Corroboration los ntawm Non-Christian Qhov chaw

Thov nco ntsoov! Nplooj ntawv no muaj cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj. Nyem qhov txuas muab rau cov lus qhia ntxiv. Cov no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov qhabnias thiab cov muaj tseeb.

1. Dab tsi yuav tsum peb xav pom?

Nco ntsoov tias tam sim no peb tab tom nrhiav ntawm cov chaw tsis yog Christian. Dab tsi ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj keeb kwm yuav tsum peb saib rau? Cov lus thov tias Yexus yog tus Mexiyas, los yog tias nws sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los? Yeej tsis yog! Cov tsis yog ntseeg yuav tsis txais nws. Nws sib cav sib ceg Jewish, Roman thiab Greek cov tswv yim. Yog li peb cia siab tias tsis yog cov kws sau ntawv tsis yog.

Tsawg heev secular ntawv ciaj sia nyob ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Tswv Yexus. Yog li peb yuav tsum cia siab rau cov khoom los ntawm sai tom qab Yexus. Qee cov ntawv nyeem hais txog Yexus. Tsuas yog ob peb. Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm lawv yog kev cia siab. Thiab tej yam uas lawv hais tsis muaj.

Tacitus thiab Josephus yog ob qho zoo tshaj plaws. Cov ntawv tau lees paub tias yog qhabnias. Ob tus kws sau ntawv tau paub los xyuas lawv cov lus tseeb kom zoo.

Yav dhau los muaj lwm cov chaw. Lawv cov tswv yim yog sib tham los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tom qab ntseeg. Tab sis tus thawj ntawv tau ploj.

Tag nrho cov no yog sib tham luv luv hauv qab no. Peb tseem yuav tham txog qee qhov chaw so haujlwm tom qab thiab cov neeg Yudais.

2. Tacitus.

Tacitus yog ib tus neeg sau keeb kwm Roman thiab pej xeem hais lus uas tau nyob txij li 55-120ce. Nws raug lees paub tias yog ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov era. Nws tham txog qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Rome hauv 64ce. Tom qab ntawd nws hais qhov no:

“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” (Annals 15.44.)

“Nero xav kom ntsiag to cov lus hais no. Yog li ntawd nws tau cem ib pab pawg hu ua “Imimi”. Nws hais kom lawv raug tsim txom. Cov neeg ntxub cov ntseeg vim yog lawv cov kev qias neeg. Lawv lub npe los ntawm 'Yexus.’ Tus txiv neej no tau muab tso rau tuag thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Tiberius. Qhov no tau xaj los ntawm Pontius Philaj, tus tswv xeev. Qhov kev rhuav tshem kev ntseeg siab rau ib lub sijhawm: Tab sis nws pib dua. Tab sis tsis tsuas yog nws thawj zaug pib hauv Judea. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv rome thiab. Ntau cov kev coj ua phem los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb ntws mus rau hauv lub nroog no. Thiab lawv ua nrov.”

3. Flavius ​​Josephus.

Flaviive Juantus yug hauv 37ce. Nws los ntawm cov pov thawj Yudas cov pov thawj. Nws tau kwv yees tias Vespasian yuav dhau los ua Emperor ntawm Rome. Yog li ntawd, nws tau zoo li ib tug tub ntawm vespasian thiab tau hu ua Flavius. Hauv nws phau ntawv nws hais txog Yakaunpaus uas yog Yexus’ tus kwv. Nws kuj tham txog Yauhas tus muab neeg ua kevcai raus dej. Tab sis nto moo tshaj plaws yog tus “Testimonium Flavianum“ (Lus Tim Khawv ntawm Flavius). Qhov no sib tham txog Yexus nws tus kheej. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau pom zoo tias qee qhov ntawm cov ntawv no tau hloov kho los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Christian. Tab sis peb tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Yuav luag txhua tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias cov ntawv tseem tshuav yog sau los ntawm Josephus. Thiab nws nyeem raws li nram no:

“At this time there was Jesus, a wise man. For he was one who performed (surprising / wonderful) works, and a teacher of people who received the (truth / unusual) with pleasure. He stirred up both many Jews and many Greeks. And when Pilate condemned him to the cross, since he was accused by the leading men among us, those who had loved him from the first did not desist. And until now the tribe of Christians, so named from him, is not extinct.”

