Tisanapitirire ku chiphunzitso chenicheni cha Yesu, kungakhale kothandiza kuona mwachidule mmene kamvedwe kake ka Baibulo ka nkhani imeneyi kapitirire.

Chibvumbulutso Chopita patsogolo

M’pofunika kumvetsetsa kuti Baibulo limapereka chivumbulutso chopita patsogolo cha chifuniro cha Mulungu kwa anthu. Yoyamba, munthu anakhala mumkhalidwe wa chiyanjano ndi Mulungu ndipo ali ndi mwayi wokhazikika wa ‘Mtengo wa Moyo’ zomwe zinatha kutipanga kukhala osakhoza kufa (Gen 3:22). Choncho, funso, ‘Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani tikafa?’ zinali zosafunikira; ndipo patangopita nthawi yomweyo uchimo wa Adamu sizinawoneke ngati zambiri zidachitika - kupatula kuti ubale wa munthu ndi Mulungu unasweka ndipo adathamangitsidwa m'munda wa Edeni.. Koma tsopano, monga momwe analonjezera mwachinyengo ndi Njoka, anthu anakhala ‘ngati Mulungu, kudziwa bwino ndi zoipa.’ Patsogolo, zomwe zinamuchitikira zinali zabwino zokha: tsopano anayamba kukumana ndi zoipa (zonse zamkati ndi zakunja), chozizwitsa cha moyo watsopano, kuwawidwa mtima kwa chidani ndi imfa ndi kulephera kochititsa mantha kuzindikira zimene zikanam’chitikira iye atamwalira. Panthawi ino, chimene ankadziwa n’chakuti thupi lake liyenera kuwolanso pansi.

Koma iye anali ndi chitonthozo chimodzi chachikulu. Mulungu amene chidaliro chake anachipereka anali kumusamalirabe (Gen 3:21) ndipo anali ataneneratu motsutsa Njoka: “Ndidzaika udani pakati pa iwe ndi mkazi, ndi pakati pa ana anu ndi ana ake. Adzavulala mutu wanu, ndipo iwe udzalalira chidendene chake.” (Gen 3:15) Adamu kapena Njoka sanadziwe tanthauzo la zimenezi. Poyeneradi, kunali kofunika kuti Njoka isadziwe: chifukwa chinali mbali ya dongosolo la Mulungu kuti Njokayo ikhale ndi phande m’kubweretsa kugwa kwake..

Koma timalankhula nzeru za Mulungu mwachinsinsi, nzeru imene yabisika, zimene Mulungu anazikonzeratu zisadakhale zolengedwa ku ulemerero wathu, chimene palibe mmodzi wa olamulira a dziko lapansi adachidziwa. Pakuti akadadziwa, sakanapachika Ambuye wa ulemerero. (1Co 2:7-8)

Patapita zaka zambiri, Mulungu anavumbula zambiri zokhudza cholinga chake chachikulu: koma nthawi zonse m'njira zomwe anapitiriza kubisa njira yake yomaliza pamene amatiphunzitsa zambiri za mfundo za ubwino wa Mulungu ndi chilungamo - ndi kufunikira kofunikira kwa kukhazikitsa ubale wa chikhulupiriro ndi Mulungu..

• Gen 5:24. Enoke anazimiririka tsiku lina m’mikhalidwe yosagwirizana ndi mfundo zomveka. Kodi mayendedwe ake anangotha ​​mwadzidzidzi ndi chovala chotayidwa ndipo palibe chizindikiro chakulimbana, monga Eliya m’zaka zotsatira (2Kings 2:11-13)? Sitikudziwa: koma otsalira adatsimikiza kuti, chifukwa adadziwika kuti adayika kuyandikira kwa Mulungu kukhala chinthu choyambirira, Mulungu ayenera kuti anakwaniritsa zimene ankafuna.
• Gen 6:5-8:22. Zoipa zikuchulukirachulukira kwambiri moti Mulungu waona kuti m’pofunika kuletsa kufalikira kwake mwa chiweruzo cha imfa mwamsanga.. Nowa yekha - munthu amene, monga Enoke, anayenda ndi Mulungu, adakhala molungama ndi kumvera mawu a Mulungu - amapulumuka chiweruzo chanthawi yomweyo, pamodzi ndi banja lake.
• …ndipo nkhaniyi ikupitilira, ndi zochitika zotsatizana kulimbikitsa chimodzi, zina kapena zonse ziwiri mfundo yakuti Mulungu adzabwezera zoipa kwa ochita zoipa: koma kuti, mwanjira ina, mosasamala kanthu za kuipa koonekeratu ndi imfa zimene zinagwera anthu, Mulungu anali kufunabe kukhala kwathu ndipo imfa siyenera kukhala mathero kwa iwo amene amamufunadi Iye.

