[pm_npe]

Taw qhia.

Ua ntej peb xav txog cov ntsiab lus, Peb yuav tsum tau txaus siab tias cov ntawv nyeem uas peb muaj niaj hnub no yog kev luam tawm raug luam tawm ntawm daim tseem. Cov neeg sib tw ntawm cov ntseeg muaj kev thov nws yog tsis ntseeg: tab sis qhov no, kuj cia, yuav tsis tau farther los ntawm qhov tseeb. Ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm no cov neeg keeb kwm tau txais kev tso cai, tsis yog los nyob deb Nyob ze ntawm Phau Tshiab hauv Sheeter kom muaj nuj nqis thiab cov pov thawj zoo rau nws qhov tseeb.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov ntawv txheej thaum ub tau khaws cia?

Qee zaum, los ntawm qee qhov fluke, ib daim thawj luam lossis cov ntawv tawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheej thaum ub tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau hnub tam sim no: tab sis qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm qhov no tshwm sim yog cov chaw deb uas tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov sijhawm no tau raug tshwj tseg hauv qhov no. Cov ntawv sau ua ke ntawm lub hnub tau dhau los ua kom lwj; Thiab qhov ntau lawv tau siv, nrawm dua lawv yuav thuam, Yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau theej, rau lawv preservation thiab rau kev ncig. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov vaj lug kub, xws li kev saib xyuas tau raug coj mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv uas ib daim ntawv luam, ib zaug ua tiav thiab kuaj xyuas, tau suav tias yog txoj cai sib npaug nrog tus thawj. Thaum tus thawj tau degraded mus rau qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsis yooj yim nyeem tau lawm, nws ib txwm muab pov tseg, feem ntau raug hlawv. Tiag, Tischendorf thawj phau ntawv tseem ceeb nrhiav pom hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Catherine ntawm Mt. Sinai (Codex Frederico-Augustanus), yog nyob rau hauv ib lub pob tawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub siv los teeb lub qhov cub. Cov hauj sam pom tau tias nws coj txawv txawv heev rau qhov zoo siab heev txog kev pov tseg ob peb cov ntaub ntawv qub thiab puas! Yog li ntawd nws tsis yog txog thaum 15 xyoo tom qab hauv 1859, thaum nws muab lawv tej khoom plig ntawm ib daim qauv ntawm Septuagint Old Testament, tias tus tub ceev xwm mas hais tias nws twb muaj ib qho ntawm cov no; thiab qhia nws tam sim no lub ntiaj teb nto moo codex sinaitus, uas tseem muaj qhov qub tshaj daim ntawv theej ntawm Phau Tshiab.

Yuav ua li cas yog kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov ntawv luam thaum ub tau soj ntsuam?

Pom tseeb, Cov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb nthuav qhia teeb meem rau keeb kwm, tab sis ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb siv tau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov ntawv luam uas muaj sia nyob:

• Yuav ua li cas ze rau cov thawj yog cov ntawv luam uas muaj sia nyob?
• Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau cov ntawv luam muaj sia nyob?
• Ua cov ntawv luam uas muaj txoj sia nyob zoo nrog txhua lwm yam?
• Cov ntawv nyeem tau raug lees paub los ntawm kev suav sab nraud?

Qhov no Phau Tshiab piv nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub?

Teem vaj lug kub ib pliag, Los ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Graeco-Roman lub sij hawm yog homer tus mob. Sau txog 900 BC, Nws yog heev dav circulated, thiab muaj 643 Ciaj Luam Cov Ntawv Luam Ntawv Luam Ntawv. Txawm li cas los, cov ntxov ntawm cov hnub no los ntawm ib puag ncig 400 BC, Tawm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 500 xyoo los ntawm daim tseem. Cov hauj lwm ntawm vepgil muaj qhov sib txawv me tshaj plaws, ntawm txog 350 xyoo: Tab sis cov no yog raws li xwb 7 Cov cod loj. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv classical tuaj rau qhov twg nyob ze no, thiab ntau yam tsis tiav, Raws li cov lus hauv qab no qhia:

		Tsis muaj xyoo rau:		Tsis muaj
Kev piav txog	Lub hauv paus	1st tawg	1yog li	Cov ntawv sau
Virgil – Tus av	70-19 BC		350	7
Homer – Iliad	900 BC		500	643
HMINY – Zaj liv xwm	61-113 AD		750	7
Suetonius – Lub neej ntawm Caesars	75-160 AD		800	8
Fab ntoo – Gallic Wars	100-44 BC	950	950	10
Pwy – Keeb Kwm Roman *	59 BC-17 AD	200-300	900	25
Tacitus – Keeb kwm / ib qho dab tsi *	100 AD	900	1,100	20
Lucretius	?-55 BC		1,100	2
Demosthenes	383-322 BC		1,300	200**
Aristophanes	450-385 BC		1,200	10
Plato – Tealralies	427-347 BC		1,200	7
Thucydides – Zaj liv xwm	460-400 BC	500	1,300	8
Himodotus – Zaj liv xwm	480-425 BC		1,300	8
Lam txawj – Ntau Yam Tej Hauj Lwm	384-322 BC		1,400	49***
Sab sophocles	496-406 BC		1,400	193
Euripides	480-406 BC		1,500	9
Civulus	54 BC		1,600	3

* Ntau ib feem poob. ** Tag nrho los ntawm ib daim. *** Siab tshaj plaws rau ib qho haujlwm twg.