“Lub sijhawm no muaj Yexus. Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse. Nws ua tej yam uas xav tsis thoob. Nws qhia cov neeg uas nyiam lub tswv yim tshiab. Yexus tau txhawb cov neeg Yudais thiab ntau tus neeg Greek. Pilate rau txim rau Yexus tuag saum ntoo Khaublig. Qhov no yog vim peb cov thawj coj tau foob nws. Tab sis cov neeg uas hlub nws los ntawm thawj zaug tsis nres. Thiab mus txog rau tam sim no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntseeg, npe tom qab nws, tsis ploj mus.”

4. Citations muab los ntawm cov phau ntawv ploj.

Cov thawj coj ntseeg thaum lub sij hawm thib ob thiab peb centuries qee zaum hu ua 'Early Church Fathers'. Lawv feem ntau hais los ntawm cov ntawv sau ua ntej. Tab sis qee qhov kev sau yav dhau los tam sim no ploj lawm. Yog li peb tsuas paub tias cov lus sau qhia rau peb. Piv txwv yog:

• Ib tsab ntawv sau los ntawm Justin martyring thiab xa mus rau Roman Emperor antonius. Nws hais txog tus lej ntawm 'Pontius Philaj cov yeeb yam'. Nws hais tias tsab ntawv no tau hais tias Yexus ua txuj ci tseem ceeb. Thiab nws kuj tau lees tias Yexus tuag.
• Muaj keeb kwm hu ua ‘Thauv'. Nws nyob hauv thawj ib puas xyoo. Thaum Yexus tuag, lub ntuj los ua kev tsaus ntuj. 'Thallus’ thov nws yog lub hnub ci dab noj hnub. Julius Africus tshaj tawm cov tswv yim no. Tab sis julius piav tias yog vim li cas nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm.
• Phagon yog cov keeb kwm uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua ob. Julius Africus hais txog nws. Tus kws tshaj lij keeb kwm hais txog nws. Phhlegon kuj piav txog qhov kev tsaus ntuj txawv txawv thiab av qeeg loj. Phhlegon lees tias Yexus kwv yees yav tom ntej cov xwm txheej.

5. Lwm qhov chaw thaum ntxov Graeco-Roman.

Tus yau Pliny yog tus thawj coj ntawm tus kheej hauv 112ce. Nws sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Emperor Trajan. Peb muaj cov ntawv luam tag nrho cov ntawv sau. Peb kuj tseem muaj Emperor cov lus teb. Cov ntseeg raug tsim txom. Pliny tau tua qee yam ntawm lawv. Nws nug: “Yog ib tug neeg tsis lees Yexus – Kuv yuav ua li cas?” Coob leej ntau tus neeg ntseeg. Yog li ntawd nws thiaj txhawj xeeb.

LUCIAN yog tus kws sau ntawv satirical los ntawm samosata. Nyob rau hauv 170ce nws tau sau txog tus txiv neej hu ua pereginus. Pereginus yog ib tug neeg dag. Rau ib lub sijhawm ntev nws ua txuj ua ib tug ntseeg. Cov ntseeg tau ntseeg siab thiab dav. Nws yog neeg siab hlob: Yog li ntawd, nws tau nplua nuj nyob lawv cov nuj nqis. “Cov neeg no tsis txaus ntseeg, koj pom. Lawv tau ntseeg lawv tus kheej tias lawv yuav nyob mus ib txhis. Qhov no piav qhia lawv kev thuam ntawm kev tuag. Thiab feem ntau lawv kam fij lawv tus kheej rau ib leeg. … Los ntawm lub sijhawm lawv yog 'hloov dua siab tshiab', Lawv tsis lees paub cov vajtswv ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, Lawv muab kev pe hawm rau 'ntse ib’ uas raug ntsia saum ntoo khaub lig, thiab nyob raws li nws cov lus txib, Lawv txhua tus kwv tij.”