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti panalibe maulosi ena onena za kubwera kwa Yesu. Pamene nthawi inkapita, zinali zambiri.

Zokhudza chipulumutso ichi, aneneri anafunafuna ndi kufufuza mwakhama, amene adanenera za chisomo chimene chidzadza kwa inu, kufunafuna ndani kapena nthawi yanji Mzimu wa Khristu, amene anali mwa iwo, analoza ku, pamene adaneneratu masautso a Khristu, ndi ulemerero umene udzawatsata iwo. (1Pe 1:10-11)

Komabe, Sizikudziwikabe kuti maulosi amenewa adzakwaniritsidwe bwanji; ndi okhulupirira payekha nthawi zina kusinthana pakati pa chiyembekezo ndi kutaya mtima. Ndipereka zitsanzo zina ziwiri za mafanizo ena…

Job, m’kati mwa kudandaula kwake konse, imatuluka ndi chidziŵitso chenicheni chauzimu:

ndidziwa kuti Muomboli wanga ali moyo, ndi kuti potsirizira pake adzaima pa dziko lapansi. Ndipo khungu langa litawonongedwa, koma m’thupi langa ndidzaona Mulungu; (Job 19:25-26)

Momwe tingadziwire, Yobu sanauzidwepo zimenezi ndi Mulungu kapena mneneri aliyense wam’mbuyo. Pamenepo, zikuwoneka kuchokera Job 7:9 kuti lingaliro ili silinamufikepo kale. Komabe iye sakuwoneka kuti akugwirizana mwauzimu ndi Mulungu panthawiyo! Iye akungowerenga zowunikira kuchokera muzochita zakale za Mulungu ndi munthu ndikuyika chikhulupiriro chake mu ubwino ndi chilungamo chenicheni cha Mulungu.. Chotero akumaliza kunena kuti chipulumutso chiyenera kubwera – ngakhale adikire mpaka kutha kwa dziko.

Pali chitsanzo chofanana mu Psalm 49:1-20. Wamasalmo akulongosola zimenezi kukhala ‘mwambi’ - funso lomwe likuwoneka kuti lilibe yankho lomveka koma lomveka pamene potsirizira pake likuwoneka bwino. Amayamba ndikufunsa kuti zili bwanji kuti ayang'ane zam'tsogolo popanda mantha, pamene nthawi zili zoipa komanso ngakhale kuti amadziwa tchimo lake. Kenako akufanizira izi ndi kudzidalira kodzikuza kwa amene apeza bwino ndi udindo padziko lapansi.; kusonyeza kuti sangathe ngakhale kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo ndipo zonse zimapita pachabe. Akumaliza ndi mawu awa:

Aikidwa kukhala nkhosa za ku Shelo. Imfa idzakhala m'busa wawo. Owongoka mtima adzawalamulira m’bandakucha. Kukongola kwawo kudzawola ku Manda, kutali ndi nyumba zawo zazikulu. Koma Mulungu adzawombola moyo wanga ku mphamvu ya kumanda, pakuti adzandilandira Ine. Sela. Osachita mantha munthu akalemetsedwa, pamene ulemerero wa nyumba yake udzachuluka. pakuti akadzafa sadzatenga kanthu;. Ulemerero wake sudzatsika pambuyo pake. Ngakhale pamene iye anali moyo iye anadalitsa moyo wake– ndipo anthu amakutamandani podzichitira nokha zabwino– adzamuka ku mibadwo ya makolo ake. Sadzawona kuwala konse. Munthu wachuma wopanda nzeru, ali ngati nyama zimene zikuwonongeka. (Psa 49:14-20)

Shelo

‘Shelo’ ndilo liwu lachihebri lotanthauza ‘malo a Akufa;’ limatchulidwanso nthaŵi zina m’Chipangano Chakale kukhala ‘dzenje’ (Ezekiel 31:16). M'Chingerezi, kaŵirikaŵiri limatembenuzidwa mophiphiritsira monga ‘manda;’ ngakhale pamene manda enieni akunenedwa, Chihebri chimagwiritsa ntchito liwu losiyana, kawirikawiri ‘manda.’ Mawu akuti Sheol amagwirizana pafupifupi ndi mawu achigiriki, ‘Hade;’ ndipo amamasuliridwa motero mu Chipangano Chatsopano ndi Septuagint Old Testament. Limamasuliridwanso kuti ‘Sheol’ kapena ‘Hade’ m’matembenuzidwe amakono a Chingelezi.

Ezekiel 32:18-32 chikufotokoza za Shelo ngati dzenje lalikulu mmene akufa amitundu yosiyanasiyana akwiriridwa m’magulumagulu; ena ali ndi zizindikiro zambiri za ulemu kuposa ena: koma akufa. Ena analimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti masomphenya a Ezekieli amenewa sananene chilichonse chokhudza Aisiraeli ndipo onse otchulidwa ndi osadulidwa.. Koma ena, ozindikira kuchimwa kwawo, ndipo kuona kuti palibe chiyembekezo chotsimikizirika cha kuuka kwa akufa kunawonabe imfa monga mapeto ndipo anaika chiyembekezo chawo pa kusangalala ndi madalitso ochuluka a Mulungu m’moyo uno.. Ngakhale Mfumu Hezekiya (mmodzi wa mafumu oopa Mulungu kwambiri a Yuda) akuyembekezeredwa kukathera ku Shelo, opanda chiyembekezo cha moyo wamtsogolo, pamene anamwalira:

Ndinatero, “Pakati pa moyo wanga ndimalowa pazipata za kumanda. Ndalandidwa zaka zanga zotsalira.” Ndinatero, “Ine sindikuwona Yah, Yah m’dziko la amoyo. Sindidzaonanso munthu pamodzi ndi okhala padziko lapansi. Nyumba yanga yachotsedwa, ndipo wachotsedwa kwa ine ngati hema wa mbusa. Ndazikulunga, ngati woluka nsalu, moyo wanga. Adzandichotsa pa nsalu yoluka. Kuyambira usana kufikira usiku mudzandithetsa. …Pakuti Shelo silingathe kukutamandani. Imfa singasangalale inu. Iwo amene atsikira kudzenje sangathe kuyembekezera choonadi chanu. (Isa 38:10-12,18)

Gehena

‘Gehena’ ndi chidule cha Chigiriki cha dzina lachihebri, ‘chigwa cha mwana wa Hinomu.’ Chigwa ichi, kunja kwa Yerusalemu, anali malo a mbiri yoipa. Pamene anthu achiyuda adachoka kwa Mulungu, anamanga ‘malo okwezeka’ (malo operekera nsembe) Apo; kumene ana ‘anapyozedwa pamoto’ (i.e. kupereka nsembe) kwa Mulungu wachikunja, Moleki. Mneneri Yeremiya ananena mawu otsatirawa motsutsa zimenezo:

+ Iwo amanga malo okwezeka a ku Tofeti, umene uli m’chigwa cha mwana wa Hinomu, kuti atenthe ana awo aamuna ndi aakazi pamoto; zomwe sindinazilamulire, ndiponso sizinabwere m’maganizo mwanga. Choncho, taonani, Masiku omwe abwera, atero hweh, kuti sudzatchedwanso Tofeti, kapena Chigwa cha mwana wa Hinomu, koma Chigwa chakupha: pakuti adzaika maliro m'Tofeti, mpaka palibe manda. Mitembo ya anthu awa idzakhala chakudya cha mbalame za m’mlengalenga, ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi; ndipo palibe wakuwaopseza. (Jer 7:31-33)

Jeremiah 19:1-15 akupanga chilengezo chotsimikizika kwambiri chokhudza malo ano; kutsindika kuti lidzadzazidwa ndi mitembo ya anthu amene asiya Mulungu; ndi kuti ngakhale Yerusalemu adzapangidwa monga iwo chifukwa cha kuipa kwa okhalamo.

Nthawi ya Kachisi Wachiwiri

Mkati mwa zaka zapakati pa kubwerera ku ukapolo ku Babulo ndi kubadwa kwa Yesu panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pa chiphunzitso pakati pa Ayuda.. Gulu lanzeru la Asaduki linakana lingaliro la angelo, mizimu, moyo pambuyo pa imfa ndi chiweruzo chomaliza monga zikhulupiriro chabe; pamene Afarisi anaumirira pa zenizeni zawo. Komabe, kumasulira kwa matanthauzo enieni a malemba okhudza nkhaniyo anali ongopeka, kutengera matanthauzidwe a arabi pawokha - komanso mosiyanasiyana. Koma pofika nthawi ya Yesu ‘Sheol’ kaŵirikaŵiri ankamvekedwa kutanthauza malo a akufa; Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti Afarisi anafika poganiza kuti Ayuda olungama sakanachita zoipa ndipo m’malo mwake adzalandiridwa limodzi ndi makolo akale kuti adikire chiukiriro chawo chomaliza m’nthawi ya Mesiya.. Umenewu unali mkhalidwe umene nthaŵi zina umatchedwa ‘Chifuwa cha Abrahamu.’

Pofika m'zaka za zana loyamba BC Chiaramu, osati Chihebri, chinakhala chinenero cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha Ayuda; ndipo chinali chizoloŵezi chofala kutsagana ndi kuŵerengedwa kwapoyera kwa malemba Achihebri ndi mawu ofotokozera vesi ndi vesi m’Chiaramu., amadziwika kuti Targum. Yoyamba, izi zidanenedwa pamtima: koma pofika chapakati pa zana loyamba AD iwo anali akudzipereka kulemba.

Ma Targums amawulula zimenezo, pa nthawi ya Yesu, ‘Gehena’ zidakhala zonena za malo pomwe Mulungu amalanga ochimwa - makamaka amitundu osakhulupirira.: komanso Ayuda. Komabe, kunaganiziridwa kuti payenera kukhala malire pa nthawi ya chilango choterocho ndi miyambo ya arabi yomwe inayamba m’nyengo imeneyi inakhazikitsa malire ochuluka a 12 miyezi. Ankakhulupirira kuti pambuyo pake munthu angakhale woyenerera kuukitsidwa kapena kuwonongedwa; yotsirizira ikufotokozedwa kukhala ‘Imfa Yachiŵiri.’ Munjira zambiri, choncho, miyambo ya arabi yonena za Gehena inali yofanana kwambiri ndi lingaliro lachikatolika la Purigatoriyo kuposa limene timalitcha Gehena..

Choncho pamene Yesu anayamba utumiki wake mfundo zotsatirazi zinali zitakhazikitsidwa kale m’malingaliro achiyuda, ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe chawo chenicheni chinapitirizabe kukhala nkhani yotsutsana:

• Shelo - Malo a Akufa.
• Chifuwa cha Abrahamu - malo omwe Ayuda olungama akanayembekezera chiukiriro chawo.
• Gehena - malo a chilango cha Mulungu, kutsatiridwa mwina ndi chiukiriro, kapena
• Imfa Yachiwiri - chiwonongeko kapena chikhalidwe cha imfa yamuyaya.

Werengani …