuitika.

Saizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kuti, Ruka paakatanga kuunganidza nhoroondo yake yekereke yekutanga, mashoko ake pamusoro peDare reJerusarema akanga akavakirwa pamishumo yamashoko bedzi. Naizvozvo zvinogoneka kuti hapana kutaurwa kwanga kwaitwa kwezvisina kukosha zvine chekuita nekudzipwa: asi kuti akanga avimbiswa kuti, 'ehe saizvozvo,’ vaKristu vose vaitarisirwa kutevera mutemo wendarama. Zvisinei, Ruka aive akaomerera pakutsanangura chokwadi; saka ndisati ndabudisa shanduro yekupedzisira yeMabasa, nenzira yomuzvarirwo angadai akatsvaka kusimbisa mashoko chaiwoiwo, kana zvichibvira, nokutsvaka kopi yakanyorwa yomurayiro uye kugadzirisa chinyorwa chake maererano.

Sei chinyorwa chekuMadokero chakabudiswa?

Zvingangodaro kuti kunyora kwaRuka kwakaunganidzwa mukati menzendo dzake. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti zvikamu izvozvo zverondedzero paanoshandisa ‘isu’ panzvimbo yekuti ‘ivo’ anowanzo kuve neruzivo rwakadzama pane izvo zvinoenderana nezvishumo zvevamwe vanhu. Asi pano tiri kutaura pamusoro pezvinyorwa: kwete vagadziri vemashoko. Yangonyorwa, kururamisa kwakanga kwakaoma uye kwaigona kuvhiringa: nokudaro kudiwa kweshanduro yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziriswa yekupedzisira, yakakodzera kukopa uye kusunungurwa kwakazara.

Asi zvine musoro kufunga kuti Ruka angadai akachengeta yekutanga kuti ataure zvake. Maererano netsika, akafa achembera 84 pakati peGirisi uye akavigwa muThebes. Saka kana gwaro rake rakapfuura mune mamwe maoko, zvinokwanisika kuti ingadai yakachengetedzwa uye yakazokopwa, zvichiita kuti pave nezvava kunzi rugwaro rwokuMadokero.

Mhedziso

Pakutanga misiyano iri munhoroondo dzeDare reJerusarema inoita seinoparadza pfungwa yokuti rugwaro rwokuMadokero rwakanga rwuri chinyorwa chokutanga chaRuka.. Asi, kana humbowo hwese hwatariswa, dzidziso iyi inoita seinopa tsananguro inonzwisisika yemisiyano iyoyo.

Mashoko omuzasi

1. Canon Wilson pachake akanga ane pfungwa yakasimba yokuti ‘ropa’ inofanira kududzirwa sechirambidzo chetsika pakuponda, kwete somutemo wezvokudya; uye kuti mutemo wegoridhe pakutanga waiva chikamu chechirevo cheKanzuru. (Maona here kuti awane kuratidzwa kuzere kwemaonero ake panyaya iyi uye zvakawanda zvinofadza zvekuwedzera kuona.) Zvisinei, kana mutemo wegoridhe wakanga wabatanidzwa, paisazova nedikanwo yerambidzo chaiyoiyo yokuponda; saizvozvo, kuchera uye dzimwe mhosva dzakawanda zvose zvinorambidzwa nemutemo mumwe iwoyo: nepo ufeve nokunamata zvidhori zvakasimudzirwa zvakafara sezvinhu zvinodikanwa munyika zhinji dzeVemamwe Marudzi - sezvazviri nhasi..
2. Pakanga paine 7 Noahide’ mitemo; izvo zvakarangarirwa kuva zvinosungirwa kurudzi rwose rwomunhu kubvira panguva yaNoa. Rondedzero yekutanga yakazara yevaRabhi yeiyi inobva kuTosefta Avodah Zarah 9:4, iyo inoti: “Mirairo minomwe yakarairwa nevanakomana vaNoa: (1) maererano nekutongwa (aiziva), (2) pamusoro pokunamata zvifananidzo (avodah zvimedu), (3) maererano nokumhura Mwari, (quilelat ha-shem), (4) uye pamusoro poupombwe (gilui arayot), (5) uye pamusoro pekuteura ropa (shefikh damim) uye (6) maererano nougororo (ha-companion) uye (7) pamusoro penhengo yakabvamburwa kubva kumhuka mhenyu (ha-hayy yangu).” (Yakatorwa kubva ‘The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion’ naMarc David Baer et.al., Pg. 591. © Oxford University Press, 2014.) Iyo Tosefta yakatanga kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu; asi inogona kuratidza mhedziso dzegakava raRabhi kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga. Item (7) inobva pana Gen 9:4 , “Asi nyama nehupenyu hwayo, ropa rayo, hamufaniri kudya.” Item (5), pane rimwe divi, zvinoreva kuponda: kwete mitemo yezvokudya. Kuti uwane hurukuro yakazara yeizvi, ona Maimonides’ 12basa rezana remakore, 'Mishneh Torah, Sefer Shoftim, Madzimambo neHondo,’ 8:10-9:14.
3. Rugwaro rwokuMadokero rwaMabasa 11:27-28 anewo kufarira kuzivisa kuti Ruka angangove ainyatsozivana naManaeni, Mukoma wokurera waHerodhi uye shamwari yepamwoyo (Mabasa 13:1); nokudaro zvichimuita kuti awane mashoko ane udzame omukati ane chokuita nenhau dzedare raHerodhi.