6. Rabbinic Literature.

Jewish Rabbis sau qee cov lus hais tau thuam hais txog Yexus. Cov ntseeg tau tawm tsam. Peb paub tias ntau tus lus ntawm cov lus no tau ploj. Tab sis feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias qee cov lus qub qub tseem muaj nyob. Feem ntau ntseeg thiab cov neeg Yudais cov kws tshawb fawb paub txog cov hauv qab no:

• Piav qhia txog Kev tua pov tseg ntawm Yexus. ('Babylonian Talmud', b.san. 43a.) Qhov no tau sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tannaitic. (70-200Piam).
• Kev sib tham ntawm ib tug thwj tim ntawm Yexus thiab cov neeg Yudas Rabbi, (60-95Piam). ('Babylonian Talmud', Abodah Zarah 165, 17a.)/('Tosefta', Lub hauv nkoj 2.24.) Sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tannaitic.
• Qee zaum cov neeg yuav tsis hais lus Yexus’ lub npe. Tsis txhob hais tej yam li no: "Tus neeg ntawd yog tus tub tsis raws cai ntawm tus tub hluas." ('Mishna', Tsebamoth 4.13.) Tus neeg hais lus tau nyob txog 100ce.
• Yexus qee zaum tau piav raws li “Yexus, Tus tub ntawm Pantera“. (Ib txhia hais tias 'Pantera’ yog tus yawg lub npe. Lwm tus hais tias 'Pantera’ yog ib tug tub rog Roman. Lwm tus hais tias nws yog tso dag txog Yexus’ Nkauj xwb yug.) Ib zaj dab neeg qhia txog tus xib hwb uas tau raug yoov los ntawm nab. Ib tug txiv neej hais tias nws tuaj yeem kho tus Xib Hwb. Tab sis nws tsuas tuaj yeem ua nws los ntawm Yexus lub npe. ('Babylonian Talmud', Abodah Zarah 27b. Kuj pom nyob rau hauv 4 lwm qhov chaw.) Qhov no yuav tsum muaj tshwm sim ua ntej 132ce.

7. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem yog qhia tau tseeb.

Cov ntawv Christian suav nrog ntau cov keeb kwm, Cov Ntaub Ntawv Xov Xwm Hauv Nroog thiab Hauv Cheeb Tsam. Los ntawm 150ce cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv cov neeg Ixayees tau sib txawv heev. Cov ntseeg feem coob yuav tsis paub txog cov xwm txheej nyob rau lub sijhawm Yexus. Yog li peb tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Peb twb tau sib tham txog qhov no.

Tag

Peb tau piav qhia tias cov uas tsis yog cov kws sau ntawv tsis yog. Uas yog qhov tseeb uas peb pom.

Tab sis cov ntawv sau no tau lees paub ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Josephus thiab Tacitus yog ob tus ntawm cov keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws. Peb muaj lwm cov kws sau ntawv tsis yog Christian los ntawm thawj lub xyoo pua. Lawv txhua tus paub meej tias cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog lub neej thiab kev tuag ntawm Yexus. Lawv qhia peb cov npe ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Lawv tham txog lub Koom Txoos tias Yexus pib. Cov neeg Yudais rab phom liam tias Yexus ua khawv koob. Lawv tau lees tias Yexus ua txujci.

Lwm yam kuj pom los ntawm cov no thiab lwm yam tom qab. Rau ntau pua xyoo, Yexus’ Cov yeeb ncuab tsis lees paub cov keeb kwm muaj tseeb. Cov Moos piav raws nraim qhov twg thiab thaum Yexus tau yug los thiab tuag. Lawv hais tias tsoomfwv cov nom kom tua tus txiv neej tsis muaj txim. Lawv txawm qhia peb cov npe ntawm cov uas muaj lub luag haujlwm. Yexus’ Cov yeeb ncuab tsis kam lees tej no. Fab ntxeev, Lawv hais tias Yexus yog ib tug muaj teebmeem. Li ntawd Yexus’ Cov hnub ntseeg ntseeg tias Yexus yog tus neeg keeb kwm tiag tiag? Kom meej meej, lawv tau ua.

Thaum Ntxov Cov Neeg Tsis Txaus Ntseeg tsis tshua hais txog Yexus. Qhov no yog qhov uas peb xav tau. Tab sis muaj txaus. Lawv hais cov khoom uas peb tau cia siab rau lawv. Lawv los ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo. Thiab lawv paub meej tias nws muaj keeb kwm ntawm Yexus dhau ib qho kev ua xyem xyav. Sim tsis lees paub qhov keeb kwm ntawm Yexus yog tus tsis ntev los no. Xws li cov lus tshaj tawm nrhiav kev txhawb nqa me ntsis ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm.