Chii chinonzi Aeon?

Paunenge uchifunga nezveMazwi aJesu, takaona kuti mifananidzo muna Matthew 13:24-50 zvine chekuita ne'kuguma kwezera / nyika' inogona kushandurwa se 'kupera kweaeon.’ Izwi redu rechirungu, 'aeon,’ pakutanga rakanga riri dudziro yechiGiriki ‘aion‘ (G165) kuburikidza neLatin; uye inoramba iri pedyo zvikuru nayo muchirevo. Asi aion’ iro pacharo ishanduro yeshoko rechiHebheru, ‘olam‘(H5769); uye, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzakafanana zvikuru tinofanira kungwarira kuverenga zvakawanda zvinyoro-nyoro zvezvinoreva tichidzokera muizwi rechiHebheru repakutanga, nokuti zvose 3 mitauro yakachinja zvinorehwa nekufamba kwemakore.

• Chirevo chepakutanga che ‘olam‘ yakanga iri ‘yenguva iri kure zvisingazivikanwi munguva yakapfuura kana kuti yemberi’ kana kuti ‘nokusingaperi.’¹ Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yarinoshandiswa nayo muTesitamende yekare yose; (kunze kwezvinobvira zvinyorwa zvishoma muO.T yekupedzisira. mabhuku anofanira kunyorwa). Asi mune gare gare hurukuro dzevaRabhi uye liturgy, kubva pakati kana pakupera kwenguva yeTemberi yeChipiri (c.300BC kana kuti gare gare), yakatanga kushandiswa mupfungwa ye‘zera’ kana kuti ‘nyika’ (zvakaita se 'Olam Ha- Baba' (‘Nyika Ichauya’) uye'Adon Olam' (‘Tenzi wenyika’)).²

• Chirungu 'aeon' (US/Canada 'eon') yakaramba yakanangana nerevo ye‘nguva refu zvikuru (kunyange pakupedzisira) nguva yenguva;' nedzimwe tsananguro dzakanyanya muminda ye geology uye nyeredzi.

• The Greek'aion’ pakutanga zvaireva ‘upenyu,’ mupfungwa ye‘simba’ kana kuti ‘simba roupenyu;' asi kubva kunaHomeri (c.700BC) zvichienda mberi, chirevo chayo chakawedzera kuisa pfungwa dze 'hupenyu' uye 'mararamiro', ‘chizvarwa’ uye ‘zera;' kunyangwe yaiwanzo kushandurwa se'zera' mupfungwa ye'mazera', 'zvachose', 'kusingaperi' kana 'kusingaperi'; kana kuti se'nyika' mupfungwa ye'zvose zvinoonekwa kwatiri mune imwe aeon' (zvakadai senguva yenhoroondo yevanhu). Plato (c.350BC) kushandiswa'aion’ kureva ‘nyika isingaperi yemazano,uye Aristotle (c.330BC) sehupenyu ‘husingafi nehumwari’ hweKudenga. Nokudaro shoko rakatanga kuwana mithunzi mitsva yerevo youzivi neyoumwari; kunyange zvisiri pasi rose.

Mubvunzo unotinetsa pano ndewekuti shanduko idzi zvishoma nezvishoma dzinofanira kukanganisa sei kunzwisisa kwedu zvinyorwa zveTestamente Itsva..

Kana tikaongorora kushandiswa kwe 'aion‘muTestamende Itsva, tinozviona zvichiitika 128 nguva. In 60 yeiyi inoshandiswa mukutaura kwechimiro, ' mu aeon(s),' kana dzimwe nguva, ‘mumakore amakore akawanda kwazvo.’ Revo yeshoko iri mumashoko aya inoratidzika kuva ‘nokusingaperi.,’ kana kuti ‘nguva yose yenyika sezvatinozviziva inogara:’ asi kunocherekedzwa kuti zvimiro zvakapetwa kazhinji kazhinji zvakachengeterwa ‘kusingagumi’ kwaMwari amene.. (E.g. In Mt. 6:13, Jesu anopedzisa munyengetero waShe na, ‘...umambo ndohwenyu, nesimba, nokubwinya nokusingaperi-peri;’ nepo Pauro achiwanzogumisa nokurumbidza Mwari ‘kumakore asingaverengeki.) In 6 zvezviri pamusoro 60 maitikiro amashoko acho akabatanidzwa nechikarakadzo chinosimbisa kuti chipe revo yokuti ‘hazvimbofi.’ Nezvasara 68 nyaya, nzvero pfupi yemashoko akapoteredza inoratidza kuti shanduro ye‘nyika’ kana kuti ‘zera’ inoita misiyano mishomanene kune revo yose.