N.B. '1st Fragment’ THIAB '1ST daim ntawv theej’ cov hnub nyob rau hauv cov lus saum toj no yog qhia tias tsuas yog, Raws li cov '1st luam’ Cov ntawv sau tau ua haujlwm tsis tiav, thiab '1st Fragment’ Cov hnub feem ntau nyuaj kom tau txais. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus no yuav zoo siab tos txais. Los ntawm kev sib piv, Tsis yog tsuas yog lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm hnub sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, lawv cov fragoniest tshaj plaws thiab cov ntawv sau tag nrho luv dua li ib qho ntawm cov saum toj no, Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg muaj sia nyob cov neeg muaj sia nyob ntau dua li tag nrho cov saum toj no los ntawm ib feem ntawm nees nkaum, Raws li qhia hauv qab no:

		Tsis muaj xyoo rau:		Tsis muaj
Kev piav txog	Lub hauv paus	1st tawg	1yog li	Cov ntawv sau
Phau Tshiab	40-100 AD		300	24,300 *
Txhais Mathais	50-65 AD	150
Kos	50-60 AD	175
Lukas	59-70 AD	140
John	90 AD	35-85
Paul	50-65 AD	150

* 5,000 Hauv Greek, 10,000 Latin txhais lus thiab 9,300 Hauv lwm hom lus.

Cov sijhawm saum toj no ntawm keeb kwm yog raws li Tsis ntev los no Scholarstic Tiam, uas feem ntau nyiam ua cov datings ua ntej tshaj li tam sim no thaum ntxov xyoo 1900. Tau kawg, Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tau los tom qab, Tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm lapse mus rau thawj qhov kev paub xim yuav tsum tau txawm me dua.

Ua cov ntawv luam uas muaj txoj sia nyob zoo?

Nrog ntau cov neeg muaj sia nyob, Cov ntawv nyeem hloov pauv tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm’ thiab txhais lus’ raug yuam tsuas yog yuav tsum tau. Txawm li cas los, tawm ntawm lub suab nrov 20,000 kab hauv nt, tsuas yog hais txog 40 yog tsis ntseeg. Los ntawm txoj kev sib piv homer iliad, uas muaj tus naj npawb loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv sau pheej, muaj 15,600 txoj kab, ntawm uas 764 (5 feem pua) yog tsis ntseeg. Txawm tias cov kev hloov pauv uas muaj nyob, Nws pom tias feem coob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv, Lo lus xaj, lwm.. Cov uas yog nyob rau hauv txhua yam kev txiav txim siab "ntau’ sib npaug rau ib yam dab tsi hauv kev txiav txim ntawm ib txhiab ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv nyeem. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntxwv tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia tseem ceeb. Hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg hloov kho ntawm cov qauv hloov kho tshiab:

“Nws yuav pom tseeb rau tus nyeem ntawv ua tib zoo uas tseem nyob hauv 1946, Raws li nyob rau hauv 1881 thiab 1901, Tsis muaj lus qhuab qhia txog cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kho, Rau qhov yooj yim vim li cas, tawm ntawm ntau txhiab tus variant nyeem hauv cov ntawv sau, Tsis muaj leej twg tau muab tig mus deb uas yuav tsum tau kho cov lus qhuab qhia rau cov ntseeg.”

Cov ntawv nyeem tau raug lees paub los ntawm kev suav sab nraud?

Lwm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Phau Tshiab yog qhov uas nws tau raug nplua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Christian sau. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Justin marty, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Lub hauv hawm, Tertullian, Hippolytus thiab Eusebius ntawm lawv muaj dua 36,000 lus teb. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 86,000 Cov ntaub ntawv tau teev tseg, Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm cov no yog cov lus hais tiag. Cov kev txwv ntawm cov kab lus no yog cov uas nws tau kwv yees tias tus Tag nrho cov lus tshiab, Barring nyuam qhuav kaum ib nqe, tuaj yeem pom hauv cov lus ntawm pawg ntseeg qhov chaw ntawm qhov thib ob thiab peb caug xyoo!

Lub ntsiab

Nyob rau txhua txhua keeb kwm txog kev paub, cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Phau Tshiab yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws thiab corroborated tshaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov sijhawm no. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Sir Frederick Kenyon, thawj coj thiab cov thawj xib fwb ntawv ntawm lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej:

“Lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm cov hnub ntawm thawj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov pov thawj ua ntej dhau los ua qhov tseeb uas yuav tsum muaj qhov tseeb tsis zoo, Thiab lub hauv paus kawg rau kev ntseeg siab tias cov vaj lug kub tau los rau peb ntau li lawv tau raug muab tshem tawm. Ob qho tib si lub authenticity thiab cov neeg ncaj ncees ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm Phau Tshiab yuav raug suav tias thaum kawg tsim.”

Rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.