Asi humwe humbowo hunokosha hwezvinoreva zvinoreva 'aion’ inogonawo kutorwa kubva mushanduro yechiGiriki yeSeptuagint yeTestamende Yekare. Tora (iyo yakakurumbira shanduro ye 5 mabhuku aMosesi ayo Septuagint inotora zita rayo mariri) rakaturikirwa munenge muna 250BC, uye Testamente Yekare yasara ne132BC. Shanduro idzi dzaiva ‘Magwaro’ ekutanga akashandiswa naJesu, maJuda mazhinji aitaura chiGiriki uye nhengo dzekereke yekutanga. Basa racho rakanga raitwa nevanhu vakanga vari nyanzvi mukunzwisisa kwavo zvose zviri zviviri rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwechiHebheru namashoko echiGiriki enguva yavo.; nokudaro kupa mukana wakanaka wekuyambuka-kutarisa zvinoreva 'aion’ sekushandiswa kwazvinoitwa muMagwaro.

Saizvozvo, 'olam' inooneka 438 nguva mukati 413 mavhesi etestamende yekare yechiHebheru uye anoshandurwa kuti ‘aion' (kana chirevo chayo, 'aionios') 543 nguva mukati 351 ndima dzeSeptuagint. Takatoona kuti zvinoreva 'olam‘muTestamende yekare yechiHebheru ndiro, zvinenge pasina kunze, ‘nguva iri kure zvikuru munguva yakapfuura kana kuti yemberi’ kana kuti ‘mukusingaperi.’ Pamwe chete 12 verse'olam' rinoshandurwa zvakananga se'aion'kana'aionios.' Zvekusara, 7 anoshandurwa mupfungwa yokuti ‘nguva dzose/nokusingaperi/kubva pakutanga’ uye 5 maverengero akasiyana ane revo isina chokwadi. Mamwe mavhesi ane mashoko echiHebheru kana mashoko anoshandurwa kuti ‘aion'kana'aionios’ zvinoitawo sezvine zvazvinoreva.³

Ko 'aionios?'

Tichiri panyaya yeTestamente Yekare, zvakare zvinovhenekera zvakanyanya kutarisisa chipauro 'aionios' (G166) mushanduro yechiGiriki yeSeptuagint. Kana tikatarisa chaizvo 'aionios,' tinozviona zvichionekwa 119 nguva mukati 113 ndima; uye zvese asi 9 idzi ishanduro dze'olam.’ Nezvasara izvi, 4 ishanduro dze'alam' (vaKadheya vakaenzana ne‘olam') apo vakasara 5 kuverenga kwakasiyana (chimwe chazvo chinogona nechokwadi chine mufungo kutsunga kureva ‘kusingaperi’ kana kuti ‘kusafa’).⁴

Takacherechedza kare kuti, kupi Mark 9:43-46 rinotaura nezvomoto ‘usingadzimwi,’ uye ‘hachidzimiki,' Matthew 18:8 anoshandisa 'aionios'; iro rinowanzoshandurwa kuti ‘kusingagumi,’ ‘nokusingaperi’ kana kuti ‘nokusingaperi.’ Asi vamwe vanopikisa zvakasimba kuti ikoku kunofanira panzvimbo pezvo kushandurwa sa‘aeonian,’ mupfungwa yokuti ‘ine chokuita’ neimwe aeon, pane kuve nekusingaperi kwenguva refu kana zvisingaperi zve 'olam.' Chikonzero nei ichi chakakosha ndechekuti, kana zvichigona kuratidzwa kuti pfungwa yekutanga kumashure kwekushandiswa kwechirevo 'aionios‘ndizvo kwete iyo yenguva yayo, zvino zvinogoneka kupokana kuti chirango che 'aeonian' chinogona kunge chiri nguva pfupi inozogumiswa., kana kutodzokera shure.

Zvino ichokwadi kuti vamwe, asi kwete mose, vanyori vechiGiriki vokunyika vakanga vatanga kushandisa ‘aeonian' mupfungwa iyi yakasarudzika - sezvakaitawo vamwe vafundisi vechiKristu - kubva munenge muzana ramakore rechitatu AD zvichienda mberi.. Asi kunzverwa kuri pamusoro apa kweSeptuagint kunoratidza zvakajeka kuti revo inodiwa yezvose zviri zviviri ‘aion'uye'aionios‘yaiva mupfungwa yeTestamende Yekare yokuti’olam'-' nguva iri kure kwazvo munguva yakapfuura kana yemberi 'kana' nokusingaperi.

Sezvo vanyori veTestamente Itsva vaishandisa Testamente yechiHebheru neyechiGiriki semagwaro avo, taizotarisira kuti vatore tsananguro dzakafanana. Asi kuti tiongorore zvakare tinofanira kutarisa Testamente Itsva pachayo; kupi'aionios' inooneka 71 nguva. In 45 zveizvi (zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu!) rinoshandiswa mukutaura, ‘upenyu husingaperi.’ Izvi ndizvo the the mashoko akajairika anoshandiswa kurondedzera upenyu husingagumi hwevaya vanotevera Jesu! Saka zvingava zvakaoma kufunga nezvemashoko api neapi asingakodzeri zvikuru kupa pfungwa yechinhu chisingatarisirwi kugara nokusingaperi.! Uyezve, zvitatu zvezvirevo izvi zvinoita batano inojekesa kuTestamente Yekare. Mt 19:6, Mk 10:17 & Lk 10:30 vose vanotaura mubvunzo womutongi muduku akapfuma, “Ndichaitei kuti ndigare nhaka yeupenyu husingaperi?” Asi mashoko aya anobva kupi? Kushandiswa kwaro kwekutanga kweBhaibheri kuri mukati Dan 12:2; uko Septuagint inorishandura chaizvoizvo semuTestamende Itsva pakushandura chiHebheru, 'olam chay.'

Yevakasara 26 nyaya, mumwe 18 uyewo pasina panikiro anoita mufungo wakanakisisa apo anonzwisiswa serevo yoku‘singagumi’ kana kuti ‘nokusingaperi.’ Iwawa anobatanidza kutaura kwacho., 'pro chronon aionion;' (‘nyika isati yatanga’ - chaizvoizvo, ' before aeonian time'), in Rom 16:25, 2Tim 1:9 & Tit 1:2, uye'pneumatos aioniou' (‘Mweya usingaperi’) in Heb 9:14.

Imwe chirevo (Philemon 1:15-16) inogona kududzirwa neimwe nzira: ‘Nokuti zvimwe wakaparadzaniswa nemi chinguva chiduku, kuti ugozova naye nokusingaperi, asisiri somuranda, asi anopfuura muranda, hama inodiwa.’ Pauro angave aingofunga nezvokuva nomuranda uyu zvakare sehama muupenyu huno: asi, zvichipiwa mashoko akapoteredza, sezvingabvira zvikuru ari kufunga maererano noupenyu husingaperi hwavanogoverana zvino.

Izvi zvinongosiya 7 mamwe mataurirwo anoshandiswa izwi iri: kusingaperi 'moto' (3 nguva), ‘chirango,’ ‘kushungurudzika,’ ‘kuparadza,’ uye ‘kutonga.’

Takanongedza kare kuti Mat 18:6-9 ishanduro yakapfupikiswa ye Mark 9:43-48. Asi icho Mateo anodana ‘nokusingaperi (G166) moto', Mark 9:42-48 inorondedzera somoto ‘usingadzimwi (G762)’ uye ‘kwete kudzimwa (G4570).’ Nokudaro kuri pachena kuti vanyori vose vari vaviri vanobvuma kuti Jesu akanga achirondedzera chisingadzimiki, hunhu husingagumi hwemoto uyu.

Pakupedzisira, tarira mufananidzo waJesu wemakwai nembudzi; tichicherechedza mavhesi 41 uye 46:

Ipapo achati kune vari kuruboshwe rwake, ‘Ibvai kwandiri, imi makatukwa, kupinda nokusingaperi (G166) moto (G4442) akagadzirirwa dhiabhorosi navatumwa vake. … Ava vachaenda kusingaperi (G166) kurangwa (G2851)*, asi vakarurama kukusingaperi (G166) Hupenyu (G2222). (Mat 25:41,46)

Pano tine kutaura kwokuti ‘kurangwa kusingaperi.’ Kunyange muchirevo chechinyorwa chendima.46 chete, kutaura kuti uku kuri kutsanangura chirango chechinguvana nepo izwi rimwechete richishandiswa mumutsara mumwe chete kutsanangura mubairo usingaperi wevakarurama., zvinoita seane mubvunzo. Asi chii chaiva chirango chavakanga vapiwa? Moto usingaperi (v. 41). Zvakaoma zvakakwana kutaura kuti 'kurangwa kusingaperi' inguva yechinguvana kana ichitariswa muchirevo chechinyorwa chendima.46: asi kana tikafunga chokwadi chokuti kutaura kumwe chete uku, 'moto usingaperi' unoshandiswa nemunyori mumwechete muna Mt 18:6-9, uko inofananidzwa nemoto ‘usingadzimwi’ uye ‘usina kudzimwa’ mukati Mk 9:42-48, nharo iyi inova yakaoma zvikuru kutsigira.

Saka vatsigiri vemaonero okuti ‘chirango chisingaperi’ ndechenguva yakaganhurirwa chaizvoizvo vane chinetso chiri pachena chomutauro. Mukutsvaga kupikisa izvi vanowanzoshandisa 2 nharo. Kune rimwe divi, vanokarakadza kuti izwi rechiGiriki rekuti ‘nekusingaperi’ harisi ‘.aionios': asi'aidios.' Pane rimwe divi, vanoedza kutaura kuti 'kolasis' (G2851) in Mat 25:46 chaizvoizvo zvinoreva kugadzirisa kurangwa; uye, kana zvakadaro, inofanira kuva yechinguvana.

Zvakajairika kuona vanotsigira maonero ekuti 'aionios‘hazvirevi ‘nekusingaperi’ kuedza kupembedza kutaura kwavo nokukakavara kuti izwi rechiGiriki rekuti ‘nekusingaperi’ ringava ‘.aidios' (G126). Asi mukuita mazwi maviri aya anenge akafanana uye anowanzo chinjana, zvichienderana nechido chemunyori. Izwi iri'aidios' rinoshandiswawo mutestamende itsva - kunyange kaviri chete. In Rom 1:20, kushandurwa kwe‘kusingaperi’ kunoita kuti zvive pachena. Asi mu Jude 1:6 rinoreva cheni izvo, kunyange zvazvo sezviri pachena yakarongedzerwa kuva isingaparadziki, inongoitirwa kushandiswa kwenguva yakatarwa (kusvikira zuva rokutongwa). Kushandiswa kwakadaro kunopesana zvakananga nechirevo chokuti 'aidios,' pane ku 'aionios,' ishoko chairo rekuti 'kusingaperi'.

Ndi'kolasis‘Kururamisa?

Zvinoitwa zvakare kuti 'kolasis' (G2851) inobva pashoko rokuti ‘koladzo' (G2849), zvinoreva kuti 'kuderedza'; uye pakutanga yaireva kuchekererwa kwemiti. Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti, muzana remakore rechina BC, Aristotle akaita mutsauko pakati 'kolasis’ sechirango ‘chinopiwa mufariro yomutamburi:'uye'timoria,’ izvo zviri ‘mufariro yeanozviita, kuti awane gutsikano.’ Asi pane musiano wakadaro here muchiGiriki cheKoine chenguva yeTestamente Itsva??

Kutanga kwazvose, tichangobva kuona kuti ‘chirango chisingagumi’ icho mbudzi dzinotumirwa machiri Mt 25:46 hakuna mumwe kunze kwe‘moto usingaperi’ we Mt 25:41. Izvi zvinoreva zvakanyanya mhedzisiro isiri-yekugadzirisa. Kuti tikunde chirevo ichi tinoda humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti 'kolasis’ raiwanzonzwisiswa kureva chirango chokururamisa. Asi imwe chete nzvimbo iyo 'kolasis‘inowanikwa mutestamende itsva irimo 1Jn 4:18; uye izvozvo zvinokwanisa kududzirwa neimwe nzira. Zvisinei, kunewo maitiro maviri echiito, 'koladzo.’ Chekutanga, Acts 4:21, zvakare haina kujeka. Asi wechipiri, 2Pe 2:9, kwete; nekuti tikaverenga tinoona kuti zvinozoitika zvirikufungwa, in 2Pe 2:12, ndechokuti vamwe vaizo‘paradzwa chose.’

Asi ‘kolasis' inowanikwa zvakare 7 dzimwe nguva muSeptuagint. 5 nguva muna Ezekieri inoshandura chiHebheru kuti ‘mix hole' (H4383 'chigumbuso-chigumbuso' kana 'kuparadza'). 3 zveizvi, in Eze 14:3-8, zvinoita kuti mutadzi ‘agurwe’ pakati pevanhu vake; in Eze 18:30-31 mugumisiro wacho rufu. Mukati chete Eze 44:12 anoita'mikshole' sanganisira kudzoreredza zvishoma; kunyangwe nekurasikirwa zvachose kwechimiro. Zvezvimwe 2 zviitiko, shanduro yeSeptuagint ye Eze 43:10-11 anoverenga, ‘vachatora kurangwa kwavo’, kushandisa ('kolasis') mupfungwa yokudzorera: asi iyi haisi shanduro ye'mikshole'. Chihebheru chepakutanga hachitauri chirango zvachose; pachinzvimbo achiti, ‘kana vakanyara pamusoro pezvose zvavakaita.’ Pakupedzisira, Jer 18:20 ine mutsara unoshandiswa 'kolasis:’ asi sezvo uyu mutsara usipo zvachose murugwaro rwechiHebheru, hapana chinogona kutsanangurwa zvakachengeteka nezverevo yaro.

Avo vanoshuvira kusimudzira imwe pfungwa pamusoro peimwe vanongogara vachitora mienzaniso inonyatsokodzera nyaya yavo: asi, sezvinogona kuonekwa, mashandisirwo emagwaro anoenderana nezvirimo. Saizvozvowo, mumabhuku echiGiriki epanguva ino kunewo mienzaniso yakawanda isingadzoreki ye 'kolasis.'⁵

Nokudaro, zvinorasisa kumanikidza chirevo chaunoda che 'kolasis' kuitira kuti titsigire zvinorehwa nebhaibheri zviri nani kwazvo zvekuti 'aionios.'

Izvi zvinonyatsotisiya 2 zvikonzero zvikuru zvekubvunza kududzira 'nekusingaperi' kwe 'aionios‘ patinenge tichifunga nezvetsanangudzo dzaJesu dzokutonga kwaMwari:

1. Isu hatifarire zvinorehwa.
   (Onawo ‘Kunetseka Kunzwisisa’ uye Appendikisi B – Mboro inomira Kupi?.)

2. Mupfungwai umo kuparadzwa kunganzi kusingagumi?
   (Onawo Appendikisi C – Rufu Nokusingaperi?)

Ona mamwe maApendices …

Mashoko omuzasi

1. Zvakataurwa kuti ‘olam‘ ringava rakatorwa muchiHebheru, ‘alam‘ (H5956), zvichireva kuti ‘chifukidziro chinobva pakuona.’ Ona shanduro dzechiHebheru neSeptuagint dze Ps 90:8, semuyenzaniso.
2. Ona pano somuenzaniso: Chii chinorehwa neshoko rokuti 'Olam'?.
3. Dzimwe shanduro dzechiGiriki dzokuti ‘olam‘ (nenhamba dzaStrong) vari:

   G1275 Lev 25:32; Ez 46:14; ‘nguva dzose/nguva dzose’

   G104.1 Deu 33:15; 33:27; ‘nokusingaperi’

   G746 Jos 24:2; Isa 63:16; Isa 63:19; ‘kutanga’

   Kuverenga kwakasiyana kuri: 1Sa 27:8; Isa 57:11; Isa 64:5; Jer 10:10; Jer 51:57.

   Mavhesi ane mamwe mazwi echiHebheru kana mashoko anoshandurwa kuti ‘aion‘ kana ‘aionos', dzakanyorwa pazasi. Nhamba yaStrong yeizwi rechiHebheru rekutanga (kwazvinozivikanwa) inoteverwa nemanongedzo endima; uyezve neshanduro yeChirungu yemashoko anoenzana nawo echiHebheru nechiGiriki, kuitira kuti zvinorehwa nemashandisirwo zvinyatsonzwisiswa. Mazwi akatenderedza anosanganisirwa pazvinenge zvakakodzera: asi kwete mukati memakotesheni.

   H314 Is 48:12; 'kupedzisira'='mu eon’

   H1973 Is 18:7; kubva pamavambo avo ‘zvichienda mberi’=kubva panguva ino ‘uye kusvika kunguva refu.’

   H5331 Ps 49:19; Is 13:20; Is 33:20; Jer 50:39; 'nguva dzose' = 'mu eon’ (N.B. Is 33:20 + 'nguva’ inosimbisa chirevo chenguva)

   H5703 Ps 21:6; 22:26; 37:29; 61:8; 89:29; 111:3; 111:10; 112:3; 112:9; ‘nokusingaperi’=’munguva yenguva)'. Is 9:6 ine kuverenga kwakasiyana; Is 57:15 =kugara ‘the eon.’

   H5704+H5703 Ps 83:17; 92:7; 132:14; 'nokusingaperi' = 'munguva yenguva'. Ps 132:12=' mu eon.’

   H5704+H1988 1Ch 17:16; ‘kusvika ikozvino’=’kusvika kueon’

   H5750 Ps 84:4; 'nguva dzose' = 'mumaeons emaeons.’

   H5865 2Ch 33:7; ‘nekusingaperi’=’mu eon’

   H5956 Ps 90:8; ‘zvinhu zvakavanzika’=’eon’ (zvinofungwa nevakawanda kuti ndimo munobva ‘olam’ uye 'alam’ dzinotorwa).

   H5957 Ezr 4:15; 4:19; Dan 2:4; 2:20; 2:44; 3:9; 4:3; 4:34; 5:10; 6:6; 6:21; 6:26; 7:14; 7:18; 7:27; ‘alam‘ (vaKadheya)=’olam'(ChiHebhuru)='eon’

   H6924 Ps 55:19; 74:12; 'kare'='pamberi peeon(s).’

   H6965 Pro 19:21; ‘kumira/kukunda’=’inogara mueon’

   Variant Readings Est 9:32; Job 10:22; 19:18; 19:23; 21:11; 33:12; 34:17; Ps 25:2; 76:4; 102:28; Pro 6:33; 8:21; Is 17:2; 19:20; 28:28; Jer 50:39; Ez 32:27.

   *Shanduro dzechiGiriki dzakabva ku ‘Apostolic Bible Polyglot‘ uye shandisa chiperengo cheAmerica che 'eon.’

4. Mavhesi ane mazwi echiHebheru kana zvirevo zvisiri ‘olam‘ izvo zvinotsanangurwa se ‘aionos', dzakanyorwa pazasi.

   H5957 Dan 4:3; 4:34; 7:14; 7:27; ‘alam‘ (Izvi ndizvo zvakafanana neKadheya ‘olam.’

   Variant Readings Job 10:22; 21:11; 33:12*; 34:17; Ps 76:4.

   *Shanduro yeSeptuagint yaJobho 33:12 anoverenga, ‘… Nokuti uyo ari pamusoro pavanhu ariko ‘aionios.’

5. Kune mienzaniso yakadzama, ona chinyorwa chechitatu kana kuti chakazotevera che‘A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature’ (inowanzozivikanwa se 'BDAG’ kana kuti 'BADG', ISBN no. 0226039331 kana 978-0226039336). Iri rinowanzo zivikanwa seduramazwi rakazara uye remazuva ano remutauro wechiGiriki wenguva ino.. Zvinosuruvarisa, inodhura zvakanyanya uye haiwanzo kuwanikwa online; saka edza raibhurari yebhaibheri. Imwe tsime inobatsira ndeye chinyorwa ichi kubva kuReddit, pasi pemusoro, ‘Pashoko Kolasis Nehama Dzaro.’ Asi ziva kuti munyori wayo anonyora kubva mumutauro wakasimba, zvekunyika, maonero; uye naizvozvo haana kufanorongerwa kutsvaka kunzwisisa kwakaganhurirwa kwenguva kwaJesu’ Mashoko.